GD T-Volvo

Geometrical tolerances GD&T
Indication, definitions and measuring principles
Contents
1 Scope and field of application
2 General
2.1 Definition of tolerance zone
2.2 Tolerance feature
2.3 Tolerance zone form
2.4 Form of tolerance feature within tolerance zone
2.5 Applicability of tolerance along feature
2.6 Datum feature
2.7 Form deviations of datum features
2.8 Establishing size of form deviation and extension of tolerance feature
2.9 Establishing form deviation of circular and cylindrical features
2.10 Measuring principles and rules for measuring
3 Symbols
4 Evaluation of abstract (unreal) features
5 Tolerance frame
5.1 Data in the tolerance frame
5.2 Symbol for number of features
5.3 Supplementary requirement
5.4 More than one tolerance requirement
6 Tolerance feature
7 Tolerance zones
7.1 Tolerance extension
7.2 Direction of tolerance zone
7.3 Special direction of tolerance zone
7.4 Same tolerance value for more than one feature
7.5 Common tolerance zone
8 Symbols for datums
8.1 Datum indicated by datum letter
8.2 Location of datum triangle
8.3 Datum indicated without datum letter
8.4 Sequence of datum letters
9 Restrictive specifications
9.1 Tolerance for a restricted length of the feature
9.2 Tolerance for the whole feature and restricted length of the feature
9.3 Tolerance for a restricted part of the feature
9.4 Datum applied to a restricted part of the feature
10 Theoretically exact dimensions
11 Projected tolerance zones
12 Maximum material principle
13 Definitions of tolerances
13.1 General
13.2 One type of tolerance may control several types of deviations
13.3 Graphical representation of tolerance zones
14 Detailed definitions of tolerances form tolerances
14.1 Straightness tolerance
14.2 Flatness tolerance
14.3 Circularity tolerance
14.4 Cylindricity tolerance
14.5 Profile tolerance of any line
14.6 Profile tolerance of any surface Orientation tolerances
14.7 Parallelism tolerance
Indication, definitions and measuring principle
14.8 Perpendicularity tolerance

14.9 Angularity tolerance Positional tolerances
14.10 Positional tolerance
14.11 Concentricity and coaxiality tolerance
14.12 Symmetry tolerance Run-out tolerances
14.13 Circular run-out tolerance
14.14 Total run-out tolerance 15 Reference on drawing
1 Scope and field of application

The standard comprises principles of symbolization and indication on technical drawings of
tolerances of form, orientation, position and run out, and establishes the appropriate geometrical
definitions. The term” geometrical tolerances” will be used in this standard as synonymous with these
tolerances.
Geometrical tolerances shall be indicated with respect to the function requirements. Manufacturing
and inspection requirements may also influence the way in which geometrical tolerances are
specified.
The indication of geometrical tolerances does not mean that a specific method for manufacture,
measurement and inspection is required.
This standard also contains measuring principles and certain rules for measurement which are not
included in ISO 1101.
2 General
2.1 Definition of tolerance zone
A geometrical tolerance for a feature defines the tolerance zone within which this feature shall be
contained.
2.2 Tolerance feature

A feature is a specific characteristic of a part, such as axis, median plane, surface, hole, recess or
profile.
2.3 Tolerance zone form

Depending on the characteristic which is to be tolerance and the way in which it is indicated, the
tolerance zone is one of the following:
− the area within a circle
− the area between two concentric circles
− the area between two equidistant lines or between two parallel straight lines
− the space within a cylinder
− the space between two coaxial cylinders
− the space between two equidistant surfaces or two parallel planes
− the space within a bent pipe
2.4 Form of tolerance feature within tolerance zone

The tolerance feature may be of any form or orientation within the tolerance zone in question unless
a more restrictive indication is given, for example by an explanatory note.
2.5 Applicability of tolerance along feature

The tolerance applies to the entire length or surface of the tolerance feature unless otherwise
indicated.
2.6 Datum feature

The datum feature is an actual feature of a part. It is used to determine the location of a datum.
2.7 Form deviations of datum features

Geometrical tolerances which are assigned to features related to a datum do not restrict the form
deviations of the datum feature itself. The form of the datum feature shall be sufficiently accurate for
its purpose, and it may therefore be necessary to specify tolerances of form for the datum feature.
2.8 Establishing size of form deviation and extension of tolerance feature

The straightness or flatness of an individual tolerance feature is deemed to be correct when the
distance from its individual points to a superimposed line or surface of ideal geometrical form is equal
to or less than the value of the specified tolerance. The orientation of the ideal line or surface shall be
chosen so that the maximum distance (h1 in figure 1) between it and the actual profile or surface of
the feature concerned is the least possible value.
Fig 1
Possible orientations of the line or surface: A1 - B1 A2 - B2 A3 - B3
Corresponding distance: h1 h2 h3
In the case of figure 1: h1 < h2 < h3
Therefore, the correct orientation of the ideal line or surface is A 1 - B1. The distance h1 is to be equal
to or less than the specified tolerance.
The above rule leads to the least possible rejection when the feature in question is checked.
When establishing the size of the form deviation in accordance with the tolerance definition, the use
of a superimposed line/surface is presumed. This requires extensive and time-consuming
verification. A simpler method is the use of a tangent line/surface as below. This leads to a greater
rejection which, however, shall be compared with the lower cost for verification.
When measuring is carried out from a tangent line/surface, we get deviations that are equal to or
greater than those obtained when measuring from superimposed line/surface.
Determination of the form deviation from a tangent line/surface shall be applied when a measuring
principle indicating this is specified on the drawing.
Normally, tangent line/surface gives the position which the feature assumes when fixed. See figure 2.
If the feature has form deviations of such a nature that its surface is convex and allows a stable
position by means of two or more tangent surfaces, the determination may be carried out from
anyone of the tangent surfaces unless otherwise indicated.
Fig 2
When determining the extension of the tolerance feature, the” negative deviation” for measuring
range" 0,01xL, where L is the extension of the tolerance feature, shall always be deducted. See
figure 3. A positive deviation, e.g., a burr, shall always be included.
Fig 3
2.9 Establishing form deviation of circular and cylindrical features

