Ranas Jason Bernard F.

BSE-4C

Assignment No. 4 - Writing Chapter II - Methodology of the Study

 1. What are the sections of Chapter II -

Methodology of the Study of a feasibility study? Describe each.

IV. CHAPTER II – (METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY)

• Research Locale

Research locale is a term that refers to a specified area and/or subject that is being studied in a research
project. Planning your study is the most important part of the whole research process.

• Research Design

A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data. Creating a
research design means making decisions about:

 Your overall research objectives and approach

 The type of research design you’ll use
 Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects
 Your data collection methods
 The procedures you’ll follow to collect data
 Your data analysis methods

• Research Participants

A research participant, also called a human subject or an experiment, trial, or study participant or
subject, is a person who voluntarily participates in human subject research after giving informed consent
to be the subject of the research. A research participant is different from individuals who are not able to
give informed consent, such as children, infants, and animals.

• Research Instrumentation

Instrumentation is the process of constructing research instruments that could be used appropriately in

gathering data on the study. The questionnaire, interview and observation are the most commonly used
tools in gathering data.

• Data Gathering Procedures

The definition of data gathering procedure is that it is the technique used to obtain the information used
in a dissertation to substantiate the claims made by a writer. To get the perfect outcome, you should use
the best procedure. If you are unsure of how to obtain your data, it is advisable to hire experts in this
field to offer assistance.

• Data Analysis Tools

Data analysis tools are software platforms that provide a variety of features and functions for collecting,
analysing and visualising data. Some tools might specialise in collecting and analysing specific sets of
data. For example, some tools might focus on market statistics, while others focus on business
performances and securities.
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• Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices.
These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, potential
for harm, and results communication.

Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from
others.

These considerations protect the rights of research participants, enhance research validity, and maintain
scientific integrity.

2. What is research methodology? Discuss.

Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of any given piece of research. More
specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable
results that address the research aims and objectives. 

3. How is research locale discussed in the methodology

of the study? What are its relevance?

The research locale is vital in this process because you need to make decisions on what specific subject
you are researching and what location you are going to be conducting it in. Before you undertake any
form of research you need to ensure that you have all the knowledge of the area you are studying
available to you.

4. What are the different research approaches and

designs? Discuss each one.

Within both qualitative and quantitative approaches, there are several types of research design to
choose from. Each type provides a framework for the overall shape of your research.

Types of quantitative research designs

Quantitative designs can be split into four main types. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs

allow you to test cause-and-effect relationships, while descriptive and correlational designs allow you to
measure variables and describe relationships between them.
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Type of design Purpose and characteristics

Experimental  Used to test causal relationships

 Involves manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a
dependent variable
 Subjects are randomly assigned to groups
 Usually conducted in a controlled environment (e.g. a lab)

Quasi-  Used to test causal relationships

experimental  Similar to experimental design, but without random assignment
 Often involves comparing the outcomes of pre-existing groups
 Often conducted in a natural environment

Correlational  Used to test whether (and how strongly) variables are related
 Variables are measured without influencing them

Descriptive  Used to describe characteristics, averages, trends, etc

 Variables are measured without influencing them

Types of qualitative research designs

Qualitative designs are less strictly defined. This approach is about gaining a rich, detailed understanding
of a specific context or phenomenon, and you can often be more creative and flexible in designing your
research.

The table below shows some common types of qualitative design. They often have similar approaches in
terms of data collection, but focus on different aspects when analyzing the data.

Type of design Purpose and characteristics

Case study  Detailed study of a specific subject (e.g. a place, event, organization, etc).
 Data can be collected using a variety of sources and methods.
 Focuses on gaining a holistic understanding of the case.

Ethnography  Detailed study of the culture of a specific community or group.

 Data is collected by extended immersion and close observation.
 Focuses on describing and interpreting beliefs, conventions, social dynamics, etc.

