Coimbatore

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/274715492
AN INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND ITS SUITABILITY TO

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN COIMBATORE DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA – A
GIS APPROACH
Article · January 2010
CITATIONS READS
30 1,943
4 authors:
D. Balachandar Priyadharshini Sundararaj

Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal Azim Premji University
10 PUBLICATIONS 47 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 43 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Rudhravel Murthy K. Kumaraswamy K.

Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India Bharathidasan University
27 PUBLICATIONS 176 CITATIONS 124 PUBLICATIONS 412 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Research Independent View project
Water Resource Management View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Kumaraswamy K. on 15 June 2016.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 2 ,2010
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402
An Investigation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability to Irrigated
Agriculture in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India – A GIS Approach
Balachandar. D 1 , Sundararaj P. 1 , Rutharvel Murthy K. 1 Kumaraswamy K. 2

1 Research Scholar 2 Professor,
Department of Geography, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
ABSTRACT
The problems of water quality have become more important than the quantity, as the
environmental problems are getting more serious in different parts of the world. A number of
factors like geology, soil, effluents, sewage disposal and other environmental conditions in
which the water happens to stay or move and interact with ground and biological
characteristics. This influences greatly on the groundwater quality of an area. This study is
made to evaluate the status of groundwater quality and its suitability to irrigated agriculture.
For this study, 44 & 42 observation wells in 2005 and 44 & 39 observation wells in 2008
have been taken into consideration to study the variation in pre & post monsoon season.
These observation wells are regularly maintained by Public Works Department of
Government of Tamil Nadu. Water quality data are utilized in the present study for the
analysis of groundwater chemistry of years 2005 and 2008 for both premonsoon (July) and
postmonsoon (December) seasons. Water quality data used in the analysis include Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR).
Keywords: Water quality, SAR, TDS, GIS, Remote sensing
.
1. Introduction
Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for many people around the world.
The resource in several places becomes contaminated from natural source or numerous
human activities. Residential, municipal, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities
affect groundwater quality. Contamination of groundwater results in poor drinking water
quality, loss of water supply, high cleanup costs, high costs alternative water supplies and
potential health problems.This study is related to both water quality and quantity, which is
becoming more serious due to population explosion, increasing agriculture and improved
standard of living, especially in developing countries. As the inadequate quantity of surface
water does not fulfill the needs of the people, the search for and exploitation of groundwater
is a must and it is the main source for agricultural, industrial, drinking and domestic purposes.
Water quality data are utilized in the present study to analyse the groundwater chemistry for
the years 2005 and 2008 during premonsoon (July) and postmonsoon (December) seasons.
Hydro geochemical data are used in the analysis, including Electrical Conductivity (EC),
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).
176
1.1 Study Area
The study area, Coimbatore District has been selected for this study, which lies
between 10 ° 13’ N and 11 ° 23’ N latitudes and 76 ° 39’ E and 77 ° 30’ E longitudes. It covers a
total geographical area of 7,469 sq. km (Figure 1). The area is bounded on the North West by
the Nilgiris Hills, the Western Ghats in the West, Anamalai and Palani hills, which are the
extension of the Western Ghats, in the South and in the North East, East by Erode District
and the study area slopes down to the Cauvery flood plains. The District is located in one of
the rain shadow tracts of the Western Ghats. This region receives rainfall at the time of
shifting climatic wind belts, but it is in rain shadow track at the time of the southwest
monsoon. During the northeast monsoon season, due to its interior location, the amount of
rainfall received is also limited when compared to other districts of Tamil Nadu.
Figure 1: Image showing map of study area
1.2 Data Used and Methodoology
Survey of India (SOI) toposheets (58A 11 12 15 16, 58B 9 13 14 15, 58E 3 4 7 8 12 and
58F 1 2 3 5 6 7 in 1:50000 scale) were used for the preparation of the base map. GIS
177
software package ArcGIS 9.2 is used to map and analyze the data for the evaluation of
groundwater quality. For analyzing the chemical aspects of groundwater in the study area,
observation wells have been selected for investigation. These observation wells are regularly
maintained by Public Works Department of Government of Tamil Nadu. Water quality data
are utilized in the present study to analyze the groundwater chemistry in 2005 and 2008 for
both premonsoon (July) and postmonsoon (December) seasons. Water quality data used in
the analysis include Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).
1.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The quality standards for drinking water have been specified by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in 2004. It has given the permissible and desirable limits of various
elements in groundwater.
i) Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Conductivity is the measure of capacity of a substance to conduct the electric current. Most
of the salts in water are present in their ionic forms and capable of conducting current and
conductivity is a good indicator to assess groundwater quality.
Table 1 Classification of Irrigation Water Based on Electrical Conductivity
Water EC Salinity Significance