For the definition of circularity and cylindricity, the location of the two concentric circles or coaxial
cylinders shall be chosen so that the radial distance between them is the least possible value.
Example:
Fig 4
Possible location of the center of the two concentric circles or the axes of the two coaxial cylinders
and their minimal radial distance.
Centre (C1) for A1 locates two concentric circles or two coaxial cylinders.
Centre (C2) for A2 locates two concentric circles or two coaxial cylinders with minimal radial distance.
Corresponding radial distance: ∆r1 ∆r2
In the case of figure 2: ∆r2 < ∆r1

Therefore, the correct location of the two concentric circles or the two coaxial cylinders is the one
designated A2. The radial distance ∆r2 should then be equal to or less than the specified tolerance.
2.10 Measuring principles and rules for measuring

By measuring principles is in this standard meant basic methods to measure compliance with the
tolerance requirement. The measuring principle shall always be indicated on the drawing. The
measuring principles are designated by Roman numerals and are indicated in the last box of the
tolerance frame. See example in figure 5.
0,1 A II
Fig 5
Section 14 illustrates the available measuring principles by describing the measuring methods. It
should be noted that the measuring principles can be met with measuring methods and equipment
other than those shown in the figures.
A measuring principle designated by a Roman I comply with the requirements specified in the
tolerance definition. If no measuring principle is indicated, measuring principle I shall be applied.
All measuring principles with higher numbers, that is, II, III, IV and so on, are simplified measuring
principles and do not comply with the requirements specified in the tolerance definition. For these
measuring principles there is no relation between the degree of simplification and the designation of
the measuring principle, that is, measuring principle IV can be closer to the tolerance definition than
measuring principle II is.
For interpretation of an indicated measuring principle see section 14 where an explanation is given
under the relevant tolerance type. The measuring principles are established for each tolerance type,
e.g., measuring principle II for one tolerance type need not have the same meaning when applied to
another type of tolerance.
Measuring principle shall be chosen with a view to the function requirements. Manufacturing and
inspection requirements can also influence the selection of measuring principle.
The specification of a specific measuring principle means that the measuring principle in question is
decisive for the interpretation of the tolerance requirement.
A requirement with maximum material principle indicated on the drawing by means of an means
that the tolerance definition is modified with respect to the tolerance zone. The specified measuring
principle then applies to this modified tolerance zone.
Where the text to the measuring principle runs” Checked with, e.g., a function gauge”, the
requirement shall be checked in such a way that a requirement which is checked without a function
gauge and passed would also pass if it were to be checked with a function gauge.
When the text to the measuring principle runs” for the required number of sections/generators/
points” this means that measuring shall be carried out in so many sections that it is highly probable
that the tolerance will not be exceeded when measuring in other sections is carried out.
2.10.1 Measuring force

When measuring with indicating measuring device, the measuring force shall be max 1 N.
For soft objects, contactless measuring is recommended.
When the measuring force influences the measuring result, this shall be re-calculated with a view to
this. Variations in the measuring force during the measuring shall also be taken into consideration.
2.10.2 Anvil size

Depending on the form of the measuring surface, the anvil shall be selected from the table below,
unless otherwise indicated.
Table 1
Form of surface Anvil radius in Radius of surface to be

to be measured mm measured in mm
Flat and convex 2,5 or flat anvil
surfaces
Concave 2,5 above 10 up to
surfaces 0,5 and incl. 10
When soft objects are checked with a sensing anvil, it is recommended that the anvil is flat and has a
circular or square cross-section. Diameter of anvil (side) B = 1 + 0,005 x L, where L is the greatest
length in mm of the measured surface. See figure 6. Measuring pressure = 0,01 N/mm 2.
Fig 6
3 Symbols
Table 2 Symbols for tolerance characteristics
Features and tolerances

Table 3 Additional symbols

Description Symbol Section
Tolerance feature indication

direct 6
A
by letter 7.4
Datum indication
direct 8.3
by letter 8.1
Datum target
∅2
A1
Theoretically exact dimension 50

10
Projected tolerance zone
11
Maximum material principle 12
Measuring principle I, II, III etc. 2.10 and

14
Table 4 Symbols used in section 14 to illustrate how the

measuring principles shall be interpreted
Symbol Interpretation
Measuring plane, auxiliary plane (surface
plate)
Fixed support
Adjustable support
Continuous linear traverse
Intermittent linear traverse
Continuous traverse in several directions
Continuous turning
Intermittent turning
Rotation
Indicating measuring instrument (dial

indicator)
Measuring stand with indicating measuring

instrument
Symbols for measuring stands can be

drawn in different ways in accordance with
the verification equipment used
4 Evaluation of abstract (unreal) features

Evaluation of features in accordance with the table shown below is theoretical. For practical reasons,
one often departure from the theoretical evaluation when establishing a feature. In many cases an
expanding or slightly tapered mandrel can be used instead of an inscribed cylindrical mandrel when
aligning a feature against the real cylinder surface of a hole. A shrink mandrel (tensioning sleeve)
can be utilized as circumscribed cylinder for a shaft.
Table 5
Abstract feature Evaluated as: Figure
Centre of the cross- Centre of the largest
section of a hole inscribed circle
Centre of the cross- Centre of the smallest

section of an axis circumscribed circle
Axis of a hole The axis of the largest

inscribed cylinder
Axis of a shaft The axis of the

smallest circumscribed
cylinder
Median plane of a feature The median plane

determined by the two-
contact surface
5 Tolerance frame
5.1 Data in the tolerance frame
The tolerance requirements shall be indicated in a rectangular frame which is divided into two or
more compartments. The following shall be indicated in the compartments from left to right (see
figures 7, 8, 9 and 10):
− the symbol for the characteristic which is to be tolerance.

