UNIT 5.

LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
GENERAL MATHEMATICS
2ND QUARTER
BY:
ELIZABETH C. CALUPE
Teacher III
 MINIMUM LEARNING COMPETENCIES(MELCs)
• At the end of the period, you should be able to
• 1. represent real-life situations using logarithmic functions
(M11GM-Ih-1)
• 2. distinguish logarithmic function, logarithmic equation and
logarithmic inequalities (M11GM-Ih-2)
Specific Objectives:
1. express exponential function in its logarithmic form.
2. express logarithmic function in its exponential form.
3. evaluate logarithmic equation.
4. solve logarithmic equation.
 Looking Back
•A. Find the inverse of the following
functions:
•1. y = 6x – 12 2. y=(3x+1)/2
y = 6x – 12 y=(3x+1)/2
x = 6y – 12 x=(3y+1)/2
2x=3y+1
x + 12 = 6y (𝑥+12)/6
2x-1=3y
y=(1/6)x +2 y=(2x-1)/3
f^1(x)==(1/6)x +2 f^-1(x)=(2x-1)/3
 Looking Back
• B. Solve the following exponential equations
and inequalities.
•3. 22𝑥−1= 43𝑥+2

•4. 3 > 243

𝑥+1 x >4
𝑥
•5. 123 ≤ 1 𝑥 ≤0
 ACTIVITIES

Find the inverse of the

following exponential • Answers:
functions.
𝑥
•1 .𝑥= 4 𝑦
1. 𝑦 = 4 𝑦
2. 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 • 2. 𝑥=3
• 3. 𝑥= 6 𝑦
3. 𝑦 = 6𝑥
𝑦
4. y = 2 𝑥 • 4. 𝑥 = 2
5. 𝑦 = 10𝑥 𝑦
• 5. 𝑥 = 10
 ACTIVITIES

•What is the value of x in

𝑥
2 = 3?
 ACTIVITIES
Let’s look at the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and its inverse, 𝑥 = 2𝑦
The
exponential Exponential
function 𝑦=2^𝑥 functions are
is increasing all one-to-one,
throughout its the inverse of
domain. y=2^x exists
and is also a
function.
Inverse of Exponential Function

•The function and every

exponential function of the form
𝑦 = 𝑏 has corresponding inverse
𝑥

function called Logarithmic Function.

DEFINITIONS:
• A logarithmic function is a function defined by
y=log 𝑏 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
for all positive real numbers x and b, and b ≠ 1.

Thus, The equivalent logarithmic function of

𝑦 = 2𝑥 is y = log 2 𝑥
read as “y is equal to the logarithm of x to the base 2.”
DEFINITIONS:
 • A. Find the inverse of the ff. exponential functions.
Express them in logarithmic functions.

• 1. 22 = 4 1/2
•3. 25 =5
• log 2 4 = 2
•log 25 5 = 1/2
𝑥
• 2. 10 = 1000
3 •4.4 = 16
• log10 1000 = 3 •log 4 16 = 𝑥
5
• log 1000 = 3 •5. 2 = 32
The logarithm of a number to a certain base is
merely the exponent of the base used to raise
•log 2 32 = 5
the base to produce the number.
B. Express the ff. logarithmic functions to
exponential functions.

• 1. log 4 64 = 3 • 4. log 2 1/8 = 3

• 43 = 64 • 23 = 1/8

• 2. log 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑛
• 5. log 3 27 = 3
• 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑚
• 33 = 27
• 3. log143 20,449 = 2
• 1432 = 20,449
 What is x in 2 = 3?𝑥

• Expressing 2𝑥 = 3 in
logarithmic function,
• 2𝑥 = 3 log 2 3 = 𝑥
• Using calculator, we have
log 2 3 = 1.5849625007212
• Note that the estimated value
of x is 1 < x < 2, which can be
verified graphically.
 REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATION of
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
❖FIELD OF SEISMOLOGY
• 1. The strength of an earthquake is measured on a
logarithmic scale called the Richter Scale which is based
on the equation
I
r = log
I0
where r is the Richter scale number, I is the intensity of
the earthquake and I0 is the standard minimum intensity
to measure earth vibrations.
 REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATIONS OF LOGARITHIC FUNCTIONS
SEISMOLOGY

• A mild earthquake may have 10,000 times the ground motion of a

standard minimum intensity used to measure earth vibrations or
I= 10,000 I0. Its magnitude on the Richter scale would be
I 10,000 I 0
r = log = log = log10,000 = 4
I0 I0

• This means that that the earthquake is of intensity 4 in the Richter

scale. This suggests that a 10-times increase in earth movement results
in a 1-point increase on the Richter scale.
 REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATION of
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

