TITLE: How Fast Can the Ground Really Move?

FROM PAGE 2:
Why is Ground Motion Important? Simply put, large ground motions from earthquakes kill people
and cause tremendous economic damage. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China killed over a
quarter million people. The 10 deadliest earthquakes combined have killed nearly a million and a half
people since 1900. The 10 most economically damaging earthquakes in history have caused
approximately $1.37 trillion in damage (2012 dollars; Daniell et al. 2012). The 2011 Tohoku
earthquake in Japan, which caused the Fukushima Daichi nuclear disaster, accounted for
approximately $324 billion in damage all by itself. Approximately 70% of direct economic damage
from earthquakes has been caused directly by ground shaking; the rest has been caused by tsunamis,
fire, liquefaction, and landslides—all of which are ultimately induced by ground motion as well
(Daniell et al. 2012)

PARAPHRASED:
Strong ground motions caused by earthquakes have been one of the reason of many people’s death
and country’s massive economic loss. Over a million people died in China’s Tangshan earthquake in
1976 and become one of the 10 destructive earthquakes that have killed a total of 1.5 million people
since 1900. The Fukushima Daichi nuclear disaster which brought on by the Tohoku earthquake
resulted in $324 billion economic losses and remain as the most destructive earthquake to record in
Japan. According to Daniell et al. (2012) about 70% of direct economic loss from earthquakes is
directly related to ground motion while the remaining 30% is due to tsunamis, fire, liquefaction, and
landslides, all of which are ultimately triggered by ground motion.

APA CITATION:
Vassiliou, M. S. (2020). How Fast Can the Ground Really Move? Institute for Defense Analyses.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26055

REFERENCE:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26055?searchText=How%20Fast%20Can%20the%20Ground
%20Really%20Move&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DHow%2BFast
%2BCan%2Bthe%2BGround%2BReally%2BMove
%253F&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default
%3A362ab36af4a5a3b2d85ea5145e870a9a
 TITLE: A Numerical Model for Simulating Ground Motions for the Korean Peninsula

ABSTRACT:
Ground motions are used as input for the response history analyses of a structure. However, the
number of ground motions recorded at a site located in low-to-moderate seismic regions such as the
Korean Peninsula is few. In this case, artificial ground motions need to be used, which can reflect the
characteristics of source mechanism, travel path, and site geology. On 15 November, 2017, the
Pohang earthquake, with a magnitude of 5.4 and a focal depth of 9 km, occurred near the city of
Pohang. This earthquake caused the most significant economic loss among the earthquakes that
occurred in the Korean Peninsula. During the Pohang earthquake, valuable ground motions were
recorded at stations distributed in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, a ground motion model is
proposed based on ground motions recorded during the 2017 Pohang earthquake. The accuracy of the
proposed model is verified by comparing measured and simulated ground motions at 111 recording
stations.

PARAPHRASED:
Ground motions are utilized as a structure's response history assessment but there aren't many of them
at a site in a low-to-moderate seismic area like the Korean Peninsula therefore it is necessary to create
artificial ground motions that can mimic the features of the source mechanism, the route taken, and
the geology of the site. Among the earthquakes that struck the Korean Peninsula, the Pohang
earthquake which had a magnitude of 5.4 with a focal depth of 9 kilometers, happened on November
15, 2017 resulting in the most economic destruction. Based on ground motions observed during the
2017 Pohang earthquake, a ground motion model is suggested in this paper where a comparison of the
measured and generated ground motions at 111 recording stations shows that the proposed model is
accurate.

AMA CITATION:
Han, S. W., & Jee, H. J. (2020). A Numerical Model for Simulating Ground Motions for the Korean
Peninsula. Applied Sciences, 10(4), 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041254
REFERENCE:
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/4/1254
 TITLE: Effect of Earthquake Ground Motion Duration on the Seismic Response of a Low-Rise RC
Building (NAAY FULL ARTICLE ANI)

ABSTRACT:
This paper investigates the effect of earthquake ground motion duration on the seismic response of a
low-rise reinforced concrete shear wall building. Two sets of spectrally equivalent ground motion sets
were determined to isolate the effect of duration from other earthquake record characteristics. A
numerical model that accounts for P-delta effects and degradation of strength and stiffness of the
structural elements was used. Detailed nonlinear dynamic analysis for both the design and collapse
levels of shaking was performed, considering the spectral acceleration at the fundamental period of
vibration with intensity measure and material strains as engineering demand parameters. The results
showed that at the design level of shaking, slightly larger interstory drifts were obtained under the
short-duration events. However, the maximum values for interstory drifts were small, and minor
damage is expected in the structure. When both seismic record sets were incrementally scaled until
collapse, a slight increase in the material strains was found under the short-duration seismic events.
Overall, it is indicated that ground motion duration does not influence the seismic response of low-
rise buildings with low deformation capacity.

PARAPHRASED:
In order to distinguish the impact of duration from other aspects of the earthquake record
characteristics, two sets of spectrally identical ground motion sets were established. This study
investigates the effects of earthquake ground motion duration on the seismic response of a low-rise
reinforced concrete shear wall building. For both the design and collapse levels of shaking, a detailed
nonlinear dynamic analysis that considered the spectrum acceleration at the fundamental period of
vibration as well as material stresses as engineering demand factors was carried out.

APA CITATION:
Martineau, M. O., Lopez, A., & Vielma, J. P. (2020). Effect of Earthquake Ground Motion Duration
on the Seismic Response of a Low-Rise RC Building. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2020, 1–
12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891282

REFERENCE:
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2020/8891282/
TITLE: A GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION MODEL FOR SMALL-TO-MODERATE INDUCED
EARTHQUAKES FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN UNITED STATES AND GROUND MOTION
MODEL RANKING (THESIS FILE SIYA)

ABSTRACT:
This study presents a new Ground Motion Model (GMM) for small-to-moderate potentially induced
earthquakes for Central and Eastern United States (CEUS). We used a hybrid empirical model as the
base model, which was developed and calibrated for tectonic events in Central and Eastern North
America (CENA) as part of the Next Generation Attenuation-East Project (NGA-East) project. We
calibrated the base model using a comprehensive database of potentially induced ground motions with
smaller magnitudes and shallower depths than tectonic earthquakes. We determined the model
functional form coefficients using a mixed-effect regression procedure. The proposed GMM is
derived for the peak ground acceleration and response-spectral ordinates at periods ranging from 0.01
to 10.0 sec, moment magnitudes ranging from 3.0 to 5.8, and hypocentral distances up to 200 km. The
performance of the proposed GMM is evaluated through a set of comprehensive residual analyses.
Furthermore, we compared the proposed GMM with recently published GMMs with the observed
data for CEUS. The proposed GMM could apply in long-term and short-term USGS National Seismic
Hazard Maps and for the hazard evaluation of induced seismicity.

APA CITATION:
Farajpour, Z. (2021). A GROUND-MOTION PREDICTION MODEL FOR SMALL-TO-
MODERATE INDUCED EARTHQUAKES FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN UNITED STATES
AND GROUND MOTION MODEL RANKING. CORE. Retrieved
from https://core.ac.uk/works/129757899

REFERENCE:
https://core.ac.uk/works/129757899
 TITLE: Central and Eastern North America Ground-Motion Characterization (NGA-East)

ABSTRACT:
This document is the final project report of the Next Generation Attenuation for Central and
Eastern North America (CENA) project (NGA-East). The NGA-East objective was to develop a new
ground-motion characterization (GMC) model for the CENA region. The GMC model consists of a
set of new ground-motion models (GMMs) for median and standard deviation of ground motions and
their associated weights to be used with logic-trees in probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA).
NGA-East is a large multidisciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering
Research Center (PEER), at the University of California. The project has two components: (1) a set of
scientific research tasks, and (2) a model-building component following the framework of the
“Seismic Senior Hazard Analysis Committee (SSHAC) Level 3” (Budnitz et al. 1997; NRC 2012).
Component (2) is built on the scientific results of component (1) of the NGA-East project. This report
documents the tasks under component (2) of the project. Under component (1) of NGA-East, several
scientific issues were addressed, including: (a) development of a new database of ground motion data
recorded in CENA; (b) development of a regionalized ground-motion map for CENA, (c) definition of
the reference site condition; (d) simulations of ground motions based on different methodologies; and
(e) development of numerous GMMs for CENA. The scientific tasks of NGA-East were all
documented as a series of PEER reports.

PARAPHRASED:
Next Generation Attenuation-East developed a new ground-motion characterization model for
Central and Eastern North America which includes new ground-motion models for the median and
standard deviation of ground motions, as well as weights to be used for logic trees in probabilistic
seismic hazard analyses. (Goulet et al., 2018).

APA CITATION:
Goulet, C. A., Bozorgnia, Y., Abrahamson, N. A., Kuehn, N., Atik, L. A., Youngs, R. R., Graves, R.,
& Atkinson, G. M. (2018). Central and Eastern North America Ground-Motion Characterization
(NGA-East). https://doi.org/10.2172/1593158

REFERENCE:
https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1593158/
 TITLE: Near-field velocity pulse-like ground motions on February 6, 2018 MW6.4 Hualien, Taiwan
earthquake and structural damage implications

ABSTRACT: (NAA PANI INTRODUCTION)

The February 6, 2018 Hualien Taiwan Earthquake (Mw6.4) had caused serious fatalities and
severe building damages in Hualien city. Substantial near-field velocity pulse-like ground motions
were probably one of the important factors. We used the continuous wavelet transforms method to
identify the velocity pulse-like ground motions from orthogonal components of all the recorded
ground motions. The identification results were in agreement with the contour map of pulse-like
occurrence probability according to two prediction models for non-strike-slip faults. After verification
using method based on the energy content of significant velocities pulses, 16 near-field recordings
were recognized as the pulse-like ones, and the pulse period (Tp) was then determined individually. It
was found that the extracted values of Tp were generally longer than the prediction value given by the
empirical regression model based on the NGA-West2 dataset. The single and multiple degrees of
freedom (SDOF and MDOF, respectively) systems were implemented in the computation of inelastic
demand and story ductility demand. The results indicated the followings: (1) For the identified pulse-
like records, the inelastic demand of SDOF with oscillator period T less than 0.6Tp is much more
significant than that for non-pulse-like records when the SDOF nonlinearity level increases. The mean
inelastic displacement ratio curve is approximately one standard deviation higher than the mean
prediction value in the 0.1 < T/TP < 0.5 range. (2) The maximum ductility demand exists at the bottom
story of the 7-story,9-story and 11-story MDOF structure subject to the pulse-like records. For the
case of reduced shear strength and stiffness at the bottom story due to removed infill walls, the bottom
ductility demand reach more than 10.0 under pulse-like records. These findings support the
supposition that large ductility demand and the bottom soft-story mechanism under near-field velocity
pulse-like ground motions were the main reasons for severe structural damage of the four near-field
mid-rise RC buildings during the Hualien earthquake.

PARAPHRASED:
Examines near-field velocity pulse-like features of ground motions from the 2018 Mw6.4
Hualien earthquake and their effects on structural damage. The SB14 wavelet was used to identify
pulses in the near-source records, and the Wavelet Transform Algorithm was used to calculate the
maximum pulse-like orientation and Tp values from the orthogonal components. The pulse-like
occurrence probability in the near-fault area of the Hualien Taiwan Earthquake was also determined.
(Ji, K et al., 2019).

APA CITATION:
Ji, K., Ren, Y., Wen, R., & Kuo, C. W. (2019). Near-field velocity pulse-like ground motions on
February 6, 2018 MW6.4 Hualien, Taiwan earthquake and structural damage implications. Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 126, 105784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105784

REFERENCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0267726118311552