− the tolerance value in the unit used for linear dimensions. If the tolerance zone is circular or
cylindrical, the sign ∅ shall be indicated before the tolerance value.
− letter(s) for datum(s) when the tolerance feature is specified in relation to one or more datums.
− the established measuring principle.
0, 0,1 A ∅ 0,1 A C B
1
IV
Fig 7 Fig 8 Fig 9 Fig 10
5.2 Symbol for number of features

When the feature applies to more than one feature, e.g., six holes, this shall be indicated above the
tolerance frame by 6x. See figure 11.
6x
∅ 0,1
Fig 11
5.3 Supplementary requirement

Indications qualifying the form of the feature within the tolerance zone shall be written near the
tolerance frame and shall be connected to this by means of a leader line. See figures 12 and 13.
0,3 NOT CONVEX
0,1 A
NOT CONVEX
Fig 12 Fig 13
5.4 More than one tolerance requirement

If it is necessary to specify more than one tolerance characteristic for a feature, the tolerance
specifications shall be given in separate tolerance frames one under the other. See figure 14.
0,1
0,6 B
Fig 14
6 Tolerance feature
The tolerance frame shall be connected to the tolerance feature by means of a leader line terminating
with an arrowhead in the following way.
− on the outline of the feature or on an extension of the outline (but clearly separated from
dimension lines) when the tolerance refers to the line or surface itself. See figures 15 and 16.
− on a leader line connected to the relevant surface by means of a point. See figure 17.
Fig 15 Fig 16 Fig 17
− as an extension of the dimension line when the tolerance refers to the axis or median plane of
the feature. See figures 18, 19 and 20.
− on the axis, when the tolerance applies to the common axis or the median plane of all or certain
selected features. See figures 21, 22 and 23.
An indication in accordance with figures 21, 22 and 23 may only be used when it is fully clear which
feature(s) is/are tolerance.
NOTE: In the examples illustrated by figures 22 and 23, maximum material principle is recommended
on the tolerance features if the function so permits. This shall be done to make it possible to check
the requirements from an economical point of view.
For parts where the function of the tolerance feature and datum feature is the same, the tolerance
requirement shall be indicated as shown in figure 24. Previously, such a tolerance requirement was
indicated in accordance with figure 25.
Fig 24 Fig 25
7 Tolerance zones
7.1 Tolerance extension
The tolerance zone extends (unless otherwise indicated) in the direction of the arrow of the leader
line joining the tolerance frame to the tolerance feature. See figures 26, 27 and 28. Figure 27 and 28
shows more explicitly that the extension of the tolerance zone is in the same orientation as an
imagined plane through A and B. Indication in accordance with figure 27 shall therefore be applied.
If the tolerance value is preceded by the sign ∅, the tolerance zone is circular or cylindrical and, in
that case, the direction of the arrow is unimportant. See figure 29 which shows a cylindrical
tolerance zone.
GAUGING
Fig 26 Fig 27 Fig 28 Fig 29
7.2 Direction of tolerance zone

In general, the direction of the width of the tolerance zone (in each section) is normal to the specified
geometry of the part. See figures 30 and 31.
Fig 30 Fig 31
7.3 Special direction of tolerance zone

The direction of the tolerance zone shall be indicated when desired not normal to the specified
geometry of the part. See figures 32 and 33.
Fig 32 Fig 33
7.4 Same tolerance value for more than one feature

When the same tolerance value applies to more than one single feature with individual tolerance
zones, this can be indicated as shown in figures 34 and 35. Where it cannot be misinterpreted as to
which features are referred to, indication may be in accordance with figure 11.
Fig 34
Fig 35
7.5 Common tolerance zone

By common tolerance zone is meant that all specified features shall be within the tolerance zone
indicated.
Such a requirement shall be indicated with the phrase "common tolerance zone” above the tolerance
frame in accordance with figures 36 and 37.
Where it cannot be misinterpreted as to which features are concerned, no arrows are needed for
each feature, but indication may be as shown in figure 11.
Fig 36
Fig 37
8 Symbols for datums

8.1 Datum indicated by datum letter
When a tolerance feature is related to a datum, this is generally shown by datum letter(s). The same
letter which defines the datum is repeated in the tolerance frame. The datum is represented by a
capital letter enclosed in a square which is connected to a filled datum triangle. See figure 38. In
SSISO 1101 the datum triangle may be unfilled as shown in figure 39.
Fig 38 Fig 39
8.2 Location of datum triangle

The datum triangle with the datum letter shall be placed:
− on the outline of the feature or on an extension of the outline but clearly separated from the
dimension line when the line or the plane constitutes the datum. See figure 40.
Fig 40
− as an extension of the dimension line when the datum is the axis or median plane. See figures 41,
42 and 43.
NOTE - If there is insufficient space for two arrowheads on the dimension line, one of them may be
replaced by the datum triangle. See figures 42 and 43.
− on the axis or median plane when the datum is:

a) the axis or median plane of a single feature (for example a cylinder).
b) the common axis or plane formed by two features. See figures 44 and 45.
If a datum is indicated directly on the axis as shown in figures 44 and 45, it must be clear which
features constitute the datum.
Fig 44 Fig 45
If a surface in the drawing plane is chosen as a datum, a leader line that terminates with a point on
the datum shall be used. See figure 46.
Fig 46
8.3 Datum indicated without datum letter

If the tolerance frame can be directly connected to the datum by a leader line, the datum letter may
be omitted as shown in figures 47 and 48.
Fig 47 Fig 48
8.4 Sequence of datum letters

A single datum is identified by one (1) datum letter. See figure 49.
A datum formed by two features is identified by two datum letters separated by a hyphen.
See figure 50.
A A-B
Fig 49 Fig 50
If the sequence of two or more datums is of importance, the datum letters shall be placed in different
compartments as shown in figure 51, where the sequence from left to right shows the order of
priority.
If the sequence of two or more datums is of no importance, for example in connection with maximum
material principle on several datum features, the datum letters shall be indicated in the same
compartment. See figure 52.
A B C A M B M
Fig 51 Fig 52
In those cases, unsatisfactory guidance is obtained with the datum features, alignment against
another feature must be carried out. For the part shown in figure 53 datum features B and C give an
unsatisfactory guidance. To get an unambiguous alignment, the part must be aligned with A.
Fig 53
9 Restrictive specifications
9.1 Tolerance for a restricted length of the feature
If the tolerance applies to a restricted length within the total length of the feature, the value of the
restricted length shall be indicated in the tolerance frame after the tolerance value and separated
from it by an oblique line. See figure 54. The requirement applies to any measuring length within the
total length.
In the case of a surface, the same indication shall be used. This means that the tolerance applies to
all lines of the specified length in any position and any direction on the surface. See figure 54. The
restricted length shall be found in all directions on the surface.
0,01/100 A
Fig 54
9.2 Tolerance for the whole feature and restricted length of the feature
If a smaller tolerance of the same tolerance type is added to the tolerance on the whole feature, but
restricted over a limited length, the smaller tolerance shall be indicated below the tolerance for the
whole feature. See figure 55.
0,1
A
0,05/200
Fig 55
9.3 Tolerance for a restricted part of the feature