Class (micro
mhos/cm)
Excellent <250 Water of low salinity is generally composed of higher
proportions of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate
ions.
Good 250750 Moderately saline water, having varying ionic
concentrations
Permissible 7502250 High saline waters consist mostly of sodium and chloride
ions
Doubtful >2250 Water containing high concentration of sodium, bi
carbonate and carbonate ions have high pH
During premonsoon period of 2005, the EC was observed maximum in Unjavelampatty
(8950), minimum in Gomangalampudur (270) and in postmonsoon period higher
concentration was observed in Ondipudur (5660) and lower in Valpari (130). In 2008, for the
same premonsoon period higher concentration was observed in Chettipalayam (5500), lower
concentration was observed in Pongalur (430) and in postmonsoon period, higher EC was
found in Pollachi (6940) and lower observation was identified in Valparai (210) (Table 6, 7, 8
& 9).
In 2005, during premonsoon period, result shows 64.28 per cent of samples fall under
permissible category, 23.80 per cent of samples fall under doubtful category while the
remaining 11.90 per cent of samples fall under good category. The results of postmonsoon
period shows 52.38 per cent of samples fall under the permissible category, 30.95 per cent of
178
samples under doubtful category, 14.28 per cent comes under good category and 2.3 per cent
of samples in excellent category.
The results of EC during premonsoon period of 2008 result shows 61.90 per cent of samples
fall under permissible category, 23.80 per cent of samples under doubtful category, 14.28 per
cent of samples come under good category and the remaining 2 per cent of samples under
excellent category. However, during the postmonsoon period, result shows 62.5 per cent of
samples fall under the permissible category, 15 per cent of samples under good category, 20
per cent fall under doubtful category and 2.5 per cent of samples fall under the excellent
category.
The concentration of EC value depends up on the basic rock type, soil and the amount of
rainfall received. In 2005 premonsoon period, the EC results shows higher concentration of
(> 2250) salts in central part, southwestern part and some other parts of the District. The
lowest concentration of (< 250) salts was observed in south, southeast, northeast and some
other parts of the District. During postmonsoon period, higher concentration of (> 2250)
salts was observed in southwestern part, northern part and small area of central part of the
District. In 2008, the premonsoon result shows that higher salt concentration of (> 2250)
mmhos/cm was observed in south, northwest and northeastern parts of the District and in post
monsoon period most of the areas fall under the low salt concentration of (< 250) mmhos/cm,
except southern part and a small patch in northern part (Figure 2) (Table 1).
Figure 2 : Electrical conductivity data
179
ii) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The determination of total dissolved solids is a measure of all salts in solution. Since
EC of water is a function of the concentration of dissolved constituents, an estimate of total
dissolved solids in ppm, in a fresh water sample can be made using the relationship, specific
conductance of micromhos at 25 0 C x A = dissolved solids in ppm. ‘A’ has a value between
0.55 and 0.75, if the value is higher than this value, indicates that the water is a saline one. If
the value is lower than the value indicating that the water will be in acid condition.
For irrigation and most other natural waters, millimhos are customarily taken as equal
to 640 mg. per litre of water and can be classified according to its TDS content (Hem, 1970).
But Davis and De Wiest (1996) classified the water with TDS content of 1,000 to 10,000
mg/l as brackish, 10,000 to 100,000 mg/l as salty and more than 100,000 mg/l as brine (Table
2).
Table 2 Condition of Water Quality with Reference to Concentration
Sl. No Water Condition Value in ppm

1 Fresh Water Less than, 1,000
2 Slightly Saline 1,000 to 3,000
3 Moderately Saline 3,000 to 10,000
4 Very Saline 10,000 to 35,000
5 Brine More than 35,000
Source: Davis and De Wiest, (1996)
The TDS values of premonsoon season in 2005 shows higher concentration in
Unjavelampatty (5604) and lower concentration in Vellamadai (138) and in postmonsoon
season, the higher concentration of salt was found in Ondipudur (3120) and lower
concentration in Valparai (73). The results of premonsoon season in 2008 shows higher
concentration in Chettipalayam (3437) and lower in Pongalur (224) and during post
monsoon period, higher concentration was observed in Pollachi (3938) and lower in
Unjavelampatty (304). While comparing all the results, Unjavelampatty shows higher
concentration in 2005 premonsoon period (5604) and shows very low concentration (304) in
2008 postmonsoon period. This clearly indicates the unstable condition of the groundwater
quality in the study area (Table 6, 7, 8 & 9)
According to the salinity classification of Davis and De Wiest, (1996) the results of pre
monsoon 2008 shows that 52.38 per cent of samples fall under fresh water category, 47.72
per cent of samples under slightly saline category and 2.3 per cent of samples under
moderately saline category. In postmonsoon period, however, 70 per cent of the samples fall
under fresh water category, 25 per cent of samples under slightly saline category and 2.5 per
cent of samples in moderately saline category of the classification.
180
Figure 3 – Distribution of Total Dissolved Solids
In 2005, the premonsoon period result shows that 52.38 per cent of samples fall under fresh
water category, 42.85 per cent of samples under slightly saline category and 4.7 per cent of
samples in moderately saline category. The results of 2005 postmonsoon period shows that
54.76 per cent of samples are in fresh water category, 42.85 per cent of samples under
slightly saline and 2.3 per cent of samples under moderately saline category.
It is observed that in 2005 no major variations were found between pre and postmonsoon
periods, almost maximum areas fall under the < 1500 EC category. In 2008, almost all areas
fall under the < 1500 EC category. In premonsoon period, the highest TDS ion
concentration of > 6000 is found in northeastern part of the study area and in the post
monsoon period the highest TDS ion concentration of > 6000 is found in southern part of the
study area (Figure 3) (Table 2).
iii) Total Hardness (TH)
Hardness of water refers to the soap neutralizing power of water. Since soap is precipitated
primarily by calcium and magnesium ions, hardness is defined as the sum of concentration of
these ions expressed as mg/l of CaCO3.
181
Generally water with a hardness of less than 50 ppm is rated as a soft water. The hardness
below 500 ppm is recommended for drinking purpose. But for agricultural purpose, more
than 1000 ppm of hardness is also accepted (Rao, 1975).
Table 3 Recommended Range of Hardness
Range of Hardness
Sl.No. Class Remarks
mg/l (CaCO3)
1 Soft 0 – 55 Require little or no softening
2 Slightly Hard 56 – 100
3 Moderate Hard 101 – 200 Require Softening
4 Very Hard 201 500
(Source: Ragunath, 1987)
The TH value of premonsoon in 2005 shows higher concentration of concerned salts in
Unjavelampatty and Ondipudur (2000), lower concentration in Devaravarpuram (110).
During postmonsoon period the same location, namely Ondipudur (1880) shows higher
concentration of salts and lower concentration in Valparai (55). The results of premonsoon
in 2008 shows the higher concentration in P.N.Palayam (1400), lower concentration in
Pongalur and Kinathukadavu (150) and during postmonsoon period, higher concentration
was observed in Pollachi (1800) and lower concentration in Valparai (80). In both the years,
Valparai showed the lowest amount of TH values during postmonsoon period and in the
2005 during both periods (pre and post) Ondipudur had higher amount of TH values (Table 6,
7, 8 & 9)
Based on the Hardness Classification of Ragunath (1987) the premonsoon season of 2008
shows that 80 per cent of samples fall under very hard category and 20 per cent of samples
under moderate category. during postmonsoon season about 95 per cent of samples fall
under very hard category and only 3 per cent of samples under moderate group and the
remaining 2 per cent of samples under the slightly hard category.
The premonsoon of 2005 shows as high as 80 per cent of samples fall under very hard
category and only 20 per cent samples under moderate hard category. during post monsoon
season about 90 per cent of samples fall under the very hard category while only 6 per cent of
samples under moderate to hard category; 2 per cent of samples fall under soft category and 2
per cent of samples under slightly hard category.
182
Figure 4: Total hardness of the study area
In 2005, there was no appreciable variation between the pre and postmonsoon period water
quality. Almost all areas of pre and postmonsoon periods fall under the low ion
concentration of < 500 mg/l category. But the results of both seasons depict that the central
part alone fall under the highest ion concentration of > 2,000 category. In 2008, a large part
of the study area falls under the low ion concentration of < 500 mg/l category. However,
during premonsoon period, the highest ion concentration was found in northeastern part and
during postmonsoon period, the highest ion concentration was found in south and western
parts of the study area (Figure 4) (Table 3).
iv) Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) were estimated based on the given formula for the
each sample location of the study area. The suitability of the well and bore well samples were
evaluated by determining the SAR value and these were categorized into different irrigation
classes based on salinity and alkalinity hazards. Based on these values, isolines were drawn to
understand the spatial pattern of SAR ratio in the study area. Sodium hazard of water
classification was proposed by Richards (1954).
183
Table 4: Irrigation Water Classification based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio 2005
No. of Water Samples
Sodium Adsorption
Water Class
Ratio (SAR) in epm
Premonsoon Postmonsoon
Less than 10 Excellent 23 36
10 to 18 Good 19 6
18 to 26 Permissible 2
More than 26 Unsuitable
Source: Richards (1954)
Table 5: Irrigation Water Classification based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio – 2008
Sodium Adsorption Ratio Water Class N0. of Water Samples

(SAR) in epm
Premonsoon Postmonsoon
Less than 10 Excellent 30 29
10 to 18 Good 6 9
18 to 26 Permissible 4 1
More than 26 Unsuitable
Source: Richards (1954)
SAR= Na/ (Ca+Mg)/2 (where, all ionic concentrations are expressed in
milliequivalents per litre.)There were no much variations in SAR concentration between 2005
and 2008. In 2005, in premonsoon period SAR values are > 26 in northeastern portion and
the lowest ratio locations of < 10 were observed in northwestern, southern parts of the
District and it stretches further west to eastern parts of the study area. In postmonsoon
period a vast stretches of area falls under the SAR value of < 10 category and in some other
areas the values range between 18.1 and 26. This result indicates that a maximum area
suitable for irrigation (Table 4).
In 2008, the premonsoon period shows no apprecialbe difference between 2005 pre
monsoon and 2008 premonsoon periods, because highest and lowest concentration zones
184
persist in the same locations. In postmonsoon period, however, vast areas come under
lowest concentration of < 10 category and a few areas fall under highest concentration of >
26 and 18.1 – 26 categories in the study area. Therefore SAR results shows a vast area falls
under the excellent to good water quality category and an found to the suitable for irrigation
purpose (Figure 5) (Table 5).
Figure 5 – Distribution of Sodium Adsorption Ratio
2. U. S. Salinity Laboratory Water Classification
In the present study, specifications proposed by Kelly (1940), Paliwal (1967) and Wilcox
(1955) have been used to assess the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The values
obtained for these specifications were presented in a diagrammatic form. In the diagram, 'C'
denotes the level of electrical conductivity and 'S' denotes the level of sodium adsorption
ratio. Electrical Conductivity in mmhos per centimetre at 25 ° C is plotted on Xaxis against
185
SAR values on Yaxis for premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons respectively. Based on
this, the water types have been divided into C1, C2, C3, C4 types on the basis of salinity
hazard and S1, S2, S3, S4 types on the basis of sodium hazard. The analytical data use
plotted on the US salinity diagram proposed by Richards (1954) (Figure 6 & 7).
a) In 2005, the premonsoon period samples shows, that 40.90 per cent of the
groundwater fall in the class of C3S2, indicating water of medium to high salinity and
medium sodium, where 22.72 per cent of samples fall in the classes of C3S1 and C2S1
under good water category, 27.27 per cent of samples fall in the fields of C3S3, C4S3 and
C5S3 under poor water category and 6.81 per cent of samples fall in the classes of C3S4,
C4S4 and C5S4, indicating bad water category. In postmonsoon period, 45.28 per cent of
the samples fall under the category of good (C2S1 and C3S1), indicating medium to high
salinity and low sodium, 42.85 per cent of the samples fall in moderate category and others
fall in poor category.
b) In 2008, the premonsoon period samples exhibit that 55.81 per cent of the samples
fall in classes between C2S1 and C3S1, then classes come under good category with the
indication of medium – high salinity, low sodium, 20.93 per cent in moderate category, 13.95
per cent of samples fall in poor water category and remaining 9.30 per cent of samples fall in
bad water category. In postmonsoon period, 62.5 per cent of the samples fall in good water
category with the indication of mediumhigh salinity, low sodium, 17.5 per cent in moderate
category, 12.5 per cent comes under poor category and remaining 7.5 per cent come in bad
water category. All the sampling points were plotted on US salinity diagram.
186
187
188
3. Conclusion
In Coimbatore District, the EC value during premonsoon season of 2005 varies from 270 to
8,950 and in post monsoon season the difference ranges between 130 and 5,660. In pre
monsoon of 2008, the EC value ranges from 430 to 5,500 and in postmonsoon season it
varies from 210 to 6,940. The results of total dissolved solids of both the seasons fall under
the fresh water and slightly saline categories. Total hardness of both the seasons fall under
very hard category and moderate hard category.
The output of SAR shows 95 per cent of the samples fall under excellent to good category (<
18) and remaining 5 per cent only falls under permissible category. The irrigation water
quality was classified based on USSL groundwater classification method indicating that in
2005 out of 42 samples, 22.72 per cent (in premonsoon) and 45.28 per cent (in post
monsoon) of the water samples belong to good category while other samples fall under
moderate to poor water category. In 2008, about 59 per cent (in premonsoon) and 63 per
cent (in postmonsoon) of the water samples fall under good category while the remaining
water samples fall under moderate to poor water category.
4. References
1. Davis, S.N., and De Wiest (1996): “Hydrogeology”, John Wiley & Sons, New York,

