11/19/2013

EQUIVALENT MATERIAL MODELS

Prof. K. G. Sharma
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India

Elastic Materials
1. Isotropic, Linearly Elastic
Two Elastic Constants: Young’s Modulus, E and Poisson’s
Ratio, ν or Bulk Modulus, K and Shear Modulus, G

⎧ε x ⎫ ⎡1 −ν −ν 0 0 0⎤ ⎧σ x ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ −ν 1 −ν 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎪⎪σ y ⎪⎪
⎪ y⎪ ⎢
⎪⎪ ε z ⎪⎪ 1 ⎢−ν −ν 1 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪⎪σ z ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬= ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪γ xy ⎪ E ⎢ 0 0 0 2(1 +ν ) 0 0 ⎥ ⎪τ xy ⎪
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 2(1 +ν ) 0 ⎥ ⎪τ yz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ zx ⎪⎭ ⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 2(1 +ν )⎦⎥ ⎪⎩τ zx ⎪⎭

19 November 2013 2

1
 11/19/2013

Elastic Materials
or {ε} = [C] {σ}
where [C] is Compliance matrix.
E E
K= G=
3(1 − 2ν ) 2(1 +ν )

19 November 2013 3

Elastic Materials
2. Orthotropic Material
Principal Symmetry Directions
Rock with three mutually perpendicular sets of discontinuities
behaves orthotropically.
If x, y, z axes chosen parallel to the orthotropic symmetry
directions, then

19 November 2013 4

2
 11/19/2013

Orthotropic Material
⎡ 1 ν yx ν zx ⎤
⎢ − − 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ Ex Ey Ez ⎥
⎢ ν xy 1 ν zy ⎥
⎧ ε x ⎫ ⎢− E Ey
−
Ez
0 0 0 ⎥ ⎧σ ⎫
x
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ x ⎥⎪ ⎪
σ
⎪ ⎪ − xz⎢ ν ν yz ⎥ y
0 ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
y 1
⎪εz ⎪ ⎢ E − 0 0
Ey Ez σz
⎨γ ⎬ = ⎢ x ⎥ ⎨τ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0
xy
0 0
1
0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
xy

⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢ Gxy ⎥ ⎪τ yz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩γ zx ⎭ ⎢ 0 0 0 0
1
0 ⎥ ⎩τ zx ⎭
⎢ G yz ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ Gzx ⎦⎥

19 November 2013 5

Orthotropic Material

† Poisson’s ratio νij determines strain in symmetry direction j

when
h ththe stress
t is
i added
dd d in
i symmetryt direction
di ti i.i
† In the Orthotropic rock mass

ν ij ν ji
=
Ei Ej

ν xy ν yx ν yz ν zy ν zx ν xz
= = =
Ex Ey Ey Ez Ez Ex

19 November 2013 6

3
 11/19/2013

Orthotropic Material

The nine elastic constants are:

Ex Ey Ez
ν yx ν zx ν zy
Gxy Gyz Gzx

19 November 2013 7

Elastic Materials
3. Transversely Isotropic Material
Rock Mass is Isotropic within a plane: Transversely isotropic
This arises when
† T types off rocks
Two k are regularly
l l layered.
l d
† When flat minerals like mica, talc, chlorite, graphite or
serpentine are arrayed in parallel orientation.
† When long minerals like amphiboles are oriented with long
axis randomly pointed within parallel planes.
† When one set of discontinuities.
Let s and t be two directions in the plane and let n be along axis
of symmetry (normal to the plane). Then
Es = Et νts = νst Gns = Gnt

19 November 2013 8

4
 11/19/2013

Transversely Isotropic Material

⎡ 1 ν sn ν sn ⎤
⎢ E − − 0 0 0 ⎥
Es Es
⎢ n ⎥
⎢ ν sn 1 ν st ⎥
⎧ ε n ⎫ ⎢− E Es
−
Es
0 0 0
⎥ ⎧σ n ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ s
⎥ ⎪σ s ⎪
⎪ s ⎪ ⎢− ν sn −
ν st 1
0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ ε t ⎪ ⎢ Es Es Es ⎥ ⎪σ t ⎪
⎨γ ⎬ = ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎨τ ns ⎬
⎪ ns ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪γ nt ⎪ ⎢ Gns ⎥ ⎪τ nt ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪⎩τ st ⎪⎭
⎩γ st ⎭ 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ Gns ⎥
⎢ 2(1 +ν stt ) ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ Es ⎦⎥

Five Independent Constants: Es, En, νsn, νst, Gns

19 November 2013 9

Single Set of Discontinuities

† Rock Mass with Single Set of Joints
† Representation by Equivalent Continuous Material
† Elastic Constants of the Equivalent Material
† Transversely Isotropic Material

