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SOLENOID ENGINE

Research · April 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32973.56803

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 1

SOLENOID POWERED ENGINE

Brahadeesh Suresh

B.Tech Mechanical Engineering

National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli

Tiruchirappalli , India 620015

brahadeesh3601@gmail.com


Abstract— This paper aims to con- Since then, continuous research has
ceive an engine using solenoid propulsion. been going on to implement this concept on a
The merits of electromagnets are used in large scale. In this research, we aspire to de-
tandem with mechanical parts of an IC en- velop an electromagnetic mover as a de-
gine to improve efficacy.The power source rivative of the electric motor and IC engine.
for the engine is supplied by a lead acid This propulsion system is designed based on
battery that is recharged by an alterna- the principle of electromagnetism and uses a
tor.This study presents, the details of the solenoid and Internal Combustion Engine
development of an electromagnet engine, (ICE) working mechanism and thus, this con-
design procedures and the power output of cept is known as Solenoidal Powered Engine
the engine.The entire engine has been cus- (SPE)

tomized to meet the specifications men-

tioned. The aim is to design a Solenoid En- 2. STATE OF THE ART
gine which works on the principle of elec-
tro-magnetism. The camshaft assembly in The Indian govt's scraping policy im-
the conventional IC engine is replaced by poses fitness testing on cars over 15 years of
the solenoid and it converts electrical ener- age with pricey taxes and on road renewal
gy into mechanical energy. This energy costs. In the course of 5 years, this cycle re-
produced is used to power the wheels and peats but with the use of this solenoid conver-
run the car. Electric energy is a clean sion and this type of system its a win-win for
source of energy which replaces the con- both parties. The soul of IC engine is retained
ventional fossil fuels usage and it strives with no adverse effects , if this phenomenon
towards attaining increased range and re- is utilized to the fullest we can further boost
duced emissions. the efficiency. However this model shows
enormous promise for the future where to-
1. INTRODUCTION day's technological limitations are overcome
by new innovations.
An American scientist Joseph Henry A need for unique form engine was
(1797-1878) constructed a small electromag- required, to increase the travel at very cost
netic engine, with a reciprocating beam quot- effective way. Therefore there was urgent re-
ed as a "philosophical toy", and there was cer- quirement to come up with a substitute form
tainly no intention of getting useful work out of an engine which is completely eco-friendly
of it. It was first described in the American and easy to maintain. The electromagnetic
Journal of Science, 1831, Vol 20 p342. The engine can substitute as an alternative engine.
British journal Philosophical Magazine in It works completely on battery current, thus
1838, F Watkins examined Henry's invention controlling the pollution to very large extent.
in detail and described it as the first cyclic It can be considered as a completely green
electric motor, i.e. one that continued working technology.
without manual switching or resetting.

Indian Government is trying to con- 3. NOVELTY AND INNOVATION

vert old vehicles into electric vehicles to curb
pollution through the NEMMP 2020 This proposal deals with reducing the use of
scheme.National Electric Mobility Mission major fossil fuels and switching to better en-
Plan (NEMMP 2020) targets to deploy 5 to 7 ergy saving for the future using a solenoid
million EVs in India by 2020.Emphasizes im- engine.Though electric vehicles are booming,
portance of government incentives and coor- they are more gimmicky with low load carry-
dination between industry and academia.Tar- ing capacity and ingrate in the long run. To
get of 400,000 passenger battery electric cars tackle this problem a solenoid engine conver-
(BEVs) by 2020 ~ avoiding 120 million bar- sion on an existing IC vehicle would make
rels of oil and 4 million tons of CO2 Lower- more sense.In this engine, the friction of en-
ing of vehicular emissions by 1.3 percent by gine parts is less over the IC engine. So the
2020 life of an electromagnetic engine is more and
A startup company has launched a demands no fuel. Solenoid works as an elec-
technology of EV conversions in Delhi in tromagnet when the current is supplied to it.
2017. BharatMobi, the startup, said EV retro- As the name indicates, this has sole-
fitting or conversions can be the best way to noids or pistons that power the engine just as
counter pollution and climate change. This is it is supposed to remove it in an electric con-
also likely to be one of the elementary ways version. In a solenoid engine, electrical ener-
to contribute towards a pollution-free India. gy is converted into mechanical energy; coil
The retrofitting kits goes perfectly with the magnetism attracts the plunger. Spark distrib-
wide range of cars and will cost 5 lakh. The utor is used to actuate electromagnet accord-
kit uses 15KW motor and Lidepo4 battery ing to the position of pistons in cylinder rather
pack. Max speed 80kmph and max range than sensors and microcontroller. Rest of the
80kms per charge. process is exactly similar to the slider-crank
Today, Our World is doing immense mechanism with negates combustion.
research to convert fuel vehicles into Electric The development of an electromagnet-
vehicles in an efficient manner.China is the ic engine is based on attracting and repelling
leader in deployment of EVs. At the end of properties of an electromagnet. The electro-
June 2019, almost half the electric cars and magnet can be operated by using both AC and
99% of the electric buses in the world were in DC supply, but DC supply provides steady
China. It also dominates global markets for magnetic flux, so the same is used in this
low-speed electric vehicles and electric two- work. The electromagnetic engine can substi-
wheelers. The average price of an EV in Chi- tute as an alternative engine. It works com-
na before subsidies and incentives is $27,000. pletely on battery current, thus controlling the
In US, A conventional vehicle can be pollution to a very large extent.Coil magnet-
converted to electric vehicle . Currently, 1.9% ism is used to attract the plunger, spark dis-
of the total vehicles in US are electric vehi- tributor is used to actuate electromagnet ac-
cles. Many countries are now banning new cording to the position of the piston in cylin-
vehicles that run on fossil fuels like gasoline, der rather than sensors and microcontroller.
diesel or liquefied petroleum gas. Taiwan and So, The reciprocating motion can be convert-
California will ban them in 2040 and Norway ed into rotary motion and used for different
in 2025. applications.

