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Ductile Iron Castings: Standard Reference Radiographs For
Ductile Iron Castings: Standard Reference Radiographs For
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This standard extends the application of steel casting 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to radio-
reference radiographs E446, E186, and E280 to ductile iron graphic examination, see Terminology E1316.
castings when determined appropriate for specific applications 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(see Section 4). 3.2.1 production radiograph—a radiograph under review
1.2 The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to E446, for compliance with this standard.
E186, or E280, and must be purchased separately from ASTM 3.2.2 Discontinuity type—a specific discontinuity character-
International, if needed (see 2.1). Categories and severity ized by its cause and appearance. For example, linear shrinkage
levels for each discontinuity type represented by these refer- is a specific discontinuity type.
ence radiographs are described within each applicable standard 3.2.3 discontinuity category—a nomenclature system used
above. for grouping discontinuity types. For example, linear shrinkage
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs
is assigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the general
requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination shrinkage category and “a” represents the specific linear
attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 5, and 6 shrinkage discontinuity type.
of this standard. 3.2.4 discontinuity severity level—a relative rank in terms
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the of “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of disconti-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the nuities where “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. For
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- example, a severity level of “1” is more restrictive (requires a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. higher level of fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2”.
3.2.5 discontinuity class—an assigned fabrication quality
2. Referenced Documents rating characterized by a discontinuity type, category and
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 severity level. For example, “Ca 2” is a discontinuity class
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination comprised of linear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412- 3.2.6 classification specification—a set of user defined ac-
in. [51 to 114-mm]) Steel Castings ceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic discontinu-
E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio- ity class requirements for a specified user casting service
graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are Changed application (see Sections 6 and 7).
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 3.2.7 graded illustration—a category of discontinuity that is
12-in. [114 to 305-mm]) Steel Castings assigned a severity level.
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. 3.2.8 ungraded illustration—a category of discontinuity
[51 mm] in Thickness without an assigned severity level.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 3.2.9 prorating—assignment of quantity, size and distribu-
tion on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar size
area of a reference radiograph. For example, a production
1
This reference radiograph is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on radiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area of
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on a reference radiograph and the extent of discontinuity on the
Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally applicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E689 – 95(2004)´1.
DOI: 10.1520/E0689-10. 4. Significance and Use
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 The casting process has demonstrated radiographic
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on similarities between internal discontinuities for ductile cast
the ASTM website. iron and cast steel to the extent that the reference radiographs
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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linear shrinkage, Category Ca, and severity level 3 for gas shown in the applicable standards for each category, then that
porosity, Category A, since the latter are generally much less part of the casting shall be judged unacceptable. When two or
deleterious to tensile properties (see Section 6). more categories of discontinuity are present in the same
5.3 When determining discontinuity severity levels for in- radiograph to an extent less than the maximum permissible
dividual castings spanning multiple thickness ranges outside level, as shown in the applicable standards for each category,
the range of this standard, consideration should be given to the the severity shall be evaluated by the overall aggregate
potential for overlapping severity levels as described in the condition. The aggregate condition is defined as the balance of
applicable written standard. quantity, size and distribution of the collection of discontinui-
5.4 Production radiographs which are compared to refer- ties and shall not exceed the aggregate condition of the
ence radiographs should have an optical density in the area of applicable reference radiograph.
interest in accordance with Guide E94 and a specified mini- 7.6 Reference radiographs are provided showing a variety
mum radiographic sensitivity (quality level) of 2 % (2-2T).1 of shrinkage discontinuity types. Production radiographs show-
Other radiographic quality levels or optical densities may be ing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representative
designated, but then a corresponding change in severity level reference radiograph.
for each discontinuity category should be anticipated and hence 7.7 This standard does not specify limiting criteria for a
specified. single size of discontinuity, maximum number of discontinui-
ties per unit area evaluated, specific dimensional spacing
6. Classification Specifications and/or alignment criterion between individual discontinuities
6.1 The applicable radiographic discontinuity classification or any other undefined discontinuity patterns. Unless otherwise
should be designated by the contracting agency in formal specified by a purchaser supplier agreement (see Section 4),
specifications, on drawings, or within specific contracts or these discontinuity conditions on production radiographs shall
orders. The specifications, drawings, contracts or order should be evaluated as aggregate conditions as defined in 7.5.
the first exposure. Indications from any porosity, shrinkage, or reference standards need be removed
other discontinuity will move only slightly, while any mottling
patterns present will change dramatically. If it is necessary or 9. Keywords
desirable to eliminate the mottling, the kV may be raised to 9.1 classification; discontinuity; ductile iron castings;
reduce the amount of diffraction radiation. However, caution gamma ray; reference radiographs; X-ray
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