Joints assumed to be regularly spaced with Spacing S

Intact Rock (Rock Material): Young’s Modulus E, Poisson’s Ratio
ν, Shear Modulus G
Discontinuity: Shear Stiffness ks, Normal Stiffness kn
Axes n, t : Normal and parallel to the joints
Principal Symmetry Directions of Rock Mass
Elastic Constants of Equivalent Material: Es, En, νsn, νst, Gns

19 November 2013 10

5
 11/19/2013

Equivalent Transversely Isotropic Material

Normal Direction

19 November 2013 11/186

Deformation in Normal Direction

Normal deformation of Equivalent material is sum of
deformation of intact rock and joint.
σ σ σ
S= S+
En E kn
1 1 1
= +
En E k n S

19 November 2013 12

6
 11/19/2013

Shear Deformation
Shear deformation of Equivalent material is sum of deformation
of intact rock and joint.
τ τ τ
S= S+
Gnt G ks
1 1 1
= +
Gnt G k s S

Poisson’s ratio giving strain in the n direction due to normal

p y ν,, i.e.,, νtn=ν.
stress in t direction is simply
By symmetry
ν tn ν nt En
= ⇒ ν nt = ν
Et En E
19 November 2013 13

Equivalent Transversely Isotropic Material

Shear Direction

19 November 2013 14/186

7
 11/19/2013

Equivalent Material Properties

Modulus of Elasticity in t direction is simply E:
Et = E
Thus the Five Elastic Constants are:
1. Es = Et = E
2. En Ek n S
E =
E + kn S
n
3. νtn = νsn = ν
4. νst = ν
5. Gns Gk s S
Gns = Gnt =
G + ks S
When S→∞, Isotropic Material

19 November 2013 15

Three Orthogonal Sets of Discontinuities

† The three-dimensional equivalent continuum model by
Kulhawy (1978)
† I
Intact i l Er, νr, and
rockk material: d Gr
† Sets of Discontinuities:
† Stiffnesses ksi, kni, i = 1, 2, 3 (x, y, z)
† Mean discontinuity spacing Si, i = 1, 2, 3.

Th properties
The i off the
h equivalent
i l orthotropic
h i elastic
l i mass are
−1
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Emi = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ r
E k ni i ⎠
S
19 November 2013 16

8
 11/19/2013

Rock mass model of Kulhawy (1978)

19 November 2013 17

Three Orthogonal Sets of Discontinuities

−1
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
Gmijj =⎜ + + ⎟
⎜G k S k S ⎟
⎝ r si i sj j ⎠
Emi
ν mij = ν mik = νr
Er
for i = x, y, z with j = y, z, x and k = z, x, y.

The model for single discontinuity set is a special case with

Sx = Sy = ∞.
When Sx, Sy, Sz→∞, Isotropic Rock

19 November 2013 18

9
 11/19/2013

Modulus Reduction Factor or Rock Mass Factor, αE

Ratio of rock mass deformation modulus to intact rock
deformation modulus,
−1
E ⎛ E ⎞
α E = mi = ⎜⎜1 + r ⎟⎟ i = 1, 2, 3
Er ⎝ k ni Si ⎠

Smaller values of αE in rock masses with softer discontinuities

(larger Er/kn values).
† Mean discontinuity spacing is not easy to obtain directly.
† In normal practice,
practice RQD values are determined instead.
instead
† RQD can be correlated with the number of discontinuities
per 1.5 meters core run.
† Thus αE and RQD can be correlated with Er/kn as an
additional parameter.
19 November 2013 19

Modulus reduction factor versus discontinuity spacing

(after Kulhawy, 1978).

19 November 2013 20

10
 11/19/2013

RQD versus number of discontinuities per 1.5 m run

(after Kulhawy, 1978)

19 November 2013 21

Modulus reduction factor versus RQD

(after Kulhawy, 1978)

19 November 2013 22

11
 11/19/2013

Compliance Matrix in Global Coordinate System

† Single Set of Discontinuities
† Uniaxial Loading
† Local Coordinate System: n, s, t
† Global coordinate system: x, y, z
† Dip Angle: θ
† Second order tensor coordinate transformation rules used

⎧ ε x ⎫ ⎡C11 C12 C13 C14 0 0 ⎤ ⎧σ x ⎫

⎪ ε ⎪ ⎢C C22 C23 C24 0 0 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪
⎪ y ⎪ ⎢ 12 ⎥⎪ y ⎪
⎪ ε z ⎪ ⎢C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪σ z ⎪
⎨γ ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪ xy ⎪ ⎢C14 C24 0 C44 0 0 ⎥ ⎪τ xy ⎪
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 C55 C56 ⎥ ⎪τ yz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩γ zx ⎭ ⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0 C56 C66 ⎥⎦ ⎩τ zx ⎭
19 November 2013 23

Jointed rock mass under uniaxial loading (after Amadei

& Savage, 1993).