Comparison with IC engines- 4. THEORY

A. It does not require any fuel, so harmful Assuming that the magnetic moment of the
gases are not released and hence no pollu- magnetic piston material is m and a current i
tion. is flowing through the electromagnetic coil so
B. It is lighter than many IC Engines. as too produce an axial magnetic of intensity
C. It operates smooth and less noisy. B , which will be time variant. The force on
D. It has a compact design and requires min- the magnetic piston now is:
imal maintenance. F = ∇(m ⋅ B) where:- B = u.n.i
Since the magnetic moment of the piston is
Comparison with the Gas-powered vehi- always pointed towards the upward direction,
cles- we can simplify the above expression as:
Gas powered vehicles are also in use ∂B(y, t)
at many areas. Gases like LPG and CNG are F =m
∂y
cheaper than present fuels and comparatively The time and spatial variation of the current
easier to produce. But the total life of the en- in the solenoid will decide the transmitted
gine is about 3 to 4 years which is very low. force. This is then converted to torque through
But a Solenoid Powered Engine stays for the crank shaft using the relevant dimensions.
much longer period. It does not have any fluid
contained, so there is need to worry about 5. WORKING
leaks.
When current is supplied through the coil,
Installation Cost – electromagnetism generates a magnetic field
Replacement cost for a normal motor around the coil. The rod inside gets repelled
Electric Vehicle is around 4 to 5 lakhs. But a or attracted based on the direction of the cur-
Solenoid powered Engine takes approximate- rent. To give movement from one plunger or
ly 1.5 to 2 lacs depending on the vehicle. This piston to another plunger, attraction can use a
saves 60 percentage of the cost for normal EV simple distributor rather than an arduino and
installation. micro controller. This functions similar to a
spark distributor on a combustion engine, ex-
Future Scope – cept it actually provides the power to actuate
According to a survey, India can save the solenoids instead of providing just an igni-
64% of anticipated passenger road-based mo- tion spark. By applying variable supply to the
bility-related energy demand and 37% of car- distributor, we can vary the speed of attraction
bon emissions in 2030 by pursuing a shared, of each plunger while the rotation speed
electric, and connected mobility future. varies. The spark distributor provides a jerk to
This would result in a reduction of 156 move the attraction of the coil from the first
mega toe in diesel and petrol consumption for coil to the third coil and vice versa so that it
that year. At USD 52/bbl of crude, this would rotates in a circular motion. The timing of the
imply a net savings of roughly Rs 3.9 lakh spark decides the efficiency of the engine into
crore (approximately 60 billion USD) in the spark distributor. The arrangement entirely
2030. These figures clearly indicate an urgent depends upon the configuration used in de-
requirement for replacement of conventional signing the electromagnetic engine.
vehicles with electric vehicles.

6. COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS spark distributer. Battery can charge with a

Dynamo/ Alternator like an automobile.
A. Crankshaft
B. Plunger SOLENOID COIL
C. Flywheel Solenoid coil is consist of number of
D. Gears turns of copper wire wound on iron or former
E. Plunger magnet piece. Coil works as electromagnet when the
F. Solenoid and Holder current is owing through it. The turns ratio
depends on applied voltage. the more current
STAINLESS STEEL: coil becomes more strong electromagnet.
This medium carbon alloy provides
high tensile strength and hardness. It has high SWITCH
resistance to bending and excellent weldabili- There is a switch between solenoid
ty. Thus, Crankshaft, L-Bracket, Nut and bolt coil and battery supply for connecting and
are made of SS. disconnecting supply and for control constant
current supply to coil.
MILD STEEL:
Due to low carbon content, mild steel RHEOSTAT
has high tensile and impact strength and thus It is placed between the distributor
high resistance to breakage.Thus, flywheel with number of studs. This will works as ac-
and is made of mild steel. celerator. With the decreasing value of resis-
tance the more amount of current is owing
EN-8 STEEL: through distributor and speed of movement is
Unalloyed medium carbon steel has increases.
high strength compared to normal mild steel
due to thermo-mechanical rolling. It has good SPARK DISTRIBUTOR
Tensile Strength and is readily machinable. The main function of distributor is to
Thus, Spur Gears are made using this grade of provide speed variation. The distributor is
steel because they undergo high levels of also used in automobile, but its function is
Stress and also to reduce the chances of Fa- somewhat different in this engine. As the
tigue. spark is increased at the spark distributor the
value of movement is increases.
SOLID IRON:
It has high conductivity and it is mal- 7. DESIGN
leable, ductile and strong. Thus, it is used to
make the cylindrical solenoid. Piston Cylinder
The cylinder magnet fit is one of the
COPPER: most important factors governing the success
It is ductile and a good conductor of of a home-built model engine. For electro-
electricity. Thus, it is used to make the wires magnetic engine it is better to avoid ferrous
which are wound around the iron conductor. materials so that electromagnet is free to at-
tract permanent magnet. Because of this rea-
BATTERY son the iron cylinder is replaced by Alumini-
Battery is used to give electrical sup- um cylinder.
ply to induction coil and as main power
source. Also to get variable by supplying














Electromagnet
For the electromagnetic engine there 8. POWER GENERATION
are two different electromagnets, namely I bar
electromagnet and Air core electromagnet. An G. A solenoid holder is a conductor around
electric current flowing in a wire creates a which copper wires are wound and when
magnetic field around the wire and to concen- it is supplied with current, it generates a
trate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet magnetic field.
the wire is wound into a coil with many turns
of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field H. When current is passed through the so-
of all the turns of wire passes through the cen- lenoid wire, it produces magnetic flux,
tre of the coil, creating a strong magnetic field which attracts any metal put inside the
there. hollow pipe towards it.

Plunger I. Spark distributor is used to actuate elec-

Plungers are designed with features tromagnet according to position of piston
which perform specific functions during en- in cylinder rather than sensors and micro-
gine operation. Plunger is made of cast alu- controllers.
minium because of its high heat transfer rate. J. Once the electrical supply is stopped, the
And for the electromagnetic engine it is very solenoid loses its magnetism and the met-
important to select non-ferrous material. al falls in its original position and if the
supply is given again, the metal rises.
Permanent Magnet and Wire
Neodymium magnets are the strongest K. This TO and FRO motion of the metal is
type of permanent magnet commercially used to produce the mechanical energy
available. They have replaced other types of required to run the engine.
magnet in the many applications in modern
products that require strong permanent mag- L. It is like the conventional IC Engine in
nets.The wire is to be wound on the former which there is TO and FRO motion of the
(core) of the electromagnet. piston inside the cylinder.

NOTE M. The reciprocating motion of the plunger is

The Power of Engine can be increased converted into rotating motion of the
by changing the number of turns, the magnet- crankshaft.
ic flux of the electromagnet will increase.
Higher the magnetic flux of electromagnet, 9. ACCELERATION AND BRAKING:
greater will be the repulsive and attractive
forces between electromagnet and permanent A. Battery is used to give electrical supply to
magnet (piston). Due to this the crank will induction coil and as main power source
rotate at higher speed and it leads to engine and it can be charged with an alternator.
with greater power. The power of engine can
be increased by increasing the current. The B. There is a switch between solenoid coil
torque depends on the radius of the crank. and battery for connecting and discon-
Therefore, by increasing the radius of the necting the supply to the coil.
crank we can increase the power of the en-
gine. C. The main function of a spark distributor is
to provide speed variation. It actually

