3 Transmission Media

Instructor: RASHAD MAHMOOD
IT-Specialist
Microsoft Certified Network System Engineer
Microsoft Certified Network Administrator
Cisco Certified Network Administrator
 Communication is the activity or process of
exchanging information in mutual understanding form.
 A computer system can be vast resource of

information.
 Once this system is connected to a network, this

information can be shared among all other users.
 A communication media is required to connect

different computer systems to facilitate the information
exchange.
 Guided/physical/non-wireless/bounded media have a
physical link between sender and receiver.
 Mainly there are three categories of guided media:

twisted-Pair,
 coaxial, and
 fiber-optic.
 A twisted pair cable consist of two conductors (usually copper),
each with its own coloured plastic insulation.
 In the past, two parallel wires were used for communication.

However, electromagnetic interference from devices such as a
motor can create over noise those wires.
 If the two wires are parallel, the wire closest to the source of the
noise gets more interference than the wire further away, which
results in an uneven load and a damaged signal.
 If, however, the two wires are twisted around each
other at regular intervals (between 2 to 12 twist per
foot), each wire is the closer to the noise source for
half the time and the further away the other half.
 With the twisting interference can be equalized for

both wires.
 Twisting does not always eliminate the impact of noise,

but does significantly reduce it
 Twisted cable comes in two forms:
 unshielded
 shielded.
 UTP consists of a number
of twisted pairs with
simple plastic casing.
 UTP is commonly used in
telephone system.
 The Electrical Industry
Association (EIA) divides
UTP into different
categories by quality
grade.
 The rating for each
category refers to
conductor size, electrical
characteristics, and twists
per foot.
 Category 1: Applies to transmit traditional UTP
telephones cabling, which is designed to carry voice
but not data.
 Category 2: Certifies UTP cabling for bandwidth up to

4 Mbps and consists of four pair of wires. Since 4
Mbps is slower than most networking technologies in
the use today.
 Category 2 is rarely encountered in networking
 environment.
10Mbps. This includes most conventional networking
 technologies, such as 10BaseT Ethernet and 4Mbps
token ring etc. Category 3 consists of four pairs, each
having minimum 3 twists per foot.

10Mbps. This includes primarily 10BaseT Ethernet and
 16Mbps token ring. Category 4 consists of four pairs.
 Category5: Used for data transmission up to 100Mbps

Category 5 also consists of four pairs.
 STP includes shielding to
reduce cross talk as well as to
limit the effects of external
interference.
 For most STP cables, this
means that the wiring
includes a wire braid inside
the cladding or sheath
material as well as a foil wrap
around each individual wire.
 This shield improves the

cable's transmission and
interference characteristics,
which, in turn, support higher
bandwidth over longer
distance than UTP.
 Coaxial cable, commonly called
coax, has two conductors that
share the same axis.
 A solid copper wire runs down
the center of the cable, and this
wire is surrounded by plastic
foam insulation.
 The foam is surrounded by a
second conductor, wire mesh
tube, metallic foil, or both.
 The wire mesh protects the wire
from EMI.
 It is often called the shield.
 A tough plastic jacket forms the
cover of the cable, providing
protection and insulation.
 Where Ethernet is concerned, there are two types
of coaxial cable.
1 Thin wire also known Thinnet
2 Thick wire also known thickwire.
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers (IEEE) designates these cable types as
10Base2 and 10Base5, respectively.
 Totalbandwidth for the technology: in this case,
10 means 10Mbps
 A roughindicator of maximum segment length,

measured in hundreds of meters;
 Thin wire support a maximum segment length of

185 meters, which rounds up to 200.
 Thick wire supports a maximum segment length of
500 meter.
Gauge:
 The gauge of coaxial cable is thicker than the
twisted pair.
 While this increases the available bandwidth and
increases the distance of transmission, it also
increases the cost.
 Traditional coaxial cable is quite thick, heavy and
bulky of which Ethernet LAN 10Base5 is an
example.
 Ethernet LAN 10Base2 is of much lesser
dimensions but offers less in terms of performance,
Configuration:
 Coaxial cables consist of a single, two-conductor
wire, with a center conductor and an outer shield
(conductor), which is of solid metal.
 As the center conductor carries the carrier signal

and the outer conductor generally is used for
electrical grounding.
Bandwidth:
 The effective capacity of coaxial cable depends on
several factors, including the gauge of the center
conductor, the length of the circuit, and the spacing
of amplifiers and other intermediate devices.
 The available bandwidth over coaxial cable very

significant, hence it is used in high capacity
applications, such as data and image 'transmission
Error:
 Performance Coaxial cable performs exceptionally
well due to the outer shielding.
 As a result, it is often used in data applications.

Distance:
 Coaxial cable is not so limited as UTP, although
amplifiers or other intermediate devices must be
used to extend high frequency transmissions over
distances of any significance.
 Security: Coaxial cable is inherently quite secure.
 It is relatively difficult to place physical taps on

 coaxial cable.
 Radiation of energy is also minimal hence

interception of it is not easy.
Cost:
The acquisition, deployment, and rearrangement

costs of coaxial cables are very high, compared with
UTP.
 Inhigh capacity data applications, however, that

cost is often outweighed by its positive
performance characteristics.
Applications:
Coaxial cable's superior performance characteristics

make it the favored medium in many short hauls,
bandwidth-intensive data applications.
Current and continuing applications include LAN

backbone, host-to-host, host-to-peripheral and
CATV.

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Instructor: RASHAD MAHMOOD

 A computer system can be vast resource of

 Once this system is connected to a network, this

 A communication media is required to connect

 Mainly there are three categories of guided media:

 In the past, two parallel wires were used for communication.

 With the twisting interference can be equalized for

 Twisting does not always eliminate the impact of noise,

 Category 2: Certifies UTP cabling for bandwidth up to

 Category 4: Certifies UTP cabling for bandwidth up to

 Category5: Used for data transmission up to 100Mbps

 This shield improves the

1 Thin wire also known Thinnet

2 Thick wire also known thickwire.

 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

 A roughindicator of maximum segment length,

 Thin wire support a maximum segment length of

 As the center conductor carries the carrier signal

 The available bandwidth over coaxial cable very

 As a result, it is often used in data applications.

 It is relatively difficult to place physical taps on

 Radiation of energy is also minimal hence

The acquisition, deployment, and rearrangement

 Inhigh capacity data applications, however, that

Coaxial cable's superior performance characteristics

Current and continuing applications include LAN

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