11 I January 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48299
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Review on Seismic Performance of RC Structure by

Considering Different Orientation and Classes of Building
Ms. Pallavi Dhawane1, Prof. Pooja Raut2
1
Students, M-Tech Structural Engineering , Department of Civil Engineering , G H Raisoni Institute Of Engineering And
Technology, Nagpur , Maharashtra.
2
Project Guide , M-Tech Structural Engineering , Department of Civil Engineering , G H Raisoni Institute Of Engineering And
Technology, Nagpur , Maharashtra.

Abstract: In the framework of this project, an attempt was made to find out the influence of the shape, size and direction of the
rectangular columns of the construction plan on the general stiffness and seismic response of the building suffering from the
earthquake. A multistory RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and
rectangular), column sizes (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientations to determine the effect of
each on the stiffness and seismic response of the building. The analytical results of each model were compared in terms of base
movement, overburden displacement, layer deflection and time period.
Keywords: Moment resisting System, Lateral Loads, ETABS, Seismic response etc

I. INTRODUCTION
All structures, especially tall structures, are designed for dynamic loads, which include earthquake and wind loads. In earthquake-
prone areas, great attention is paid to seismic loads, while in cyclone-prone areas to wind loads. For a very tall structure, wind is
considered to be the dominant load. According to relevant standards and specifications, the analytical procedure clearly shows
significant differences in the calculation of wind and earthquake forces acting on structures [1]. For earthquake strength as a zone
factor, building height and foundation type are important in assessing earthquake strength. The basic dimensions of wind load,
height, base speed, terrain class and many other factors such as permeability are necessary to estimate the forces caused by wind.
The structures are designed to withstand the effects of seismic forces and wind forces in addition to gravity. Earthquake force is
rated according to IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, while wind forces are rated according to IS 875 (Part 3): 1[1][2].
Lateral loads play a dominant role in the analysis and design of tall RCC buildings. In the analysis and design of the structure of tall
buildings under lateral load, stiffness dominates. A moment-resisting frame is a structural system that carries lateral loads in low and
medium-rise buildings. It carries the lateral load through the combined axial shear bending effect of beams and columns. Based on
the construction concept of strong column and weak beam, the columns must be stiff compared to the beams to avoid structural
deformations. Choosing the appropriate shape, size and orientation of the pillars of a building (especially a rectangular building)
are the most important factors that control the total rigidity of the building structure. Adherence to these parameters leads to
stiffening and deformation of the structure in the flexible mode under the influence of lateral loads.

II. PROBLEM STATEMENTS

1) Factors favoring the development of tall structures are rising land costs, development of urban areas, availability of high quality
building materials and development of modern structural systems.
2) Increasing the height of a building will subject it to lateral loads such as earthquakes and wind. In the analysis and design of
the structure of tall buildings under lateral load, stiffness dominates.
3) A structural system with an effective and reasonable height limit to carry lateral loads and control excessive lateral deflection
of buildings is a good solution to this problem.
4) The moment-resisting frame is a structural system that withstands lateral loads in low and medium-rise buildings. The SMRF
carries the lateral load through the combined axial shear bending of the beams and columns.
5) Based on the strong column-weak beam design concept, the columns should be stiff compared to the beams to prevent
structural deformations. Choosing the appropriate shape, size and orientation of the columns of a building (especially a
rectangular structure) are the most important factors that control the overall rigidity of the building.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

III.OBJECTIVES
The objectives of proposed work are as follows:
1) To study the building with different geometrical plan configuration based on different aspect ratios under earthquake forces.
2) To study different classes of building and its effects due to earthquake.
3) Evaluations that can estimate the inelastic condition of buildings during an earthquake are analyzed using Seismic analysis.
4) To design and Seismic Performance on ETABS software for RC structure of earthquake resistant buildings to the criteria and
details according to the applicable code.
5) To find out the effect of columns shape, size and orientation of rectangular shape columns on seismic response of building
structure..