❖FIELD OF CHEMISTRY
• 2. The acidity (or alkalinity) of a chemical substance is
determined by the relation
𝐴 = −log[𝐻+ ]
where [𝐻+ ] is the concentration of hydrogen ion in moles
per liter. This determines whether a substance is acidic,
basic or neutral.
 REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATION of
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

❖FIELD OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

• 3. The intensity of sound in decibels or loudness is given
by the formula
𝐼
𝑑 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐼0
where I is the intensity of the sound being measured,
and I0 is the intensity of a standard sound or the sound
that can be barely heard.
REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATION of LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• 4. The height (in meters) above sea level, the

air temperature 𝑡 (in ℃), the atmospheric
pressure 𝑝 (in cm of Hg) at a height H, and
the atmospheric pressure 𝑐 at sea level are
related by the function
𝐻 = (30𝑡 + 8000) ln ( 𝑐 /𝑝 )
ln – natural logarithm
ln= loge
REAL-LIFE REPRESENTATION of LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

• 5. A certain type of radioactive substance

decomposes according to the relation
𝑔 e- Euler’s number
log𝑒 = −0.04 e=2.7182818285
𝑔0
where 𝑔0 is the initial amount (in grams) of the
substance reduce to 𝑔 (in grams) in 𝑡 centuries.
 DEFINITIONS
Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic
Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation an inequality Function of the
involving involving form 𝑓(𝑥) = log b𝑥
logarithmic logarithmic where 𝑏 > 0 and
expression expression. 𝑏≠1
containing the
variable.

Examples log 2 32 = 5 log 2 2𝑥 + 1 < 3 𝑔(𝑥) = 3log3x

 Determine whether the given is a logarithmic
function, logarithmic equation, logarithmic
inequality or neither.

• 1.f(x)= log 5 𝑥 • 6. log3 (2x-1) > log3 x+1

• 2.log 4x = -log(3x+5) • 7. h(x)= log 0.25 𝑥
• 3. xlog 5 𝑥 − 1> 0 • 8. 2 + y = log 2 𝑥
• 4.log x(x-3) = log 4 • 9. log 3 2𝑥 − 1 = 2
• 10. log x2 =2
• 5.y =2 log 4 𝑥
Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function,
logarithmic equation, logarithmic inequality or
neither.

• 1. log 𝑘 𝑝 = 𝑛
• 2. g(x)= log1000
• 3. ln x2 > (ln x)2
• 4. log 2 32 = 5
• 5. log 2 𝑥 + 2 ≤ log 2 𝑥 + 6
Definition: THE LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER

• THE LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER N to the base b is the

exponent of the power to which b is raised to obtain N.
In symbols
•
log N = x
b
If and only if b =N
x
 Evaluate the ff. logarithms

a. log 3 27 STEPS;
1. Represent each logarithm
b. log 5 625 by a variable.
2. Write the resulting
c. log 5 5 5 logarithmic equation to its
equivalent exponential
equation.
d . log10 0.01 3. Then solve the equation.
Solution

a. log 3 27 b. log 5 625

Let x=log 3 27 Let x= log 5 625
3 = 27
x 5 = 625
x

3 =3
x 3 5 =5
x 4

x=3 x=4
Thus, log 3 27=3 Thus, log 5 625=4
Solution

c. log5 5 5
Solve for n in each of the logarithmic
equation:
a. log n 256 = 8 • In solving logarithmic
b. log 4 n = −3 equations, the
logarithm of a number
c. log10 0.001 = n can be applied.
1 n • Rewrite each as
d . log 4 = equivalent exponential
4 8 equation.
e. log 5 125 = n + 4
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise A. Complete the table.
Exercise B. Write each equation in
exponential form.
Exercise C. Write each equation in
logarithmic form.
Exercise D. Find the value of each numerical
expression,n.
1. log n 36 = 2 6. log 3 15 = 2
2. log 2 n = −3 1 n
7. log 2 =
3. log 3 27 = 3n + 6 9 3
1 8. log 3 27 = 3n + 6
4. log8 n =
3 4. log 5 n = 3
1 1
5. log n = −3 5. log n = −3
8 8
PROPERTIES AND
LAWS OF
LOGARITHM
 PROPERTY OF EQUALITY
FOR LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

