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    MolBio Lec Lesson 1 (Part 1)

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    Beatrice Ann
    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in molecular biology, including: - Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA, including pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine). DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded. - The central dogma of biology which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated during protein synthesis to form proteins. - Different types of RNA including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and their roles in protein synthesis, structure of ribosomes, and transporting amino acids. The genetic code is

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    MolBio Lec Lesson 1 (Part 1)

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    Beatrice Ann
    17 views2 pages
    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in molecular biology, including: - Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA, including pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine). DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded. - The central dogma of biology which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated during protein synthesis to form proteins. - Different types of RNA including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and their roles in protein synthesis, structure of ribosomes, and transporting amino acids. The genetic code is

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    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in molecular biology, including: - Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA, including pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine). DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded. - The central dogma of biology which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated during protein synthesis to form proteins. - Different types of RNA including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and their roles in protein synthesis, structure of ribosomes, and transporting amino acids. The genetic code is

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views2 pages

    MolBio Lec Lesson 1 (Part 1)

    Uploaded by

    Beatrice Ann
    This document provides an introduction to key concepts in molecular biology, including: - Nitrogenous bases that make up DNA and RNA, including pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil) and purines (adenine, guanine). DNA is double-stranded while RNA is single-stranded. - The central dogma of biology which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Transcription converts DNA into mRNA which is then translated during protein synthesis to form proteins. - Different types of RNA including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and their roles in protein synthesis, structure of ribosomes, and transporting amino acids. The genetic code is

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    of 2

    Molecular Biology and Diagnostics Lecture ● Translation

    Lesson 1: Introduction to Molecular Biology (Part 1) - Conversion of information encoded in the


    nucleotide sequence of an mRNA into the
    Nitrogenous Bases linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
    ● Pyrimidines ➔ Codon
    ○ Cytosine - Sequences of three nucleotides that
    ○ Thymine specify amino acids
    ○ Uracil (RNA)
    ● Purines ● Start Codon
    ○ Adenine - Marking the beginning of a
    ○ Guanine polypeptide chain
    ● Stop Codon
    Base complementarity - Signal the end of formation
    1. Cytosine and Guanine of a polypeptide chainIntron
    - There are 3 hydrogen bonds ➔ Intron
    2. Adenine and Thymine/Uracil - A portion of the gene that does not code
    - There are 2 hydrogen bonds for amino acids
    ➔ Exon
    Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - A portion of the gene that codes for
    - Double-stranded helix diameter is 20 Å (angstrom) amino acids
    - Bases are 3.4 Å apart
    - 34 Å every complete turn RNA Classes
    - Has antiparallel chains ● mRNA
    ● 5’ to 3’ - A single-stranded complementary copy of the
    ● 3’ to 5’ nucleotide sequence in a gene
    - Semiconservative mode of replication - Carries the genetic information copied from
    - Every new DNA double helix would be a the DNA in the form of a series of 3 base code
    hybrid that consist of 1 strand of old DNA ● rRNA
    bound to 1 strand of newly synthesized DNA - Structural, functional component of
    ribosomes
    ● tRNA
    DNA RNA
    - Key to deciphering the code in mRNA
    Found in all living organisms - Transports amino acids to ribosomes
    ● snRNA
    Both are large biological polymers - Processes RNA transcripts in eukaryotic cells

    Found in the
    nucleus of the cell, 3 MAJOR TYPES OF RNA CLASSES
    present in the Primarily present in
    Location
    organelles like the cytoplasm Total Components Eukaryotic
    Number of
    mitochondria and Class RNA (Svedberg or
    Nucleotide
    chloroplast (E. coli) Coefficient) Prokaryotic

    Structure Double-stranded Single-stranded mRNA 5% Varies P and E 100-10,000

    Replicates and Converts genetic 5S P and E 120


    Function stores genetic information to build 16S P 1542
    information protein rRNA 80% 18S E 1874
    23S P 2904
    Deoxyribose (H⁺ in Ribose (OH⁻ in the 28S E 4718
    Sugar
    the 2nd carbon) 2nd carbon)
    tRNA 15% 4S P and E 75-90
    Stability More stable Less stable

    Regions of a Gene
    Central Dogma ● Promoter Region
    ● Transcription - A region of a DNA molecule to which RNA
    - Transfer of genetic information from the base polymerase binds and initiates transcription
    sequence of DNA to the base sequence of ● Terminator Region
    RNA mediated by RNA synthesis
    A. B. H. G | 2MT01
    - The nucleotide sequence at the end of a gene
    that signals the end of a transcription

    Ends of a Polypeptide Chain


    ● N-terminus
    - The end of a polypeptide or a protein that has
    a free amino group (H-N-H)
    ● C-terminus
    - The end of a polypeptide that has a free
    carboxyl group (O=C-OH)

    The flow of genetic information


    1. One strand of DNA is transcribed into a strand of
    mRNA
    2. The mRNA is processed and moves to the cytoplasm
    where it is converted into the amino acid sequence of
    a protein

    Genetic Code
    ● Triplet
    - 3 nucleotides specify 1 amino acid
    ● Non-overlapping
    - 2 nucleotides are read then the following 3
    and so on
    ● Degenerate
    - More than 1 codon may encode the same
    amino acid
    ● Universal
    - Same code in all living organisms (e. g.
    bacteria, plants, animals)

    A. B. H. G | 2MT01

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