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    MATH 208 Differential Equations

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    charles
    1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

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    MATH 208 Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    charles
    30 views11 pages
    1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

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    4.1-D-B

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    1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views11 pages

    MATH 208 Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    charles
    1. The document discusses differential equations of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 and describes how to determine if an equation has an integrating factor. 2. It provides two rules for determining the integrating factor u based on whether ∂N/∂x - ∂M/∂y equals u(y) or u(x). 3. The document also discusses Bernoulli's equation and how it can be transformed into a linear equation that can be solved using an integrating factor.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MATH 208 Differential Equations

    For a differential equation of the form,

    𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

    If a certain factor, u, can be multiplied on both sides of this equation

    𝑢𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0

    𝜕 𝜕
    such that, 𝑢𝑀 = 𝑢𝑁 , then u is an integrating factor of the differential
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
    equation.

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 2


    Rules in determining the integrating factor u:

    1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
    1. If − = 𝑢(𝑦), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
    2. If − = 𝑢(𝑥), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

    If none of the above rules are satisfied, then the differential equation does not have
    an integrating factor. The differential equation is therefore solved using another
    method.

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 3


    Steps:

    1. Determine the Integrating Factor if it is:


    1 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
     If − = 𝑢(𝑦), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑔 ׬‬ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    𝑀 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
    1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
     If − = 𝑢(𝑥), then the integrating factor 𝑢 = 𝑒 ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

    2. Multiply the Integrating Factor to your Differential


    Equation.
    3. Solve via Exact Method.
    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 4
    Solve the following differential equations

    2𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

    𝑦 8𝑥 − 9𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

    𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 5


    If the differential equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
    𝑑𝑦
    + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 , or
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    + 𝑃 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑄(𝑦)𝑥 𝑛
    𝑑𝑦
    Where n  0, then, the differential equation is in the form of Bernoulli’s equation.

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 6


    A Bernoulli’s equation of the form
    𝑑𝑦
    + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦𝑛
    𝑑𝑥
    Can be written as
    𝑑𝑦
    𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 −𝑛+1 = 𝑄 𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    This form can be solved by substituting u for y-n+1, then differentiating the resulting
    function in terms of x.
    𝑢 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1
    𝑑𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
    𝑑𝑢
    = 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
    (1 − 𝑛)

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 7


    The Bernoulli’s equation can therefore be written in the form
    1 𝑑𝑢
    + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑄(𝑥)
    (1 − 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
    Or,
    𝑑𝑢
    + 1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1−𝑛 𝑄 𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    Which is in the form of a linear equation of order one. The integrating factor

    1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑒 ‫׬‬

    Is then multiplied to the equation to make it an exact equation.

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 8


    Steps:
    𝑑𝑦
    1. Arrange into + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 form.
    𝑑𝑥
    2. Substitute 𝑢 = 𝑦 −𝑛+1 and 𝑑𝑢 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
    3. Resulting equation should be Linear now:
    𝑑𝑢
     + 1−𝑛 𝑃 𝑥 𝑢 = 1−𝑛 𝑄 𝑥
    𝑑𝑥

    4. Solve via Linear Method.


    5. Followed by Exact Method Solution.

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 9


     Solve the following equations

    2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2

    𝑦 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1

    4𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 10


     Reyes, F.G. and Chua, J.L. (1992). Elements of calculus and analytic geometry. Manila,
    Philippines: UST Publishing House
     Rainville, E.D., Bedient, P.E., & Bedient, R.E. (2002). Elementary differential
    equations. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd

    MATH 208 Differential Equations - University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering 11

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