Anna University: Ce-6411 Strength of Material Objective
Anna University: Ce-6411 Strength of Material Objective
Anna University: Ce-6411 Strength of Material Objective
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CE 6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CE-6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
OBJECTIVE:
To expose the students to the testing of different material under the action of various forces and
determination of their characteristic experimentally
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
INDEX
1
Determine the tension test on mild steel bar
2
Determine the double shear test
3
Determine the torsion test
4
Determine the compression test on wood
5
Determine the izod impact test
6
Determine the charpy test
7
Determine the Rockwell Hardness test
8
Determine the Brinell Hardness test
9
Determine the deflection test on metal beam
10
Determine the compression test on spring
11
Determine the tension test on spring
12
Determine the test on cement
INTRODUCTION
Strength is particular mean by which a body or thing is strong. Strength of material is the
property of the material by virtue of which the material can resist external force applied to it per unit
of its cross sectional area. Greater this force with which the external force is resisted by unit cross
sectional area of the material is its strength.
The external force acting on a body is called loads. Structure and machines are designed on the
basis of loads. The units of load are the same as that of force. The load according to the manner of
their member is dead load, live loads. The effect produced on a member is tensile load, compressive
load, shearing loads, torsion loads, bending loads.
Stress as a load per unit area. Stress may be either tensile or compressive or shear according to
whether member is being stretched, compressed or sheared.
The strength relies on three different type analytical method, strength stiffness and stability.
Strain is a measure of the deformation caused by the loaded body. The ratio of change in
dimension of the body to the original dimension.
Mechanical properties can be described as the behavior of material under external loads. The
important properties are strength, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness,
hardness.
A structural member which carries lateral or transverse forces is termed as beam joint.
For example in grain boundary strengthening, although yield strength is maximized with
decreasing grain size, very small sizes make the material.
It is determined by dividing the load at the time of fracture or breaking by the original cross
sectional area
EX.NO:1
DATE:
AIM:
To conduct a tension test on given mild steel specimen for finding the following:
1. Yield stress
2. Ultimate stress
3. Nominal breaking stress
4. Actual breaking stress
5. Percentage Elongation in length
6. Percentage reduction in area
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDUER:
FORMULA:
Yield stress =
Ultimate stress =
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
EX.NO:2
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the maximum shear strength of the given bar by conducting double shear test.
PROCEDURE:
FORMULA:
P= load at failure, N
A=2XπD2/4
RESULT:
EX.NO:3
DATE:
AIM:
To conduct torsion test on mild steel round rod and to the value of modulus rigidity and
maximum shear stress.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDURE:
1. Before testing, adjust the measuring range according to the capacity of the test piece.
2. Hold the test specimen driving chuck with the help of handles.
3. Adjust the angle measuring dial at zero position, block pointer at the starting position and
pen its required position.
4. Bring the red dummy pointer in the line with black pointer.
5. Start the machine and now the specimen will be subjected to torsion.
6. Take the value of the torque from the indicating dial for particular value of angle of twist.
7. Repeat the experiment until the specimen breaks into two pieces. Note the value of torque
at this breaking point.
8. Tabulate the reading and draw graph between angle of twist and torque.
9. Find the value of T/ θ from the graph and find the value of modulus of rigidity.
10. Find the maximum shear stress.
TABULATION:
FORMULA:
Where,
L= gauge length,(mm)
RESULT:
EX.NO:4
DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS:
A UTM or A compression testing machine ,cylindrical or cube shaped specimen of cast iron,
aluminum or mild steel ,vernier caliper, liner scale , dial gauge .
PROCEDURE:
1. Dimension of test piece is measured at three different places along its height/length to
determine the average cross sectional area.
2. Ends of the specimen should be plane for that the ends are tested on a bearing plate
3. The specimen is placed centrally between the two compression plate such that the
centre of moving head is vertically above the centre of specimen.
4. Load is applied on the specimen by moving the movable head.
5. The load and corresponding contraction are measured at different intervals. The load
interval may be as 500kg.
6. Load is applied until the specimen fails.
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
EX.NO:5
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting IZOD impact test.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the length (l), breath (b), depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch from the end, depth of groove, and top width of groove in the
given specimen.
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for IZOD test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position in the IZOD scale.
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the IZOD scale.
6. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance between one ends of the
specimen and groove will be protruding length and also the groove in the specimen should face
the striking end of the hammer.
7. Release the pendulum again using the and note down the final reading in the izod scale
8. Find the impact strength of the given specimen by using the following relation;
Impact strength = (final izod scale reading – initial izod scale reading)
TABULATION:
RESULT:
EX.NO:6
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the impact strength of the given specimen by conducting charpy impact test.