If the tolerance applies to a restricted part of the feature only, this shall be indicated as shown in
figure 56.
Fig 56
If a surface in the drawing plane is to be tolerance, a leader line that terminates with a point on the
tolerance surface shall be used. See figure 57.
Fig 57
9.4 Datum applied to a restricted part of the feature

If the datum is applied to a restricted part of the datum feature, this shall be indicated as shown in
figure 58.
Fig 58
10 Theoretically exact dimensions

If a tolerance of form, orientation or position is specified for a feature, the dimension determining the
theoretically exact form, orientation or position respectively must not be tolerance. The corresponding
actual dimensions may only vary by the tolerances of form, orientation or position specified within the
tolerance frame.
SS-ISO 1101 specifies that dimensions determining the theoretical profile, surface, angle, or position
shall be framed. At Volvo the general practice shall be to frame these dimensions only when there is
risk of interpreting them as dimensions to which a general tolerance on the drawing applies. In such
a case, the dimensions shall be framed by rectangles as shown in figures 59 and 60.
Fig 59 Fig 60
11 Projected tolerance zones

In some cases, the tolerance of orientation and position shall apply not to the feature itself but to the
external projection of it. Such projected tolerance zones shall be indicated by the symbol
( = projected). See figure 61.
Fig 61
12 Maximum material principle

If maximum material principle is permitted, this shall be indicated by the symbol placed after:
− the tolerance value (see figure 62)
− the datum letter (see figure 63) −
or both (see figure 64)
depending on whether the maximum material principle is to be applied to the tolerance feature, to the
datum feature or to both features.
∅ 0,04 M A ∅ 0,04 AM ∅ 0,04 M AM
If the datum is not identified by a letter, maximum material principle for the datum shall be indicated
in the third compartment of the tolerance frame. See figures 65 and 66.
∅ 0,04 M ∅ 0,04 M M
Fig 65 Fig 66
13 Definitions of tolerances
13.1 General
The tolerance zones for the various geometrical tolerances are defined in the following pages. In all
the illustrations of the definitions only those which concern the definition in question are shown.
13.2 One type of tolerance may control several types of deviations

Where required for functional reasons, one or more characteristics may be tolerance to define the
geometrical accuracy of a feature. When the geometrical accuracy is defined by certain types of
tolerance, other deviations will in some cases be controlled by the tolerance indicated (for example,
straightness deviation is limited by parallelism tolerance when inspecting in accordance with the
measuring principles that meet the requirements of the tolerance definition). Thus, it will rarely be
necessary to indicate tolerances for all these characteristics, since other deviations will be included in
the tolerance zone defined by the symbol used.
13.3 Graphical representation of tolerance zones

For some tolerance zones (for example, straightness of a generator and parallelism for a line in one
direction) there are two possible methods of graphical representation:
− by two parallel planes a distance t apart. See figure 67 by
two parallel lines a distance t apart. See figure 68
Fig 67 Fig 68
There is no difference in the meaning of the two representations (such a tolerance does not restrict
the deviation in any direction perpendicular to the tolerance arrow). The simpler method as shown in
figure 68 is normally used in this standard.
14 Detailed definitions of tolerances form tolerances

Form tolerances
14.1 Straightness tolerance

The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t
apart. See figure 69.
− The tolerance zone is applicable to generators, edges, and specified sections in surfaces. It is
usually possible to specify a measuring principle which permits measuring from a tangent surface
(line), something which simplifies inspection.
Fig 69 Fig 70
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign
∅. See figure 70.
− The cylindrical tolerance zone may be applied, for example, to solids of revolution in connection
with maximum material principle.
− If maximum material principle is not permitted, the requirement for straightness of an axis should,
if possible, from a functional point of view, be replaced by a requirement for straightness of a
generator.
Indication and interpretation Measuring principle

I
Fig 72
Fig 71
Each generator on the cylinder surface shall be Two points on a generator, as far apart as possible, shall
contained between two parallel lines 0,1 apart in a be aligned to the same distance from the measuring
plane containing the axis. plane.
The generator shall be measured at the required number
of measuring points 1.
The measuring results shall be recorded in a diagram and
the straightness deviation of the generator shall be
evaluated.
The measuring shall be carried out on the required
number of generators.2.

I
Fig 73 Fig 74
Each generator on the cylinder surface shall be The measuring shall be repeated on the required number
contained between two parallel lines 0,1 apart in a of generators. The values obtained for each generator
plane containing the axis. measured shall be recorded in a diagram and evaluated.
The maximum variation in distance on an individual
generator constitutes the straightness deviation of the
generator.
NOTE: The superimposed line is not obtained until at the
evaluation.
Fig 75 Fig 76
Each generator on the cylinder surface shall Two points on a generator, as far apart as possible, shall
(when checked in accordance with the adjacent be aligned to the same distance from the measuring
measuring principle) be contained between two plane.
parallel lines 0,1 apart in a plane containing the
The generator shall be measured at the required number
axis.
of measuring points 1
The measuring shall be carried out on the required
number of generators 2
The largest difference obtained between max and min
readings on an individual generator shall be regarded as
the straightness deviation of the generator.
The difference between max and min readings is always

greater than or equal to the deviation which would have
been obtained if measuring had been carried out in
accordance with the definition of the tolerance (measuring
principle I).