Grounded  Aims to develop a theory inductively by systematically analyzing qualitative data.

theory
Phenomenology  Aims to understand a phenomenon or event by describing participants’ lived
experiences.
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5.How is population and sample determined in the

conduct of a feasibility study? Explain.

Your research design should clearly define who or what your research will focus on, and how you’ll go
about choosing your participants or subjects.

In research, a population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about, while a sample is
the smaller group of individuals you’ll actually collect data from.

Defining the population

A population can be made up of anything you want to study—plants, animals, organizations, texts,
countries, etc. In the social sciences, it most often refers to a group of people.

For example, will you focus on people from a specific demographic, region or background? Are you
interested in people with a certain job or medical condition, or users of a particular product?

The more precisely you define your population, the easier it will be to gather a representative sample.

6. What are the different data analysis tools used

in research? Discuss each.

Data collection methods are ways of directly measuring variables and gathering information. They allow
you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research problem.

You can choose just one data collection method, or use several methods in the same study.

Survey methods

Surveys allow you to collect data about opinions, behaviours, experiences, and characteristics by asking
people directly. There are two main survey methods to choose from: questionnaires and interviews.

Questionnaires Interviews

 More common in quantitative research  More common in qualitative research

 May be distributed online, by phone, by mail  Conducted by researcher in person, by phone
or in person or online
 Usually offer closed questions with limited  Usually allow participants to answer in their
options own words
 Consistent data can be collected from many  Ideas can be explored in-depth with a smaller
people group

Observation methods

Observations allow you to collect data unobtrusively, observing characteristics, behaviours or social
interactions without relying on self-reporting.

Observations may be conducted in real time, taking notes as you observe, or you might make
audiovisual recordings for later analysis. They can be qualitative or quantitative.
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Quantitative observation Qualitative observation

 Systematically counting or measuring  Taking detailed notes and writing rich

 Categories and criteria determined in advance descriptions
 All relevant observations can be recorded

Other methods of data collection

There are many other ways you might collect data depending on your field and topic.

Field Examples of data collection methods

Media & Collecting a sample of texts (e.g. speeches, articles, or social media posts) for data on cultural
communication norms and narratives

Psychology Using technologies like neuroimaging, eye-tracking, or computer-based tasks to collect data
on things like attention, emotional response, or reaction time

Education Using tests or assignments to collect data on knowledge and skills

Physical sciences Using scientific instruments to collect data on things like weight, blood pressure, or chemical
composition

If you’re not sure which methods will work best for your research design, try reading some papers in
your field to see what kinds of data collection methods they used.

Secondary data

If you don’t have the time or resources to collect data from the population you’re interested in, you can
also choose to use secondary data that other researchers already collected—for example, datasets from
government surveys or previous studies on your topic.

With this raw data, you can do your own analysis to answer new research questions that weren’t
addressed by the original study.

Using secondary data can expand the scope of your research, as you may be able to access much larger
and more varied samples than you could collect yourself.

However, it also means you don’t have any control over which variables to measure or how to measure
them, so the conclusions you can draw may be limited.
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7. What are the various ethical standards in

conducting research? Discuss.

Ethics are broadly the set of rules, written and unwritten, that govern our expectations of our own and
others’ behavior.

Effectively, they set out how we expect others to behave, and why. While there is broad agreement on
some ethical values (for example, that murder is bad), there is also wide variation on how exactly these
values should be interpreted in practice.

Many or even most ethical codes cover the following areas:

Honesty and Integrity

This means that you need to report your research honestly, and that this applies to your methods (what
you did), your data, your results, and whether you have previously published any of it. You should not
make up any data, including extrapolating unreasonably from some of your results, or do anything which
could be construed as trying to mislead anyone. It is better to undersell than over-exaggerate your
findings.

When working with others, you should always keep to any agreements, and act sincerely.

Objectivity

You should aim to avoid bias in any aspect of your research, including design, data analysis,
interpretation, and peer review. For example, you should never recommend as a peer reviewer
someone you know, or who you have worked with, and you should try to ensure that no groups are
inadvertently excluded from your research. This also means that you need to disclose any personal or
financial interests that may affect your research.

