UNIT-3

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:-Nonverbal communication is the transfer of

information through the use of body language including eye contact, facial expressions, gestures
and more. For example, smiling when you meet someone conveys friendliness, acceptance and
openness.
Nonverbal communication types include facial expressions, gestures, paralinguistics such as
loudness or tone of voice, body language, proxemics or personal space, eye gaze, haptics
(touch),appearance,and artifacts

BODY LANGUAGE:-
Body language is the use of physical behavior, expressions, and mannerisms to communicate
nonverbally, often done instinctively rather than consciously. Whether you're aware of it or
not, when you interact with others, you're continuously giving and receiving wordless signals.
KINESICS:-
Body Language / Kinesics: (Non-verbal communication) Often the physical movement of the
body and their study is known as body language or kinesics. In this connection Raymond and
John rightly remark. To them kinesics “is the way the body communicates without words, that is,
through various movements of its parts”.
Examples:-Laughing, crying, and shrugging the shoulders
PROXEMICS:-
They're very comfortable touching one another, and we assume they are lovers. Proxemics can be
used to great effect in showing the nature of relationships instead of having to somehow explain
them. Even proxemics in terms of the audience's distance from the character can have an effect.
Proxemics as nonverbal communication involves the cues and signals we give to others using
personal and social space. We dictate these cues and signals depending on how close we
perceive the relationships to be or based on the setting, such as work or school.One example can
include standing closer to someone when we are about to share something private.
PARALANGUAGE:-
Paralanguage is used to describe a wide range of vocal characteristics which help to express
and reflect the speaker's attitude. Paralanguage is non-verbal in nature and depends on voice,
intonation, pitch, pause, volume, stress, gestures, and signals.Paralanguage gives the hints
regarding the speaker‟s mental and emotional state. The use of speed, pitch and pauses
convey that how much the speaker is skilful in communication. Paralanguage has a great
enlightening value, as a vigilant listener can learn a lot from the efficient speaker.
HAPTICS:-
Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as
communication include handshakes, holding hands,"high-five", shoulder pat, brushing arm,
etc. Each of these give off nonverbal messages as to the touching person's intentions/feelings.
HANDSHAKES:-
In telecommunications, a handshake is an automated process of negotiation between two
participants (example "Alice and Bob") through the exchange of information that establishes the
protocols of a communication link at the start of the communication, before full communication
begins.

APPROPRIATE OF BODY LANGUAGE:-

A positive body language is a type of non-verbal communication that puts us in a position of
comfort, likeability and dignity. Also known as open body language, it helps us be open and
approachable to others—helping them feel at ease during interactions or exchanes.
 Facial expressions. The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless
emotions without saying a word. ...
 Body movement and posture. ...
 Gestures. ...
 Eye contact. ...
 Touch. ...
 Space. ...
 Voice. ...
 Pay attention to inconsistencies.

MANNERISMS FOR INTERVIEW:-

Your manners and etiquette during interviews really matter. The way you present yourself and
interact with people can be a key factor in landing a job.
 Be friendly to everyone you see. Stand and smile when people come into the room or
when they are introduced to you.
 Offer a firm handshake: Gender does not change who offers the handshake or how it’s
done. Be sure to connect the webbing between your thumb and forefinger to the webbing
of the other person's thumb and forefinger. Give back the amount of pressure you receive,
and maintain direct eye contact with the person. Hold objects (business cards, portfolio)
in your left hand to keep your right hand free.
 Sit up straight. Do not slouch or cross your legs.
 Beware of interviews over meals. If your interview includes lunch or dinner, learn about
table etiquette before you go (About.com provides a good start). Order from the mid-
price range on the menu, and choose something easy to eat neatly. Do not order alcohol,
no matter your age. Do not speak with your mouth full. The person inviting you is
expected to pay. Remember to thank them for the meal.
Do’s
Smile as frequently as possible—especially when you are asked a question—but don’t overdo
it.
1. Maintain good eye contact. If there is more than one interviewer, look from person to
person.
2. Be articulate. Listen carefully to each question and think for a moment before giving
your answer.
Don’t
 Cross your arms—it makes you look defensive
 Sit on the edge of your seat.
 Touch your face, or play with your jewelry or hair.
 Rock on your seat.
 Interrupt when being asked a question.
 Give one-word answers, unless the question dictates a one-word answer.
CULTURAL EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION

Cultures derive from communication. The way we speak and interact with each other forms
culture, whether in societies, relationships, or organizations.Communication practices are then
shaped by the cultural characteristics. Therefore, the two go hand in hand working together.

Culture has a strong influence on communication. Not only is it affected by the language of how
one speaks, but the way people communicate in general, non-verbally as well. Culture is defined
as “the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of racial, religious, or social group; and
the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or
organization

Communication behaviors in some cultures, particularly Indian culture, are also been
examined. Communication and culture reciprocally influence each other. The culture in
which individuals are socialized influences the way they communicate, and the way
individuals communicate can change the culture

There are various aspects of cultures that affect how people exchange information, including:

Beliefs: One’s culture informs one’s beliefs, which are the things accepted as being true.
Communicating with people who share your beliefs is easier than exchanging information with
those who believe in significantly dissimilar things.