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

This is a critical review of a previous work published in the literature. Technical articles published in Proceedings and other journals
related to the assigned scope of work and understood the current status of the project being implemented. From such studies on the
comparative effect of earthquake on structural building, objectives were formulated and analysis was done. Also IS
1893(Part1):2002 introduces important code from earthquake point of view, here are some important terminologies and code
provisions. This standard deals with the assessment of the seismic load of various structures and the earthquake-resistant design of
the building. Its basic provisions apply to buildings, high-rises, industrial and chimney-like structures, bridges, concrete and earth
dams, embankments and retaining walls and other structures.
Dr. K. R. C. Reddy et. al. 2014 [1] It should be noted that wind loads are more critical than earthquake loads in most cases. Wind
and earthquake loads increase with the height of the structure. Wind loads are more critical for tall structures than earthquake loads.
Structures should be designed for loads applied independently in both directions due to critical wind or seismic forces. They
estimate the wind load based on the design wind speed for that zone with a 20 percent variation. The resulting wind loads on the
building were compared with seismic loads. Finally, wind loads are more critical than earthquake loads in most cases.
Dr. Suchita Hirde et. al. 2014 [2] It is observed that design parameters such as storey drift, storey displacement, storey deflection are
calculated and compared to check wind force against seismic forces at different building heights. It can be seen that; Seismic zone V
and wind zone VI are the strongest earthquake zones and wind zones according to IS codes. Therefore, 6 multi-story buildings in
wind zone VI are analyzed and their performance is compared with buildings in seismic zone V of India to study wind force
against 5 seismic forces. Y found that the effects of both seismic forces and wind forces on multistory buildings increase as the
building height increases. Effect of earthquake forces compared with the effect of wind forces on performance of multistory
buildings situated in seismic zone V and wind zone VI, earthquake is less effective than wind effect for tall buildings since tall
buildings are more flexible and for short buildings earthquake is found to be more effective.
Kosta Talaganov et. al. 2004 [3] This study involves design of the structural system of such a unique symbol as is the Millennium
cross, was a special professional challenge for the authors both as scientific applicative project and specific structural project.
Therefore, all the activities realized within this study were aimed at making the Millennium Cross a long-lasting structure with a
high level of static and dynamic stability. From the results performed it is noticed that the above two effects are predominant and
crucial for structural safety evaluation. Due to the high seismicity of the region and the severe exposure of the structure to wind
effects, there arose the need for consideration of these two types of effects upon the structure.
Azlan Adnan et. al. 2008 [4] From this study it can be noticed that the ESEA normally produced larger lateral load design forces
than that from the SWA and EDRSA. The floor-to-floor drift indicator indicates that only non-structural parts of buildings can be
affected. Earthquake static equivalent 6 is mainly checked by lateral loading followed by static wind loading and dynamic
response spectrum analysis. They found that based on the shear response of the ESEA story, mid-rise buildings have potential
failures at lower floors.
Baldev D. Prajapati et. al. 2012 [5] They discuss the analysis and design procedure adopted for the assessment of a symmetrical
tower block (G 30) due to the effects of Wind and EQ. power A total of 21 different models are analyzed and designed, and it shows
that the steel-concrete composite building is a better choice. These buildings have R.C.C. a steel and composite building whose
shear wall is considered a lateral force-resisting system.
Khaled M. Heiza et. al. 2012 [6] It should be noted that some recommendations have been proposed to improve the resistance of
building structural and environmental systems to lateral loads. The effective parameters of the earthquake forces defined by each
building code are the zone factor according to its location, the importance of the building, the type of structural system, the period
coefficient depending on the dimensions of the building, the soil coefficient and the weight of the building.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 765
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