VI
Fig 77 Fig 78
Each generator on the cylinder surface shall The check shall be carried the measuring shall be out
(when checked in accordance with the adjacent on the required number carried out on the required of
measuring principle) be contained between two generators. number of generators.
parallel lines 0,1 apart in a plane containing the The maximum variation in distance on an individual
axis. generator shall be regarded as the straightness
deviation of the generator.
NOTE: For convex lines not giving a stable position, the
measuring object shall be guided against the measuring
plane in such a way that the measured deviation
becomes a minimum (superimposed line).
The deviation measured is always greater than or equal
to the deviation which would have been obtained if the
check had been carried out in accordance with the
definition of the tolerance (measuring principle I).
Fig 79 Fig 80
Each line on the upper surface parallel to the The measuring shall be carried out on the required
plane of projection in which the indication is number of lines. The values obtained for each line shall
shown, shall be contained between two parallel be recorded in a diagram and evaluated.
lines 0,2 apart. See figure 83.
The maximum deviation in distance on an individual line
Any portion of lengths 100 of any line of the upper constitutes the straightness deviation of the line.
surface, parallel to the plane of projection in which
NOTE: The superimposed line is not obtained until at the
the indication is shown, shall be contained
evaluation.
between two parallel lines 0,1 apart.
See figure 83.

VI
Fig 81 Fig 82
Each line on the upper surface, parallel to the The check shall be carried The measuring shall be
plane of projection, shall (when checked in out on the required number carried out on the required of
accordance with the adjacent measuring lines. number of lines.
principle) be
contained between two parallel lines 0,2 and 0,1
The maximum variation in distance obtained shall be
apart respectively. See figure 83.
regarded as the straightness deviation of the line.
The straightness deviation shall be measured both in the
longitudinal and in the transverse direction
NOTE: For convex lines not giving a stable position, the
measuring object shall be guided against the measuring
plane in such a way that the measured deviation
becomes a minimum (superimposed line).
The deviation measured is always greater than or equal
to the deviation which would have been obtained if the
The surface shall in each section be contained between two parallel lines a distance t apart. The
lines shall in their turn be parallel to the projection in which the tolerance is indicated.
Fig 83

I
Fig 84 Fig 85
The axis of the part shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
cylinder of diameter 0,1 + maximum material
principle.
Fig 86 Fig 87
The axis common to the two holes (D1 and D2) Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
shall be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1
+ maximum material principle.
II
Fig 88 Fig 89
The axis of the part shall (when checked in Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
accordance with the adjacent measuring
principle) be contained within a cylinder of
diameter 0,1 + maximum material principle.

I
Fig 90 Fig 91
The axis of the part shall be contained within a The measuring object shall be clamped between two
cylinder of diameter 0,1. coaxial centers or corresponding which are parallel to the
measuring plane.
The measuring shall be carried out along two generators
opposite each other.
Half the difference in value between the dial indicators,
Ma – Mb / 2
that is
for each point shall be recorded in a
diagram and the diagram shall be evaluated.
The required number of generators shall be measured
and the largest straightness deviation in an individual
section of the axis, constitutes the straightness deviation
of the axis.
III
Fig 92 Fig 93
The axis of the part shall (when checked in The cylinder surface shall be measured in a radial section
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) while being rotated one revolution. 1.
be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1. The measuring shall be repeated in the required number
of sections. 2.
The maximum difference between max and min readings
in the radial section with the largest difference between
max and min readings shall be regarded as the
straightness deviation.

IV
Fig 94 Fig 95
Interpretation, see measuring principle. Straightness for the axis of a cylinder surface. The
part shall be placed (in two 90° V-yokes) on two
sections a distance b apart.
The cylinder surface shall be measured in a radial section
while being rotated one revolution.
The measuring shall be repeated in the required number
of sections.
Half of the maximum difference between max and min
readings shall be regarded as the straightness deviation.
14.2 Flatness tolerance

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t
apart. See figure 96.
Fig 96

Fig 97 Fig 98
The median plane of the part shall be contained Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
between two parallel planes 0,1 apart + maximum
(It shall be possible for the measuring object to pass
material principle.
through the gap)
I
Fig 99 Fig 100

The surface shall be contained between two The measuring object shall be placed on three supports,
parallel planes 0,1 apart. two adjustable and one fixed.
Three points on the surface as far apart as possible shall
be aligned to the same distance from the measuring
plane.
The surface shall be measured at the required number of
points.
The difference between max and min readings shall be
recorded in a level type diagram for evaluation.
Measuring with autocollimator is also referred to this
measuring principle.
NOTE: The superimposed surface is not obtained until at
the evaluation.
II
Fig 101
Interpretation, see measuring principle.
Flatness.
Aligned and measured in accordance with figure 100.
regarded as the flatness deviation.
The difference obtained is always greater than or equal to
the deviation which would have been obtained if the
definition of the tolerance.

III
Fig 102 Fig 103

The surface shall (when checked in accordance The measuring object shall be placed on a measuring
with the adjacent measuring principle) be plane so that a stable position is obtained.
contained between two parallel planes 0,1 apart.
The measuring plane shall be of such dimensions that the
entire measuring object is placed on this measuring plane
when measuring is carried out.
points.
The largest difference between max and min readings
shall be regarded as the flatness deviation.
Note: For convex surfaces not giving a stable position,
the measuring object shall be guided against the
measuring plane in such a way that the deviation
becomes a minimum.
III
Fig 104
A parallel shall be placed on the tolerance surface as a
tangent plane.
The parallel shall be indicated in such a way that it is
parallel to the measuring plane.
The parallel shall be removed and the tolerance surface
measured in several directions.
shall be regarded as the flatness deviation.
The difference between max and min readings is always
greater than or equal to the deviation which would have
been obtained if the check had been carried out in
accordance with the definition of the tolerance (measuring
principle I).