THEORY:
An impact test of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during plastic
deformation. The impact test measures the necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impact load.
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the length (l), breath (b), depth (d) of the given specimen.
2. Measure the position of notch from the end, depth of groove, and top width of groove in the
given specimen.
3. Lift the pendulum and keep it in the position meant for charpy test.
4. Adjust the pointer to coincide with initial position in the charpy scale.
5. Release the pendulum using the lever and note down the initial reading in the charpy scale.
6. Place the specimen vertically upwards such that the shorter distance between one ends of the
specimen and groove will be protruding length and also the groove in the specimen should face
the striking end of the hammer.
7. Release the pendulum again using the and note down the final reading in the charpy scale
8. Find the impact strength of the given specimen by using the following relation;
Impact strength = (final charpy scale reading – initial charpy scale reading)
TABULATION:
RESULT:
EX.NO:7
DATE:
AIM:
To study the Rockwell hardness testing machine and perform the Rockwell.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
EX.NO:8
DATE:
AIM:
To study the Brinell hardness testing machine and the given specimen
APPARATUS:
SPECIFICATION:
PROCEDURE:
FORMULA:
BHN=
/ √ 2
Where,
TABULATION:
RESULT:
EX.NO:9
DATE:
AIM:
APPARATUS;
PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust cast iron block the bed so that they are symmetrical with respect to the length of the
bed.
2. Place the beam on the knife edges on the block so as to project equally beyond each knife edge.
See that the load is applied at the centre of the beam.
3. Note the initial reading of venire scale.
4. Add a weight of 20 N and again note the reading of venire scale.
5. Find the deflection in each case by subtracting the initial reading of venires caliper
FORMULA:
Bending stress σY =
Bending moment M = 4
RESULT:
EX.NO:10
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the modulus of rigidity and stiffness of the given compression spring specimen.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil for the given compression
spring.
2. Count the number of turns. i.e. Coil in the given compression specimen.
3. Place the compression spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing machine.
4. Rise the bottom beam by rotating right side wheel till the spring top roaches the middle cross
beam.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of 25kg up
to a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale reading.
7. Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale reading from
the corresponding scale reading.
FORMULAE USED:
Modulus of rigidity C =
Where,
P=load in, N
Stiffness, k=
P=load in N
δ=Deflection on spring in mm
TABULATION:
Kg N cm mm mm N/mm2 N/mm
RESULT:
EX.NO:11
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the modulus of rigidity and stiffness of the given tension spring specimen.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Measure the outer diameter (D) and diameter of the spring coil for the given tension spring.
2. Count the number of turns. i.e. Coil in the given tension specimen.
3. Place the tension spring at the centre of the bottom beam of the spring testing machine.
4. Raise the bottom beam by rotating right side wheel till the spring top roaches the middle cross
beam.
5. Note down the initial reading from the scale in the machine.
6. Apply a load of 25kg and note down the scale reading. Increase the load at the rate of 25kg up
to a maximum of 100kg and note down the corresponding scale reading.
Find the actual deflection of the spring for each load by deducting the initial scale reading from the
corresponding scale reading
FORMULAE USED:
Modulus of rigidity C =
Where,
P=load in N
Stiffness, k=
Where,
P=load in N
δ=Deflection on spring in mm
TABULATION:
Kg N cm mm mm N/mm2 N/mm
RESULT:
EX.NO:12
DATE:
TEST ON CEMENT
AIM:
APPARATUS:
1. Vicat apparatus
2. Stop watch
3. Measuring jar
4. Trowel
5. Balance
PROCEDURE:
1. Weigh 400gms of the sample of cement on to a non porous plate form and make it a heap with
a depression in the center
2. Calculate the amount of water required for gauging as 0.85 times the amount of water required
to procedure a paste of standard consistency. Add this calculated quantity of water to heap and
simultaneously start stop watch.
3. Gauge the cement and water together in a manner specified till the mould is completely filled.
Strike the top level with the trowel and slightly tap the mould to the extent necessary to drive
out all the entrapped air.
4. Place the mould under the vicat needle apparatus with 1mm square needle in position. Release
the moving rod and note the reading against the index. Now raise the moving rod, clear off the
cement paste and wipe the needle clear.
5. Note the time elapsed from the moment of adding water to dry cement to the moment when the
reading is 5mm.
6. Now remove the 1mm needle the rod and the special needle for determine the final set.
7. As before allow the moving rod to travel downwards at every two minutes intervals when the
needle makes a move but the metal attachment fails to so, note total time elapsed.
8. Remove the needle, clean the application used and put them aside.
RESULT: