Introduction of Dyeing PDF

Introduction to Dyeing
Dyeing
 The process by which a textile material is
changed physically or chemically so that it
looks colorful is called Dyeing.
 The objective of dyeing is to produce uniform

colorations of a substrate usually to match a
pre-selected color. The color should be
uniform throughout the substrate and be of a
solid shade with no unlevelness or change in
shade over the whole substrate.
Dyestuff
 Dyes are colored, unsaturated organic or
inorganic chemical compounds capable of
giving color to substrate (textile) i.e.
coloring or dyeing it. Dyes can be formed
synthetically from relatively cheap basic
products where specific functional groups
in the dyes which determine or affect the
applicability and fastness.
Characteristics of dyestuff
 Must contain chromophore groups.

 This chromophore groups may be different
types.
Example; -NO2, -NH2, -CO-, -N=O etc.
 Must able of preparing dilute solution by
dissolving water i.e. solubility
 Must be power of entering dyestuff to fibre
from dye bath i.e. substantivity.
 Should have fastness property.
Pigments
 A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or
transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
Advantage:
 Light fastness very high.
 Low cost
 Easy process
 Low process time
 It can used with any fiber.
Disadvantage: Harsh fabric, Rubbing fastness is very poor.

Required criteria of pigments
 Pigments should have good covering power.
 Pigments should have freely mixing properties.
 Pigments should be chemically inert.
 Pigments should have good resistance to Acid.
 Pigments should be resistance to solvent.
 Pigments should have suitable brilliance ,
hardness, and stability.
 Pigments should have good wet , light, and
abrasion resistance.
 Pigments should have good characteristics for
excellent
Method of Dyeing
Colour is applied to fabric by different methods of dyeing for different
types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process.
Dyeing can be done during any stage in the textile manufacturing
process. Textiles may be dyed as fibre, as yarn, as fabric, as garments,
depending upon the type of the fabric or garment being produced.
These methods include:

 Direct dyeing;
 Stock dyeing;
 Top dyeing;
 Yarn dyeing;
 Piece dyeing;
 Garment dyeing
 Solution pigmenting or dope dyeing etc.
Of these Direct dyeing and Yarn Dyeing methods are the most popular
ones.
Exhaust or Batch dyeing
 In exhaust dyeing the dye, which is wholly or partially
soluble in the dyebath, is transported to the fibre
surface by the motion of the dye liquor or by motion
of the substrate being dyed.
 The dye is adsorbed onto the fibre surface and ideally
diffuses into the whole of the fibre.
 Depending upon the dye being used, the interactions
between the dye and the fibre can be either chemical
or physical.
 Exhaust dyeing is usually conducted using dilute
solutions of dyes, normally termed long liquor dyeing,
and can involve liquor to substrate ratios from 8:1 up
to 30:1.
Exhaust dyeing machines
Continuous dyeing
 Continuous dyeing is a process whereby dyeing the
fabric and fixation of the dye are carried out
continuously in one simultaneous operation.
 This is traditionally accomplished using a

production line system where units are assembled
into lines of consecutive processing steps; this can
include both pre- and post-dyeing treatments.
 Fabric is usually processed in open width, so care

must be taken not to stretch the fabric.
Continuous dyeing machines
Theory of Dyeing
The dyeing process is essentially a distribution process. The dye is
distributed over at least two phase systems; the dye bath and textile
mtls. When equilibrium dyeing is reached, the following subsidary
equilibria are established:
1. Dye dispersed in the dyebath: Most of the dyes in solution are
in molecular and partially ionised state or exist in the form of ionic
micells.
2. Dye in the diffusion layer: Dye molecules then come into the
diffusion layer of the fibre and enter into it.
3. Dye in the electrical double layer: All textile fibres when
immersed in water or aqueous solution, acquire an electrical
potential after referred to as Beta potential. The covalent and
hydrogen bond forces which anchor the dye to the fibre are of
short range of the order of 10A to 50A. The electrostatic forces
have a range about 1000a where there is a mutual repulsion
between the fibre and the dye ion, an extremely long time will be
necessary before the inherent vibration of the molecules in the
solution.
Theory of Dyeing
4. Dye at the fibre surface: Increase of temp. helps to
accelerate the migration of dye molecules to the surface of
the fibre.
5. Dye in the fibre: Dye diffused in the fibre. Owing to the
high temp. there is always an abundance of dye stuff
molecules in the vicinity of the fibre and agitation has little
effect upon the time of half dyeing.
6. Dyes physically and chemically bond with polymer:
The following factor are responsible for the anchoring of the
dye molecules to the fibre:
 Ionic links; for protein fibre.
 Hydrogen bonds; for cellulosic fibre.
 Covalent bonds; between carbon atoms
 Physical forces.

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Introduction to Dyeing

 The objective of dyeing is to produce uniform

 Must contain chromophore groups.

 Light fastness very high.

 Low process time

 It can used with any fiber.

Disadvantage: Harsh fabric, Rubbing fastness is very poor.

These methods include:

 This is traditionally accomplished using a

 Fabric is usually processed in open width, so care

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