IV
Fig 105 Fig 106

The surface shall (when checked in accordance Measuring device with three fixed support points 2 x L
with the adjacent measuring principle) be apart shall be placed on the surface.
contained between two parallel planes 1 apart.
The dial gauge shall be placed in accordance with figure
106 where a is to be preferred.
L = 100 mm unless otherwise indicated.
The surface shall be measured at the required number
of points by displacement of the measuring device. The
largest difference between max and min readings shall
be regarded as the flatness deviation.
This measuring principle means an undefined
requirement, but it often meets requirements from a
practical point of view.
The difference obtained between max and min readings
will depend on the different levels of the surface at which
the support points happen to be placed when the
measuring device is displaced.
14.3 Circularity tolerance

The tolerance zone in the considered plane is limited by two concentric circles a distance t apart. See
figure 107.
A circularity tolerance is applicable to edges and sections. The
function often permits the use of a measuring principle according
to which three-point measurement or measuring
of difference in diameter (two-point measurement) may be applied.
Fig 107

I
Fig 108 Fig 109

The circumference of the edge shall be contained Measuring device: Instrument for measuring variation in
between two co-planar concentric circles a radial radius from a fixed center.
distance 0,1 apart.
The edge or the cylinder surface shall be measured in a
radial section while being rotated one revolution
The measuring shall be repeated on the cylinder surface
in the required number of sections.
The readings obtained shall be recorded in a polar
diagram, one for each measuring section
Evaluation: The circularity deviation is the difference in
radius between two concentric circles, one inscribed and
the other circumscribed, where the difference between
Fig 110 their radii is the smallest possible. (MZC)
The circumference shall in each section be The circularity deviation shall be determined in the section
contained between two co-planar concentric with the largest difference in radius.
circles a radial distance 0,1 apart.
NOTE: The measuring principle is applicable to
internal and external surfaces (holes and shafts).

II
Fig 111 Fig 112

The circumference shall (when checked in The axis of the measuring object shall be perpendicular
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) to the measuring direction and axially fixed.
in each cross-section be contained between two
coplanar concentric circles a radial distance 0,1 while being rotated one revolution.
apart.
of sections.
readings in the measuring section having the largest
reading difference shall be regarded as the circularity
deviation.
Measuring shall be carried out in two different measuring
devices, 90° and 120° respectively, whereby certain
lobing is also checked.
III
Fig 113 Fig 114

accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) to the measuring direction and axially fixed.
coplanar concentric circles a radial distance 0,1 of sections.
apart.
deviation.
Measuring shall be carried out in two different measuring
devices, 90° and 120° respectively, whereby certain
lobing is also checked.
IV
Fig 115
The circumference shall (when checked in Measured in accordance with figure 112 but only in a
120° measuring device.
principle) in each cross-section be contained Half of the maximum difference between max and min
between two coplanar concentric circles a radial readings in the measuring section having the largest
distance 0,1 apart. reading difference shall be regarded as the circularity
deviation.
No requirement concerning checking of lobing.
Fig 116
The circumference shall (when checked in Measured in accordance with figure 114 but only in a
accordance with the adjacent measuring 120° measuring device.
principle) in each cross-section be contained Half of the maximum difference between max and min
between two coplanar concentric circles a radial readings in the measuring section having the largest
distance 0,1 apart. reading difference shall be regarded as the circularity
deviation.

VI
Fig 117 Fig 118

accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) to the measuring direction.
coplanar concentric circles a radial distance 0,1 by several two-point measurements.
apart.
of sections.
deviation.
The most common measuring method for checking circularity is a combination of the three-point and
the two-point measurement systems and is indicated by one of the measuring principles II - V + VI.
Example: 0,2 II + VI
14.4 Cylindricity tolerance

The tolerance zone is limited by two coaxial cylinders a distance t apart. See figure
119. Measuring the cylindricity in accordance with the tolerance
definition (measuring principle I) is time-consuming and
expensive and cannot be used for certain types of parts.
Fig 119
MEASURING PRINCIPLE, I SHALL THEREFORE ONLY BE SPECIFIED WHEN INSPECTION IN
ACCORDANCE WITH SIMPLIFIED MEASURING PRINCIPLES II-IV IS NOT PERMITTED FOR
FUNCTIONAL REASONS.
From the measuring point of view, it may sometimes be suitable to indicate special tolerances for the
straightness and circularity of the feature instead of cylindricity, if necessary supplemented with
parallelism for opposite generators.
Fig 120 Fig 121

The tolerance surface shall be contained between Measuring device: Instrument for measuring variation in
two coaxial cylinders a radial distance 0,1 apart. radius from a fixed center. The principle is the same even
if the measuring device is rotated.
Measuring shall be carried out in the required number of
radial sections from the same axis. Connected polar
diagrams and diagrams showing generator form in
different axial sections are required for evaluation of the
measuring results.
(Instead, straightness for the axis + maximum
material principle for the same tolerance I
requirement shall be indicated.)
Fig 122 Fig 123

The surface shall be cylindrical within 0,1 Cylindricity with max material principle for a cylinder
measured on the radius t + permitted maximum surface. Measuring with a function gauge in accordance
material principle. with Taylor's principle. Permissible cylindricity deviation is
the difference between the diameter of the function gauge
and the min size of the feature. It should be noted that the
deviation can amount to the dimensional tolerance plus
double the cylindricity tolerance.

II
Fig 124 Fig 125

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in Measuring of cylindricity in a V-block with an indicating
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) device placed in front of the V-block.
be contained between two coaxial cylinders a radial
The V-block shall be longer than the measuring object.
distance 0,1 apart.
during one revolution .
The measuring shall be repeated in the required number of
sections .
readings on the entire cylinder surface shall be regarded
as the cylindricity deviation.
The measuring shall be carried out in two V-blocks, 90°
and 120° respectively, whereby also certain lobing is
checked.
III
Fig 126
The tolerance surface shall (when checked in Aligned and measured in accordance with figure 125 but
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) only in a 120° V-block.
be contained between two coaxial cylinders a radial
distance 0,1 apart.

IV
Fig 127 Fig 128

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The cylinder surface shall be measured in a radial section
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) while being rotated one revolution. .
be contained between two coaxial cylinders a The measuring shall be repeated in the required number
radial distance 0,1 apart. of sections..
Fig 129 Fig 130

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The straightness deviation of the generator is measured.
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) It may be 0,3 max.
be contained between two coaxial cylinders a
The measuring shall be repeated on the required number
radial distance 0,3 apart. of generators.
The cylinder surface shall be measured in the required
number of sections by the required number of two-point
measurements.
The difference between max and min readings obtained
on the entire cylinder surface may be 0,3 max.
14.5 Profile tolerance of any line

The tolerance zone is limited by two lines enveloping circles of diameter t, the centers of which are
situated on a line having the true geometrical form. See figure 131.
See also section 14.10.4 Profile position.
The tolerance zone is bent and tubular and is limited by all spheres of diameter t, the centers of
which are situated on a line having the true geometrical form. See figure 132. This tolerance zone is
not included in SS-ISO 1101.
See also section 14.10.4 Profile position.
Fig 131 Fig 132

I
Fig 133 Fig 134

The profile shall be contained between two lines Two points on the profile, as far apart as possible, shall
determined by circles of diameter 0,1, the centers be aligned to the same distance from the measuring
of which are situated on a line having the true plane.
geometrical form. The profile shall be measured at the required number of
measuring points.
The readings obtained are recorded in a diagram where
two equidistant lines are plotted in relation to the
theoretically exact profile.
Measuring with profile projector is also referred to this
measuring principle.

II
Fig 135
The profile shall (when checked in accordance The measuring object shall be aligned and measured in
with the adjacent measuring principle) be accordance with figure 134.
contained between two lines determined by circles The difference between max and min readings shall,
of diameter 0,1, the centers of which are situated when compared to theoretically exact profile, lie within t
on a line having the true geometrical form. tolerance
± , in this case ± 0,05.
2
The difference obtained is always greater than or equal to
the deviation which would have been obtained if the
III
Fig 136 Fig 137

The surface shall (when checked in accordance The dimensions of the profile template correspond to the
with the adjacent measuring principle) in each tolerance)
section parallel to the plane of projection be GO side (theoretically exact profile+ .
contained between two lines determined by circles 2
of diameter 0,1, the centers of which are situated The profile template shall be placed on the surface. (The
on a line having the true geometrical form. profile template constitutes tangent line to a section in the
surface).
The distance between profile template and surface shall
be gauged by means of, e g, measuring wires and must
not exceed the value specified in the tolerance frame.
The check shall be repeated in the required number of
sections.
The largest distance obtained shall be regarded as the
profile form deviation.
The deviation is always larger than or equal to the
deviation which would have been obtained if the check
had been carried out in accordance with the definition of
the tolerance (measuring principle I).

I
Fig 138 Fig 139

The axis of the part shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
"bent pipe" of diameter 0,2, the axis of which is of
the theoretically exact form + maximum material
principle.
II
Fig 140 Fig 141

The axis of the part shall (when checked in By means of the straightedge it shall be checked that
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) no part of the measuring object is placed above the
be contained within a "bent pipe” of diameter 0,2, surface of the fixture.
the axis of which is of the theoretically exact form
+ maximum material principle.
14.6 Profile tolerance of any surface

The tolerance zone is limited by two surfaces
enveloping spheres of diameter t, the centers
of which are situated on a surface having the
true geometrical form. See figure 142. See
also section 14.10.5 Surface position.
Fig 142

Fig 143 Fig 144

The tolerance surface shall be contained Points on the surface shall be aligned in such a way that the
between two surfaces determined by spheres deviation from the form template becomes a minimum
of diameter 0,1, the centers of which are (superimposed surface).
situated on a surface having the true The surface shall be measured continuously or at the number
geometrical form. of points required with the encircling form template as a basis.
constitutes the surface profile deviation.
II
Fig 145
The same alignment as in figure 144, the only difference being
The tolerance surface shall (when checked in
those three points as far apart as possible on the surface shall
be aligned to equal distance from the measuring plane.
principle) be contained between two surfaces
determined by spheres of diameter 0,1, the The difference obtained between the max and min readings
centers of which are situated on a surface shall, when compared to the theoretically exact form, be
having the true geometrical form. tolerance/2,
within ± in this case ± 0,05.
The difference obtained is always greater than or equal to the
deviation which would have been obtained if the check had
been carried out in accordance with the definition of the
tolerance (measuring principle I).
III
Fig 146 Fig 147

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Profile tolerance for a surface.

A form template shall be placed on the surface (the form
template constitutes tangent surface).
The difference in dimensions between encircling form
template and surface shall be measured. This can be done
with air column measurement or, in special cases, by means
of marking paint.
The difference in dimensions is always greater than or equal
to the value which would have been obtained if measuring had
been in accordance with the definition of the tolerance.
IV
Fig 148 Fig 149

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The dimensions of the template correspond to the GO
principle) be contained between two surfaces tolerance/2
side (theoretically exact profile +
determined by spheres of diameter 0,1, the
centers of which are situated on a surface The measuring object shall be centered to the axis of
having the true geometrical form. rotation for the profile template and placed at the required
distance from it.
NOTE: The principle can only be used for
rotation symmetrical parts. The distance between profile template and measuring object
shall be measured at the required number of points with, e.g.,
measuring wire.
The largest difference in distance between measuring
object and profile template shall be regarded as the surface
form deviation.
The deviation is always greater than or equal to the deviation
which would have been obtained if the check had been carried
out in accordance with the definition of the tolerance
(measuring principle I).
Orientation tolerances
14.7 Parallelism tolerance
14.7.1 Parallelism tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart
and parallel to the datum line, if the tolerance is only specified in one direction. See figure 150.
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of a diameter t parallel to the datum line if the tolerance
value is preceded by the sign ∅. See figure 151.
Fig 150 Fig 151
14.7.2 Parallelism tolerance of a line with reference to a datum plane

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and parallel to the datum plane.
See figure 152.
14.7.3 Parallelism tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and parallel to the datum line.
See figure 153.
If it from a functional point of view is possible to turn the whole thing around and indicate
requirements for the parallelism of the line with reference to the surface, this is to be preferred from a
measuring point of view.
14.7.4 Parallelism tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and parallel to the datum plane.
See figure 154.
Fig 152 Fig 153 Fig 154
14.7.1 Parallelism tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

I
Fig 155 Fig 156

The tolerance axis in the horizontal direction shall By means of the mandrel A, the measuring object shall be
be contained between two straight lines 0,2 apart, placed on supports and turned to positions E and F
which are parallel to A, aligned with B and located respectively.
in the horizontal plane.
The parallelism requirement 0,1 shall be checked in
The tolerance axis in the vertical direction shall be position E and the parallelism requirement 0,2 shall be
contained between two straight lines 0,1 apart, checked in position F.
which are parallel to A, aligned with B and located
The parallelism deviation is obtained from
in the vertical plane.
M1 − M2 ⋅L1
where M1 less M2 is the difference be-
L2
tween max and min readings.
II
Fig 157 Fig 158

The generator shall (when checked in accordance The measuring object shall be placed on two V-blocks
with the adjacent measuring principle) be and aligned with C.
contained between two straight lines 0,1 apart,
Measuring shall be carried out on the generator.
which are parallel to A - B, aligned with C and
located in the vertical plane. The difference obtained between max and min readings
E shall be regarded as the parallelism deviation.