Habits: The customary things people do are regulated by their cultural beliefs and behavioral
norms. While these habits are dynamic and adaptable in high-performance societies, they are less
so in low-performance societies.

Behavioral norms: Each culture includes norms of behavior. As these shared standards of

socially accepted conduct drive how people behave, irrational norms can be extremely difficult to
address via communication.

Freedom: Individual freedom differs across cultures. This is because the beliefs, habits,
and norms of behavior that comprise a culture directly affect the freedom of those within it.
While less developed cultures normalize restricting the freedom of people, developed alternatives
protect individual freedom. As you communicate with others, their freedom, or lack thereof, will
affect how your information is interpreted, understood, and addressed.

Clothing: In a culture, the beliefs, habits, and behavioral norms of people support a dress code.
In cohesive, healthy cultures, there is less interest in enforcing this standard, provided outliers
avoid choosing clothing that attacks core cultural beliefs and norms. Communicating with people
from a different culture in which individuals — particularly women — have been coerced on
what to wear for a long period of time can be challenging. This is due to their beliefs that support
their culture’s regulation on apparel and disapprove of any article of clothing — including yours
— if it differs.
 Technology: Some cultures, such as European cultures, are comfortable with using computer
technologies for all their work-based communications. In contrast, others prefer in-person
interactions.

Happiness: As cultural characteristics include the shared beliefs, behavioral norms, and habits of a
specific social group, they directly impact the happiness of the people within it. For example, a
culture that normalizes reductions in personal autonomy, inequalities between males and females, and
disrespect for each other’s inalienable rights can make its people very unhappy. In the workplace,
your happiness impacts your motivation, engagement, and productivity. Consequently,
communicating with people who are unhappy due to their cultural issues — which you cannot fix —
can be counterproductive.

Autonomy: Respecting the personal autonomy of another, which relates to their right to govern
themselves and enjoy their inalienable rights, is a core belief and behavioral norm among strong
cultures.

COMMUNICATION STYLES:-The habitual mode of interaction of an individual, variously

typified (usually in the context of communication skills training and often in relation to personality
types). For example: aggressive, passive-aggressive, passive, or assertive

7 Communication Styles
1. Assertive. This is one of the most recommended communication styles and reflects
and promotes high self-esteem. ...
2. The aggressive Style. This style involves winning, even if it is at someone else's
expense. ...
3. The Passive-Aggressive Style. ...
4. The Submissive Style. ...
5. The Manipulative Style. ...
6. Direct.
7. Indirect.
ASSERTIVE
This is one of the most recommended communication styles and reflects and promotes high self-
esteem. It is a healthy style of communication and allows you to more likely achieve what you
are looking to achieve. With assertiveness, you have the confidence of communicating without
having to employ manipulation or games. You know your limits and you don’t allow yourself to
be pushed beyond them just because the other person wants or needs something from you.
Surprisingly, this is the least used style.
THE AGGRESSIVE STYLE
This style involves winning, even if it is at someone else’s expense. People employing this
method usually feel like their needs are far much more important than that of other people. They
feel like they have more rights and are the ones who contribute more compared to other people.
This is not an effective way of communicating because people will be more focused on reacting
to how it is delivered than the message itself.
THE PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE STYLE
This communication style involves being passive on the surface but actually acting out anger
indirectly or behind the scenes. In order to deal with an overwhelming lack of power, prisoners of
war will resort to employing this communication style. People who opt for this style are those
who feel like they have no power and are resentful. They usually express their feelings through
the subtle undermining of the object (real or imagined) of their resentment – even if it means
sabotaging themselves. The perfect way to describe this method is the expression “Cutting off
your nose to spite your face”.
THE SUBMISSIVE STYLE
People who use this style are the ones looking to please other people and avoid any conflicts.
People with this type of communication will put the needs of other before theirs because they see
other people needs as being more important than theirs. They will not contribute much because
they don’t see it as being good enough as that of other people because they think the other people
have more rights than them.
THE MANIPULATIVE STYLE
This style is scheming, calculating, and shrewd. People who use this style are very skilled at
controlling or influencing other for their own advantage. They have spoken words that hide
underlying messages, and the other person doesn’t know what it is. Manipulating can seem like
an effective method to get your way, but it comes at an expense. People who do this don’t have
regard for other people and are focused on what they are going to get in the end.
DIRECT
This is a style where the speaker doesn’t mask the message he wants to pass across. This involves
the use of clear language that can be easily understood by the other person. There are times when
the receiving party doesn’t want to hear something, but using a direct style will mean providing
them with all the information but might be received in a more harsh way. It is much easier to
know where a person stands when they use direct communication.
INDIRECT
This is the opposite of direct communication. People employing this style tend to mask their
intentions and needs. It is hard to know what they are looking to achieve. It can be hard for a
person decipher what you are trying to communicate, especially if they are not accustomed to a
particular group or culture. This can sometimes employ the use of facial expressions or subtle
signs.
 UNIT-1

COMMUNICATION:-
Business communication is the process of sharing information between people within and outside
a company. Effective business communication is how employees and management interact to
reach organizational goals. Its purpose is to improve organizational practices and reduce errors.
It is crucial to communicate effectively in negotiations to ensure you achieve your goals.
Communication is also important within the business. Effective communication can help to foster
a good working relationship between you and your staff, which can in turn improve morale and
efficiency.