They developed a program to analyze the behavior of structural buildings under wind pressure, as well as the corresponding static
loads in case of earthquakes, taking into account all code factors.
Bimala Pillai et. al. 2017 [7] The focus of this research in the field of wind and earthquake engineering is to compare the dynamic
behavior of a multi-story reinforced concrete building and a steel structure building and how they respond to wind and seismic
excitations. Here the dead weight of the steel 8 framed structure is much less than the dead weight of the RCC framed structure.
They found that the bending moment caused by the seismic force is reduced in the tall steel structure. This may have affected the
cost of the material. In a steel structure, the total costs are much higher than in multi-story buildings. Concrete construction is
durable and safe compared to steel construction.
Syed Rehanand et. al. 2014 [8] This study found that reinforced concrete composite building is a better option for seismic and wind
loads. The deflection and coating deflection of steel and RCC structures are almost the same, but it is double the thin limit in
composite structure. This is because composite structure is more flexible compared to RCC structure and steel structures. It is
observed that the axial force in R.C.C. column is maximum and almost equal in steel and composite columns, maximum shear
strength and maximum bending moment in composite beam is less than RCC beam. Steel and composite construction gives the
structure more flexibility than R.C.C. which is best suited for lateral forces.
Dat Duthinh et. al. 2010 [9] This article proposes an approach to modify the ASCE 7 regulations to ensure that the risks contained in
the ASCE 7 minimum requirements are not exceeded in areas where there is a single dominant hazard. This approach is a belief
that the standard guarantees the risks of exceeding the defined limit. they are said to be essentially identical to the risks set out in the
regulations for wind-only or earthquake-prone areas.
Hany J. Farran 2012 [10] Very long span suspension bridges are flexible structural systems. The development of new structural
materials and computer analysis methods has greatly improved the adoption of these suspended cable structures. These flexible
systems are sensitive to the dynamic effects of wind and earthquake loading. The main problem in dealing with these lateral forces
is the calculation of wind load and seismic load magnitude. The structural effects, the structural response to such random lateral
loads and the subsequent design of an effective lateral load resisting system require very sophisticated analysis and design methods.
Sanhik Kar Majumder et. al. 2014 [11] Proposed recommendations for the development of different types of structures according to
lateral load. 9 study both the effects and compare them according to IS: 875 (PART - 3) and IS: -1893-2002 (PART-1) codes and
stated that the strength and intensity of an earthquake is determined by the zone. site factor, building, structural part, building
dimensions and weight through dependent period coefficient and soil coefficient. They found that the earthquake force and
magnitude defined by the zone factor affects each building based on its location, building weight, structural element, period
coefficient depending on the size and weight of the building, and the soil factor and wind force, as well as the code-defined wind
force by its location.
Nicola Storgaard 2015 [12] Focuses on the effects of earthquakes on buildings and which techniques can be used to limit damage
in earthquakes. In this thesis on earthquakes and their effects on buildings, it is clear how important it is to understand, in addition to
the causes and effects of earthquakes on buildings, how to avoid damage and loss of life.
Prof_Arya 2016 [13] The aim is to indicate the main influencing factors that cause poor performance during an earthquake and to
give recommendations that should be considered in the design of multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings to achieve their
adequate safety. behavior during future earthquakes. They highlight the main provisions of this Code. The Indian Standard Code IS:
1893 was suitably updated in 2002 to address various design issues related to seismic behavior of RC buildings. The appropriate
quality of the structure and the stability of the infill walls and sections are additional safety requirements for the entire structure.
Andrew John Pierre et. al. 2020 [14] This focuses on Building A, which appears strong enough to potentially collapse under seismic
loads. Earthquake-resistant design is usually based on the analysis of elastic structures assigned a load factor to simulate extreme
conditions. In case of an earthquake, the collapse behavior of the building structure is inelastic. Estimates to assess the inelasticity of
buildings during an earthquake are analyzed using thrust analysis.
J. Proença, Carlos et. al. 2019 [15] The analysis was performed with two different nonlinear load models. The first model (as
described above) was used until all supports in a given interlayer collapsed, resulting in a significant change in deformation and
loading pattern. Early, pre-code reinforced concrete structures can withstand unspecified earthquakes. This situation is unacceptable
especially for essential services such as health structures.
Prof. Dilip J.Chaudhari1 et. al. 2018 [16] This paper discusses the effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic performance of
the structure and the building is designed with life safety in mind. Performance analysis was performed and results were obtained
using soil texture interaction. A comparative study is conducted between fixed base model (NSSI) HSSI, MSSI, SSSI models. The
average of the seven peak responses of the story drift ratio, layer section and natural period is considered.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 766
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Design is then implemented to achieve the desired performance. It was found that soil-structure interaction can change the seismic
performance of a building according to seismic force requirements and deformations.
Paraskevi K. Askouni et. al. 2021 [17] This article investigates the seismic behavior of a class of reinforced concrete and steel
mixtures. In particular, mixed-use buildings constructed with r/c (reinforced concrete) on the lower floors and structural steel on the
upper floors are studied from the perspective of their widespread application in engineering practice. The need to investigate the
seismic behavior of such mixed-use buildings stems from the fact that the existing literature is scarce and current seismic codes do
not provide specific seismic design recommendations for them. To study the seismic behavior of r/c alloy steel buildings, a 3-D
numerical model is used and five realistic r/c alloy buildings are simulated.
Du Guangqian et. al. 2019 [18 Based on the seismic performance evaluation of new and existing damaged buildings, the building
structure can withstand earthquakes according to its strength and durability according to the structural strength-resistance theory,
and the buildings are divided into four classes. . Due to the influence of time or seismic damage on the structure of reinforced
concrete frame structures, their material properties have often deteriorated. Using the design concept of distributed computing to
efficiently process large data, a dynamic evaluation model for the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structures is
established.
Jawid Ahmad Tajzadah et. al. 2019 [19] n this article, an attempt was made to discover the influence of the shape, size and direction
of the rectangular columns in the construction plan on the general stiffness and seismic response of the building exposed to an
earthquake. A G 1-story RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and rectangular),
column size (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientation to study the effect of each on stiffness and
seismic response. a building The analytical results of each model were compared in terms of base movement, overburden
displacement, layer deflection and time period.
Several researchers have investigated the effect on reinforced concrete (RC) prefabricated industrial buildings, which have recently
suffered excessive damage and significant direct and indirect damage, as many researchers have emphasized in their research.
Reinforced concrete (RC) industrial buildings revealed their vulnerability in recent earthquakes, highlighting structural and non-
structural damage that is most related to insufficient transfer of horizontal forces, i.e., in the connections between elements. Several
studies have been carried out in the evaluation of seismic vulnerability of RC structures, the background of which is mainly the
need to protect the existing building stocks and human lives.

V. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Performance Based Design
Performance-Based Seismic Design is a method for designing new buildings or seismic improvements to existing buildings with the
specific goal of achieving specified performance goals in future earthquakes. The performance objectives are Operability (O),
Immediate Occupancy (IO), Life Safety (LS), Collapse Prevention (CP) according to FEMA356, where in Figure 1, life safety is
the main focus in reducing structural life safety hazards.

Figure - 1 Performance levels

Performance By design, performance levels are described as displacement because damage correlates better with displacement than
with forces. It is based on the idea that performance goals can be linked to the level of structural damage that can be associated with
displacement and drift over time.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 767
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure 2 shows the typical process of design is to be followed.

Figure 2 – Flow chart of performance based design

SSI (Soil-Structure Interaction) is the effect of the free reaction of structures on the flexibility of the foundation soil. SSI can
produce two different effects on the response of a structure, firstly, a change in the free field movement at the base of the structure
and secondly, the introduction of deformation to the bearing soil due to the dynamic response of the structure. The former is called
kinematic interaction, while the latter is called inertial interaction.
There are two ways to implement soil structure interaction. The first is the direct method, where the soil structure and foundation are
represented as a continuum and modeled together using the finite element method. Ground motion is defined as free field motion
and is applied to all boundaries. Another method is the substructure method, where the material properties of the soil are used to
connect springs to show the stiffness at the soil-foundation interface. The general base structure method is suitable for complex
structural idealizations where the land area is idealized as a semi-infinite continuum or element system. For places where
essentially similar soils extend to a great depth without a rigid boundary, such as the soil-rock interface. The substructure method is
computationally more efficient than the direct method because most of the disadvantages of the direct method can be eliminated by
using the substructure method.
This middle floor construction report has been considered. First, the building and preliminary analysis are modeled using SAP2000
v19 and the design is done as per IS 56:2000. Performance analysis is then carried out by non-linear dynamic analysis and the
building is designed according to the desired performance. In this study, the building is designed for Life Safety and DBE (Design
Based Earthquake).

VI. CONCLUSION
In this project, the effect of column shape, size and direction of rectangular columns on the seismic response of the building is
investigated. A G-story RC building is modeled using ETABS software with different column shapes (square and rectangular),
column size (different cross-sectional area at building height), and column orientation to study the effect of each on stiffness and
seismic response. In the analysis of the corresponding spectrum of each building model, the base section, lateral movement,
deviation between floors and time period are found. The analysis result of each model was compared according to base movement,
upper layer displacement, layer deviation and period.

REFERENCES
[1] Dr. K. R. C. Reddy, Sandip A. Tupat, “The effect of zone factors on wind and earthquake loads of high-rise structures” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)e-ISSN: 2278 – 1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334XPP 53-58
[2] Dr. Suchita Hirde, Mr. Vinay Magadum, “Severity of Earthquake Forces against Wind Forces for Multi-storey RCC Building” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE)e - ISSN: 2278 – 1684,p-ISSN: 2320 - 334X PP 71–75
[3] Kosta Talaganov, Mihailgarevski, Daniloristic and Vladomicov, “comparative dynamic stability study of a high –rise structure exposed to seismic and wind
effects – case” STUDY 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 778
[4] Azlan Adnan and Suhana Suradi, “Comparison on the effect of earthquake and wind loads on the Performance of reinforced concrete buildings” The 14th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
[5] Baldev D. Prajapati and D. R. Panchal, “Study of seismic and wind effect on multi storey r.c.c., steel and composite building” M.E. Research Scholar &
Assistant Professor, Applied Mechanics & Structural Engg. Deptt., Faculty of Techno. & Engineering, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390001,
Gujarat, India.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue I Jan 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

[6] Khaled M. Heiza and Magdy A. Tayel, “Comparative Study of The Effects of Wind and Earthquake Loads on High-rise Buildings” Civil Engineering
Department, Faculty of Engieering, Menoufiya University, EGYPT Vol. 3(1) – March 2012
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[12] Nicola Storgaard, “Earthquakes and their effects on buildings” Constructing Architect, 7th
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[13] Prof_Arya, “Steps for safe design and construction of Multistorey reinforced concrete buildings” Fundamentals for seismic design of RCC buildings.
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[20] Anupam Rajmani and Prof Priyabrata Guha, “Analysis of wind & earthquake load for different shapes of high rise building” Narula Institute of Technology,
81,Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata,West Bengal

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