P. 463.
2. Hem, J.D, (1970): “Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of
Natural Water”, (2 nd Edition), Geological Survey Water – Supply Paper 1473. United
States Department of the Interior. United States Government Printing office, Washington
D.C
3. Hem, J.D., (1985): “Study and Interpretation of Chemical Characteristics Natural
Water”, (Third Edition), USGS Water Supply Paper, pp.2254.
4. Hennan, W., (1978): “Groundwater Quality and Groundwater Hydrology”, McGraw

Hill, New York, pp. 4245.
5. Herman Bower., (1978): “Groundwater Hydrology”, McGrawHill, Hogkusha Ltd.

Tokoyo, pp. 339375.
6. Kelly, W.P., (1940): “Permissible Composition and Concentration of Irrigation
Water”, In: Proc. of American Society for Civil Engineering. pp.607609.
7. Kumaraswamy, K., Jayakumar, R. Kamaraj, M. And K. Unnikrishnan., (1996):
“Multivariate Hydrogeochemical Investigation in Vaippar Basin, South India,
Transactions of the Institute of Indian Geographers, Vol. 18, No.2, pp. 7085.
8. Louchart, E.E., Tucher, C.L and M.C. Merritt., (1995): “The Effect of Water
Impurities on the Flavour of Brewed Coffee”, Flood Resources, No 20, pp.598605.
189
9. Paliwal, K.V and S. Singh., (1967): “Effect of Gypsum Application on the Quality of
Irrigation Water”, The Madras Agricultural Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 646647.
10. Piper, A.M., (1954): “A Graphic Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of
Water Analysis”, USGS, Groundwater Notes, No. 12, p.63.
11. Ragunath, H.M., (1987): “Groundwater”, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp.343
347.
12. Rao, K.L., (1975): “Assessment of Flow and Quality of Water Health – Its
Assessment Uses and Projection”, Suji Mukherjee Orient Longman Ltd, New Delhi,
pp.4953.
13. Richards L.A(1954): “Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils”,
Agriculture Handbook 60, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, P. 160.
14. Sastri, J.V.C., (1994): “Groundwater Chemical Quality in River Basins: Hydro
Geochemical Facies and Hydro Geochemical Modeling”, Refresher Course Conducted by
School of Earth Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu,
15. Sivagnanam, N. and K. Kumaraswamy., (1983): “Groundwater Quality in Vaippar
Basin, South India”, The Indian Geographic Journal, Vol. 60, No.8, pp. 775783.
16. Wilcox, L.V., (1955): “Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters”, U.S. Department
of Agriculture Circle, American Journal of Science, Vol,8, No.3, pp. 123128.
17. Alaguraja.P., Manivel.M., Nagarathinam.S.R., Sakthivel.R and Yuvaraj.D

(2010):“Rainfall Distribution Study in Coimbatore District Using Geographic Information
System” I.K.International Publication New Delhi, pp. 92115.
18. Kalaiselvan.B., Manivel.M., Satishkumar.V.R., Alaguraja.P., and Yuvaraj.D (2010):

“Identification of Ground Water Potential zone around Tiruchirappalli District Using
Remote Sensing and GIS” I.K.International Publication New Delhi, pp. 2546.
190
View publication stats

Coimbatore

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationtyutccdddddd

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Coimbatore

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Coimbatore

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

AN INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AND ITS SUITABILITY TO

Article · January 2010

D. Balachandar Priyadharshini Sundararaj

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Rudhravel Murthy K. Kumaraswamy K.

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Research Independent View project

Water Resource Management View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Balachandar. D 1 , Sundararaj P. 1 , Rutharvel Murthy K. 1 Kumaraswamy K. 2

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Water EC Salinity Significance

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Sl. No Water Condition Value in ppm

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Table 4: Irrigation Water Classification based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio ­ 2005

Less than 10 Excellent 23 36

10 to 18 Good 19 6

Sodium Adsorption Ratio Water Class N0. of Water Samples

Less than 10 Excellent 30 29

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

1. Davis, S.N., and De Wiest (1996): “Hydrogeology”, John Wiley & Sons, New York,

4. Hennan, W., (1978): “Groundwater Quality and Groundwater Hydrology”, McGraw

5. Herman Bower., (1978): “Groundwater Hydrology”, McGraw­Hill, Hogkusha Ltd.

Review article ISSN 0976 – 4402

17. Alaguraja.P., Manivel.M., Nagarathinam.S.R., Sakthivel.R and Yuvaraj.D

18. Kalaiselvan.B., Manivel.M., Satishkumar.V.R., Alaguraja.P., and Yuvaraj.D (2010):

View publication stats

You might also like

Table 4: Irrigation Water Classification based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio 2005

5. Herman Bower., (1978): “Groundwater Hydrology”, McGrawHill, Hogkusha Ltd.