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

Exchange Of Information:-
It is the most important and primary objective of communication process in every business
organisation. Business communication involves the exchange of ideas, facts and other important
information among different peoples within the organisation. It exchanges information both
within internal and external parties of organisation for better understanding.

Achievement Of Organisational Goals:-

Communication has an important role in the achievement of organisational goals. It helps the
managers in the proper management of business organisations. Managers get all information
regarding business through it which helps them in designing and implementing better policies
within the organisation. Proper planning and decision making on part of management help
business in the achievement of their desired goals and objectives.

Directing The Subordinates:-

Communication is served as the means through employers and employees communicate with
each other. It is the medium through which information flows between them in both directions.
Employers give complete direction and order to their employees regarding work to be done
through this medium. Employees easily understand their roles and duties through the regular
supply of information from their employers.

Motivating The Employees:-

It has an important role in motivating the employees working with the business. Employees have
basically two types of needs that are financial and non-financial needs. Financial needs of
employees can be fulfilled by paying them good wages and salaries. However, non- financial
needs can be fulfilled only by interacting with employees on a regular basis. It will help in
understanding them and the problems they are facing. Proper communication network helps
employers in interacting with their subordinates in both formal and informal way.

Increase The Efficiency:-

Communication helps in improving the efficiency of organisation. It helps in supplying all
required guidelines and information concerned with work to the people working in the
organisation. Employers direct their subordinates from time to time which helps them in
increasing the overall efficiency of business.

Improves Job Satisfaction:-

Communication network in the business helps in improving the job satisfaction of subordinates. It
gives subordinates an opportunity to freely express their ideas and opinions to the management.
They got an equal chance to participate in the decision making of the organisation. This develops
a sense of belongingness among people working within the organisation thereby improving their
overall job satisfaction
Attracting Customers:-
Business are able to attract more customers by developing a proper communication channel with
their customers. Efficient communication helps business in easily reaching out to their customers
with new products and services. Customers can interact with business and resolve their queries
regarding the company’s product and services. This helps in attracting more customers and
increasing profit.
Educate And Train Employees:-
Training of workers is an important task for every business to improve their efficiency. Efficient
communication network helps managers to educate and provide training to the peoples working
within the organisation. Employees can be made aware of the latest techniques and methods of
working by supplying them with information regularly. It is possible through a proper
communication network.

THE PROCESS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION:-

Human communication is the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction.

Communication is a continuous, ongoing process. Communication is symbolic and arbitrary and
allows people to think and talk about the past, explain the present, and speculate about the future.

Note that the communication process involves eight basic elements- source (sender), encoding,
message, transmission channel, receiver, decoding, noise, and feedback. Managers can improve
communication skills by becoming aware of these elements and how they contribute to successful
communication.
SENDER:- The sender is the source of the message that initiates the communication. The sender
has a message or purpose of communicating to one or more people. A manager in an organization
has to communicate information about the tasks to be achieved or a production deadline to be met
by his subordinate employees. Without a reason, purpose, or desire, the sender has no
information/message to send.
ENCODING:- In the next stage, encoding takes place when the sender translates the
information or message into some words, signs or symbols. Without encoding the information
cannot be transferred from one person to another. In encoding the message, the sender has to
choose those words, symbols or gestures that he believes to have the same meaning for the
receiver. While doing so, the sender has to keep the level of the receiver in mind and accordingly
communicate with him in the way the receiver understands it.
The message may be in any form that can be understood by the receiver. Speech is heard; words
are read; gestures are seen or felt and symbols are interpreted. For example, there are several
communications we make with a wave of the hand or with a nod of the head, a pat on the back,
blinking of eyes.
CHANNEL:- The channel is the medium used for transmission of information or message from
sender to receiver. There are various media like telephone, mail through post, internet, radio, TV,
press etc. For communication to be effective and efficient, the channel must be appropriate for the
message. A phone conversation is not a suitable channel for transmitting a complex engineering
diagram.
RECEIVER:- The receiver is the person who senses or perceives or receives the sender’s
message. There may be just one receiver or a large number of receivers. The message must be
prepared with the receiver’s background in mind. An engineer in a software organization should
avoid using technical terms in communicating with his family members. It should be recognized
that if the message does not reach a receiver, no communication takes place. Even, when the
message reaches the receiver, if he cannot understand it, again there is no communication.
DECODING:-
Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets the message and translates it into
meaningful information. Decoding involves two things: one is technically receiving the message
as it has been sent, and the other is interpreting the message the way sender wants receiver to
understand. For example you receive the following message-
You can see it. You probably guess that it’s a language maybe even that it’s written in
‘Wingdings’ font type. You probably don’t understand it, though. In fact, it does mean
something. But you don’t understand the language. You could not decode the message.