TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO

BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)

(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022

● Exhibits complementary base

GENETIC CODE AND PROTEIN theory (paired one base to another,
SYNTHESIS contains lower and upper strand)
● Upper Strand - leading strand. 5’ to
● The human genome is composed of
3’
about three (3) billion base pairs of
● Lower Strand - lagging strand. 3’ to
DNA and contains more than 25, 000
5’
genes. The DNA that makes up the
human genome is subdivided into
sections which store information bytes,
DNA TO MRNA - TRANSCRIPTION
such as genes. This information
should still be decoded to allow the
● Transcription - decoded
production of large molecules, called
information of DNA becomes
proteins, responsible for certain
mRNA. Only 1 strand is utilized in
functions and organisms’ physical and
RNA after getting unwinded.
structural traits.
● Only certain regions/sections are
PROTEINS IN GENETIC CODE
unwind (genes: unwind helix)
● Dictate our physical traits. ● Enzyme used in unwinding: RNA
● Possess all the characteristics of Polymerase
genetic make up. Protein leads to ● RNA Polymerase - binds to the
Physical appearance. double helix of DNA, and moves
ENZYME IN GENETIC CODE through the DNA, proofreads the
● Responsible for the rate of reaction. DNA to find the promoter region
● Acts as a catalyst. ● Promoter region - starting point of
● All proteins in nature need enzymes in transcription process. promoter
order to be converted. region is proximal to the
● Enzyme used in specific/target gene used for protein
DNA CENTRAL DOGMA synthesis. every protein synthesis
● Formulated by Francis Crick has specific gene that is switched
● Defined DNA is essentially transferred on and off to produce specific type
info of protein
● Genetic DNA transfer ● Helicase - enzyme responsible for
● Unidirectional/One way process unwinding of the 2 strands.
● transcription produces mRNA ● rna locates the promoter region, the
gene will be loosened/unwind by
helicase. and transcription starts to
happen until it gets decode until it
becomes the language of RNA
GENES ● pro mRNA/HnRNA - pre cursor,
● Small portion of DNA heterogenous nuclear RNA,
● Located in a particular region. Only a contains exon and introns.
subsection ● Exons - coding sequence holds the
● Unit of inheritance, responsible for information that has the
passing traits corresponding protein that is to be
● Loosened/unwinded by helicase synthesized. only coding region
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
● Introns- non coding sequence,
● Possesses enzyme reverse
transcriptase (responsible for reverse does not code amino acids. non
transcription of RNA to DNA) coding/intervening sequence.
● Targets CD4 cells. ● Introns are removed by a
● Integrates with the DNA. ribonucleic protein called
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) spliceosome. The process is called
splicing.
● Double stranded. Double helix, runs
in opposite direction (also called
anti parallel)

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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022

from DNA transcription. corresponding

● After being removed, the exons are
base sequence decoded derived from
ligated through ligase. producing
gene.
mRNA
● contains the codon (triplets, three
● pre-MRNAs cannot go inside the
letters)
nuclear pore, however as the
Ribosomal RNA/rRNA
introns are removed, they are then
● genes processed by the ribosome.
converted to mRNA which can then
● has two portions; large subunit and
pass through the nuclear pore, small subunit. These units can be
becoming compact. it then goes dissociated by a centrifuge.
through outside the nuclear pores, ● portion of the physical ribosome where
then goes through the ribosomes. the mRNA binds, and where the codon
(triplets carried by rRNA) sequences
are then exposed.
● the portion that handles the mRNA. It
is just a portion of a physical
ribosome.
● binding region.
Transfer RNA/tRNA
● contains anticodon (compliments with
mRNA’s codons)

TYPES OF RNA -> PROTEIN:

TRANSLATION

BASE CODON
Messenger RNA/mRNA
● can pass through the nuclear pore, ● stop codon - stops the protein
becoming compact. it then goes synthesis. these are the ff; UAA,
through outside the nuclear pores, UAG, UGA
then goes through the ribosomes. ● Uracil - applicable only in RNA.
● functions as an intermediate product, substitutes thymine
providing a codon/template for ● Cytosine - binds with guanine
protein synthesis. contains instruction

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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022

elongating ribosome and causes

● Adinine - pairs up with thymine.
miscoding.
● Guanine - binds with cytosine 3. Erythromycin - clock the
● Thymine - applicable only in DNA translocation reaction on ribosomes.
● The amino acids contain 2 or more 4. Chloramphenicol - blocks the
codons in order to help prevent peptidyl-transferase reaction on
error in mutation ribosomes
ACTING ON BACTERIA AND EUKARYOTES
1. Actinomycin D - blocks to DNA and
blocks the movement of RNA
polymerase
ACTING ONLY ON EUKARYOTES
1. Alpha-amanitin - blocks mRNA
synthesis by binding preferentially to
RNA polymerase II.
MUTATION
● Mutation are changes in the genetic
sequence, resulting either from error in
DNA replication or from damaging
effects of mutagen like chemicals, UV
radiation, infectious agents and others.
● happens when there is alteration
(changes) in the base sequence of the
DNA. either substitution brought upon
by different factors. away from the
original.
● Mutagen - agent responsible for
mutation

DNA SEQUENCE -> COMPLEMENTARY

BASE EXAMPLE

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN OR RNA

SYNTHESIS

ACTING ONLY ON BACTERIA

1. Tetracycline - blocks the binding of
aminoacyl-tRNA to A-site of ribosome.
2. Streptomycin - prevents the transition
from initiation complex to chain

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TANGINA MO BASAHIN MO AKO
BIOCHEMISTRY MIDTERM WEEK 1 (LAB)
(Medical Laboratory Science) (2YA14) | JJ. Pangilinan (Jacalan, Steve Francis) | SEM 1 2022