19 November 2013 24

12
 11/19/2013

Compliance Matrix in Global Coordinate System

{ε} = [C] {σ}
1 sin 4 θ sin 2 θ
C 11 = + +
Er knS 4ksS
ν sin 2
2θ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
C 12 = − r
+ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
Er 4 ⎝ knS ksS ⎠
ν
C 13 = C 23 = − r
Er
1 cos 4 θ sin 2 θ
C 22 = + +
Er knS 4ksS
1
C 33 =
Er
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2
θ sin 2 θ
C 14 = +
2ksS knS 25

Compliance Matrix in Global Coordinate System

sin 2θ cos θ cos 2 θ sin 2θ
C24 = − +
2k s S kn S
1 sin 2 2θ cos 2 2θ
C44 = + +
Gr kn S ks S
1 cos 2 θ
C55 = +
Gr ks S
sin 2θ
C56 =
ks S
1 sin 2 θ
C66 = +
Gr ks S

19 November 2013 26

13
 11/19/2013

EXAMPLE
Uniaxial Loading in y-direction of σ=P/A
εx = C12 σ εx =-νyx σ/Ey
εy = C22 σ εy = σ/Ey
εz = C32 σ εz = -νyz σ/Ey
γxy = C42 σ
γyz = γzx = 0
1 1
Ey = =
C22 1 cos θ sin 2 θ
4
+ +
Er kn S 4k s S
† νyx = -C12/C22
† νyz = -C32/C22

19 November 2013 27

EXAMPLE (Contd..)
Rock Mass Deformation Modulus: Intact rock
modulus and Joint stiffness
⎛ 1 cos 4 θ sin 2 θ ⎞
ε y = C22σ = ⎜⎜ + + ⎟σ
⎝ Er kn S 4k s S ⎟⎠
σ σ
or ε y = +
Er M
where
1 cos 4 θ sin 2 θ
= +
M kn S 4k s S
M is the modulus of permanent deformation and is function
of joint orientation, joint spacing and joint stiffness.

19 November 2013 28

14
 11/19/2013

Randomly Oriented Discontinuities

† Constitutive Model derived by Fossum (1985)
† Randomly oriented discontinuities with constant kn
and ks.
† Mean discontinuity spacing would be same in all
directions
† Rock mass properties Isotropic
† Equivalent Elastic Continuum: Bulk modulus Km
and Shear Modulus Gm

19 November 2013 29

Randomly Oriented Discontinuities

Er ⎡ 3(1 + ν r )k n S + 2 Er ⎤
Km = ⎢ ⎥
9 ⎣ (1 + ν r )(1 − 2ν r )k n S + (1 −ν r )Er ⎦
Er ⎡ 9(1 +ν r )(1 − 2ν r )k n S + (7 − 5ν r )Er ⎤ 2 ⎡ Er k s S ⎤
Gm = ⎢ ⎥+ ⎢ ⎥
30(1 +ν r ) ⎣ (1 + ν r )(1 − 2ν r )k n S + (1 −ν r )Er ⎦ 5 ⎣ 2(1 + ν r )k s S + Er ⎦

The Equivalent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio:

9 K mGm
Em =
3K m + Gm
3K m − 2Gm
νm =
2(3K m + Gm )

19 November 2013 30

15
 11/19/2013

Randomly Oriented Discontinuities

When S → ∞, Em → Er and νm→ νr
Approaches Intact Rock Material

When S → 0 (Very small spacing)

2 Er (7 − 5ν r )
Em →
3(1 −ν r )(9 + 5ν r )

νm →
(1 + 5ν r )
(9 + 5ν r )

19 November 2013 31

Comments
† In the equivalent continuum approach, the elastic properties
of the equivalent material are essentially derived by
examining the behaviour of two rock blocks having the
same volume and by using an averaging process.
† One volume is a representative sample of the rock mass
whereas the second volume is cut from the equivalent
continuum.
† The equivalent continuum approach requires that the
representative sample of the rock mass be large enough to
contain a large number of discontinuities.
† The expressions derived using the equivalent continuum
approach are based on the assumption that the
discontinuities are persistent. This is a conservative
assumption since, in reality, most of the discontinuities are
non-persistent with finite size.
32

16