provides power to actuate the solenoids 2. Power: 33.56 kW/ 45 bhp @6000 rpm
and control the movement. 3. Torque: 62 N.m @3000rpm
4. Top speed: 148 kmph
D. A rheostat is placed between the distribu- 5. Tyre size: 145/70 R12 6.
tor with number of studs and it works as 6. Gear ratio: 1st-3.545 , 2nd-1.904,3rd-1.280,
an accelerator. 4th-0.914, 5th-0.757 & Reverse 3.272
Final Drive Ratio 4.388
E. When the value of resistance is decreased, 7. Bore - 68.5 mm
more amount of current runs through the 8. stroke - 72mm
distributor and speed of movement in- 9.Obtained power = 30.917 kW
creases. Thus, the rheostat acts as a vari- 10.Obtained Torque = 61.3 Nm @ 5702
able resistor which can be used to control rpm 11.Weight - 10% increase
the current supply to the spark distributor.
12. CONCLUSIONS
10. POWER CONTROL (Alternative)
"Change is the only constant in life!"
Speed control is obtained via pulse Change is a part of our daily life, and most of
wave modulation. Pulse width modulation - the time, humans work together for a positive
PWM, or pulse-duration modulation change that can benefit our society—talking
(PDM), reduces the average power delivered about the automotive industry, one of the most
by an electrical signal by chopping it into dis- significant transformations that we have expe-
crete parts. The average output voltage (or rienced in recent times. Around 20 million
current) fed to load is controlled by turning a domestic cars were sold in the year 2020.
switch at a fast rate between supply and load, Moreover, 85% of the customers are middle-
on and off . The longer period the switch is on class people. By using a Solenoid Powered
compared to the off periods, the higher the Engine, a lot of money is saved, and pollution
total power supplied to the load. Maximum can be decreased. The model shows excellent
power point tracking - MPPT is one of the promise for the future where ingenious inno-
primary methods of reducing the battery's vations overcome limitations.
output.PWM is particularly suited for running
inertial loads, which are not as easily affected 13. REFERENCES
by this discrete switching because their inertia
causes them to react slowly.The PWM switch- 1. V8 solenoid engine https://www.ijert.org/
ing frequency has to be high enough not to design-analysis-and-manufacturing-of-a-
affect the load, which means that the resultant v8-solenoid-engine
waveform perceived by the load must be as 2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
smooth as possible.PWM is achieved timer 320263560_development_of_electromag-
IC555, operating in its astable mode.The fre- netic_engine_for_future_transport_appli-
quency can be varied using potentiometer and cations
capacitor value. 3. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V7/i7/IR-
JET-V7I7581.pdf
11. THEORETICAL RESULTS:

Maruti Suzuki 800:

1. Capacity:796 cc (3 cylinder water cooled)

14. CALCULATIONS:- • Length of the coil, L cm

• Number of turns, N
Calculations of Number of Turns of an
Electromagnet • Turn density = (n) = N/L = turns/m
• An Electromagnetic engine is designed for
power, P kW • Current,I A

• The Power is related to Torque as, P= • Mass of the piston, m = Volume (V) ×
(2πNT)/60 kW Density (ρ)
Thus, T=Torque= (P×60)/ (2πN) N-m, -5 3 Volume = Area of the piston × Length

• Force on the piston is calculated by using • Density of the piston, ρ =2700 kg/m3
torque as, • Mass of the piston, m
Crank efforts, Fr =T/r, where r=Crank ra-
dius • Weight of the piston, W =m × g N

• But Force on connecting rod, Fc= Fr/ Calculation of Forces

[sin(θ+Ø)] • • Force on the piston, Fp = (B2A) /
Fc =Fr/ (sin 60°) (2µ0) N

• Force on piston, Fp= Fc/cos (Ø) • Force When the Piston Moves Down-
Fp=Fc/cos (20°) wards
• But Force on Piston is also given by, Fp =
(B2A)/(2µ0) • When the piston is moving downwards,
force F1= Fp +W F1 N
• Thus Magnetic field required to move pis-
ton B= √(Fp×(2µ0)/A) Tesla • Force on connecting rod, Fc1= F1 ×
• cos(Ø) N
• And the Magnetic field produced by an
electromagnet is given by, B=µIn • Crank efforts Fr1= Fc1 × cos [90-
(θ+Ø)] Fr1= Fc1×sin (θ+Ø) N
• Turn density, n=B/µI turns/m
• Torque (T1) = Fr1 × r N-m, (where r =
• Hence, number of turns, N =n×L turns crank radius)

Calculation of Weight of Piston • Power (P1) = (2πNT1)/60 kW

• Force When Piston Moves Upwards

• Length of the piston, l m
• When the piston is moving upwards, force
• Diameter of piston, d m F2= Fp – W F2 N

• Cross sectional area of the piston, A =

• Force on connecting rod, Fc2= F2 ×cos (Ø)
πd2/4 m2
Fc2 N

























































 8

• Crank efforts Fr2 = Fc2 × cos [90 - (θ+Ø)]

N Fr2= Fc2 × sin (θ+Ø) N

• Torque (T2) =Fr2 × r N-m, (where r = crank

radius) N-m

• Power (P2) = (2πNT2) / 60 kW

• P2 =(2π×P1×T)/60 rpm

Calculation of Power :
• The power of engine when piston moving
downwards, P1 rpm.

• The power of engine when piston moving

upwards, P2 rpm.

• The average power produced by the engine

is,
P=(P1 +P2)/2 at rpm.

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