•Let b be a positive real number and

b # 1. Then,
log 𝑏 𝑀 = log 𝑏 𝑁
if and only if M = N.
 Apply the Property of Equality to
solve each logarithmic equation:
• a. log 2 𝑥 2 =log 2 4𝑥 − 4
1. log 2 x = log 2 ( 4 x − 4)
2

x = 4x − 4
2

x2 − 4x + 4 = 0
( x − 2) = 0
2

x=2
SS = {2}
Solve each logarithmic equation:

b. log 3 4𝑥 + 1=log 3 3𝑥 − 2
4𝑥 + 1 = 3𝑥 − 2
X = -3

We reject x=-3 since it is not in

the domain of the given equation.
No solution. (x should be positive
real numbers)
 LAWS OF LOGARITHM

• FIRST LAW OF LOGARITHM

• For any base b,
• i. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
• ii. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
• iii. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
 SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
• A logarithmic equation in one variable is an equation involving logarithms of expression
containing the variable.
• EXPONENTIAL EQUATION LOGARITHMIC EQUATION

• 2 =42
log 2 4 = 2
10 = 1,000
3
log10 1,000 = 3
25 1/ 2
=5 log 25 5 = 1 / 2
4 = 16
X
log 4 16 = x
• NOTE: The logarithm of a number is merely the exponent of the base used to raise that base to produce the number.
Property of Equality for Logarithmic
Equations
• Let b be a positive real number and b ≠ 1. Then,
log b M = log b N
if and only if M = N.
Ex.1. log 2 x 2 = log 2 ( 4 x − 4) 2. log 3 (4 x + 1) = log 3 (3x − 2)
x2 = 4x − 4
4 x + 1 = 3x − 2
x − 4x + 4 = 0
2

( x − 2) 2 = 0 x = −3
x=2 SS = {−3}
SS = {2}
Solve the ff:

log 6 x 2 1
3.6 = x + 30 4.3
log 3 x 3 =
27

log 6 x + 30 = log 6 x 2
1
log 3 = log 3 x 3

x + 30 = x 2 27
1
x − x − 30 = 0
2 = x3
27
( x − 6)( x + 5) = 0 x =( )
3 1 3
x = 6, x = −5 3
1
x=
3
Practice 3. Evaluate the logarithmic
functions.
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
• 1 Law of Logarithms
ST

• For any base b,

i. log b b = 1
Ex : log 3 3 = 1
ii. log b 1 = 0
Ex : log 5 1 = 0
iii. log b b = x(b  0, b  1)
x

Ex : log 5 5 = 3
3
Solve the ff:

log 9 5
1.9 2.3 log 3 21

9 =x
log 9 5
3 =y
log 3 21

log 9 x = log 9 5
log 3 y = log 3 21
x=5
y = 21
9 log 9 5
=5
3log 3 21
= 21
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
• 2ND LAW OF LOGARITHM-LOGARITHM OF PRODUCTS

log b MN = log b M + log b N

Ex1 :
a. log 2 5ab
b. log x (2 p )(3q )
Ex 2 :
a. log 5 x + log 5 10 + log 5 y
b. log b 60 + log b 3
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
• 3rd LAW OF LOGARITHM-LOGARITHM OF QUOTIENTS

M
log b = log b M − log b N
N
Ex1 :
50
a. log 7
3
2x
b. log 4
y
Ex 2 :
a. log 4 x − log 4 (2 x + 1)
b. log b 80 − log b 5
LAWS OF LOGARITHM
• 4th LAW OF LOGARITHM-LOGARITHM OF POWER
log b M a = a log b M
Ex1 :
a. log b ( x + 3) (2 x)
1
2

a+2
b. log x 3
a+3
Ex 2 :
1
a.3 log b x + 2 log b y − log b z
2
1 3
b. log a ( x + 5) + log a ( x + 5)
4 4
 1 . log 81
B. Solve each logarithmic equation
3

2. log 2 32 − log 3 9 + log 4 1

1. log 2 4 x + log 2 9 = log 2 72

2.3 log 3 x − log 3 9 = log 3 9
3. log 5 (2 x − 1) + log 5 (2 x + 1) = 2
SOLVING LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
1. log 2 (2 x + 1)  3  2  2 x + 1
3

 8  2x +1
 7  2x
7
x
2
2. log 4 9  2 log 4 x
3. log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 2)  log 2 ( x + 6)
Practice 1. Express each exponential equation in
its equivalent logarithmic equation.
•

a.5 = 1
0

b.2 = 32
5

c.k = p
n

−2 1
d .3 =
9
Practice 2. Express each logarithmic equation
in its equivalent exponential form.

a. log 4 64 = 3
b. log143 20,449 = 2
c. log b m = n
1
d . log 2 = −3
8
Practice 3. Evaluate the following

a. log 2 256
1
b. log 3
9
c. log10 0.01
1
d . log 4
64
e. log 1 4
2