Carefulness

Take care in carrying out your research to avoid careless mistakes. You should also review your work
carefully and critically to ensure that your results are credible. It is also important to keep full records of
your research. If you are asked to act as a peer reviewer, you should take the time to do the job
effectively and fully.

Openness

You should always be prepared to share your data and results, along with any new tools that you have
developed, when you publish your findings, as this helps to further knowledge and advance science. You
should also be open to criticism and new ideas.

Respect for Intellectual Property

You should never plagiarise, or copy, other people’s work and try to pass it off as your own. You should
always ask for permission before using other people’s tools or methods, unpublished data or
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results. Not doing so is plagiarism. Obviously, you need to respect copyrights and patents, together with
other forms of intellectual property, and always acknowledge contributions to your research. If in doubt,
acknowledge, to avoid any risk of plagiarism.

Confidentiality

You should respect anything that has been provided in confidence. You should also follow guidelines on
protection of sensitive information such as patient records.

Responsible Publication

You should publish to advance to state of research and knowledge, and not just to advance your career.
This means, in essence, that you should not publish anything that is not new, or that duplicates
someone else’s work.

Legality

You should always be aware of laws and regulations that govern your work, and be sure that you
conform to them.

Animal Care

If you are using animals in your research, you should always be sure that your experiments are both
necessary and well-designed. You should also show respect for the animals you are using, and make sure
that they are properly cared for.

Human Subjects Protection

If your research involves people, you should make sure that you reduce any possible harm to the
minimum, and maximise the benefits both to participants and other people.

This means, for example, that you should not expose people to more tests than are strictly necessary to
fulfil your research aims. You should always respect human rights, including the right to privacy and
autonomy. You may need to take particular care with vulnerable groups, which include, but are not
limited to, children, older people, and those with learning difficulties.
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8. What are the helpful tips in writing

each section of the methodology of a feasibility study? Discuss.

Focus on Your Objectives in Your Research Methodology

When you write a research methodology, you should focus on using the methods that are fully
consistent with your original goals. In fact, you have to convince a group of readers not only that it is an
effective approach but also that it has a good potential.

This should be done throughout this section. You should remind readers of how much the choice of
methods relates to an ultimate goal of your work. Feel free to use excerpts and references where
appropriate. This will make it look more like a well-developed methodology.  

Take Notes and Outline Your Methodology

If you think that writing a dissertation methodology requires clarifications, be sure to provide them.

Notes are often used when there is a problem with used tools. Write down how you dealt with
difficulties. You should also demonstrate how much your research was affected by obstacles you faces.
Your task is to show that the work was carried out as thoroughly as possible.

This information will help to avoid repetition of problems for those who would want to study your topic
further. Additionally, you will show your academic value. You'll be able to indicate that you were able to
overcome the problems.  

Cite Sources in Methodology

Remember that when writing a methodology, it is extremely important to provide a background that will
allow your readers to evaluate your work. And citation is best suited for this. This way, you will
demonstrate research skills. Show that you can navigate the latest sources.

In this section, you can discuss certain sources and comment on the choice of approach. If there are
problems with citation, refer to works with similar methodology. You can also ask for advice from your
colleagues or academic supervisor. If you want to pay someone to do my research paper, just do it on
StudyCrumb. 

Craft a Methodology for Your Audience

There's one more thing to say when you write a methodology for a research paper: remember to target
a specific audience. You don't need much explanation if you are using common techniques to collect
information.

But explanations are necessary in a work with rarely-used methodologies. You must also indicate if the
used methodology is non-standard. In this case, it is worth explaining to the readers why you chose a
particular method. Tell them why it is good and what advantages it has compared to classical
instruments. This will allow the audience to better understand the work done. Keep in mind that
comparing different kinds of methods can be a basis for a literature review template outline.