I
Fig 159 Fig 160

The tolerance axis shall be contained within a The parallelism is measured from 0° to 180° at the
cylinder of diameter 0,1, the axis of which shall be required number of points. The parallelism deviation is
parallel to A.
obtained from
where M1 less M2 is the difference between max and min

readings.
The measuring points may be reduced to 0° to 90° if the
difference between max and min readings obtained for
these points is maximum 0,7 x the tolerance.
14.7.2 Parallelism tolerance of a reference to a datum plane

I
Fig 161 Fig 162

The edge line (edge) shall be contained between Measuring shall be carried out on the edge line. The
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and parallel to A. difference between max and min readings constitutes
the parallelism deviation.
14.7.3 Parallelism tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line

Fig 163 Fig 164

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be aligned in such a way that
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and parallel to A. the smallest possible difference in dimensions is obtained
against the measuring plane.
points.
The difference between max and min readings constitutes
the parallelism deviation.
14.7.4 Parallelism tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane

Fig 165 Fig 166

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The surface shall be measured at the required number of
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and parallel to the points.
datum.
The difference between max and min readings
constitutes the parallelism deviation.
II
Fig 167 Fig 168

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The parallel shall be placed on the surface as tangent
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) plane.
be contained between two parallel planes 0,1
Measuring shall be carried out at points on the parallel
apart and parallel to the datum.
corresponding to the extension of the tolerance surface.
The difference obtained between max and min readings
shall be regarded as the parallelism deviation.
NOTE: The measuring principle does not check the form
of the tolerance surface.
14.8 Perpendicularity tolerance
14.8.1 Perpendicularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

and perpendicular to the datum line. See figure 169.
14.8.2 Perpendicularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum plane

and perpendicular to the datum plane if the tolerance is specified only in one direction. See figure
170.
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t perpendicular to the datum plane if the
tolerance value is preceded by the sign ∅. See figure 171.
Fig 169 Fig 170 Fig 171
14.8.3 Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and perpendicular to the datum
line. See figure 172.
14.8.4 Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane

plane See figure 173.
Fig 172 Fig 173

14.8.1 Perpendicularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

I
Fig 174 Fig 175

The axis of the hole shall be contained between The measuring object shall be in a V-block on mandrel 1.
two parallel lines 0,1 apart and perpendicular to A. Mandrel 2 is supported by an adjustable support.
The guiding rule is fixed in a position perpendicular to the
axis of mandrel 1.
Two points of the generator of the mandrel (mandrel 2)
shall be aligned to equal distance from the measuring
plane. The perpendicularity is measured on one side of
the mandrel, one measuring length being equal to the
length of the hole.
the perpendicularity deviation.
I
Fig 176 Fig 177

The axis of the pin shall be contained between two The smallest circumscribed cylinder (sleeve) shall be
parallel lines 0,1 apart and perpendicular to the entered on the tolerance feature.
axis of the horizontal hole (datum). The measuring object shall be placed on the measuring
surface by means of a mandrel.
Measuring shall be carried out at two points on the sleeve
corresponding to the extension of the tolerance feature.
As an alternative, the check can be carried out by
measuring directly on the tolerance feature. In that case,
the values shall be entered in a diagram and the
inclination shall be evaluated Form deviations and
differences in diameter shall then be taken into
consideration and the result adjusted accordingly.
II
Fig 178 Fig 179

The axis of the pin shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed on the measuring
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) plane by means of a mandrel.
be contained between two parallel lines 0,1 apart
Measuring shall be carried out on the two opposite
and perpendicular to the axis of the horizontal generators at the same level from the measuring plane.
hole (datum).
Half the difference in measuring value between the dial
indicators, i.e.
at each point, indicates the position of the axis in the

section.
The largest difference between the different values for
shall be regarded as the

perpendicularity deviation.
14.8.2 Perpendicularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum plane


I
Fig 180 Fig 181

The axis of the pin shall be contained between two The smaller circumscribed cylinder (sleeve) shall be
parallel lines 0,1 apart, perpendicular to A and entered on the tolerance feature.
aligned with B.
The measuring object shall be placed on surface A
against the measuring plane and then guided with surface
B against 90° measuring support.
Measuring shall be carried out at two points on the sleeve
corresponding to the extension of the tolerance feature.
As an alternative the check can be carried out by
measuring directly on the tolerance feature. In that case,
the values shall be entered in a diagram and the
inclination shall be evaluated. Form deviations and
differences in diameter shall then be taken into
consideration and the result adjusted accordingly.

II
The measuring object shall be aligned as shown in figure

181 but measuring shall be carried out directly on the
Fig 182 tolerance pin.
The axis of the pin shall (when checked in Measured along the generator.
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) The difference between max and min readings shall be
be contained between two parallel lines 0,1 apart, regarded as the perpendicularity deviation.
perpendicular to A and aligned with B.
I
Fig 183 Fig 184

The axis of the pin shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
principle and perpendicular to A.

Fig 185 Fig 186

The axis of the pin shall be contained within a The smallest circumscribed cylinder (sleeve) shall be
cylinder of diameter 0,1 which is perpendicular to entered on the tolerance feature.
A
The measuring object is placed with its surface on a
circular feed table and the center of the sleeve in
measuring position b is placed at the center of the axis of
rotation. Measuring takes place in position c where the
part is rotated one revolution.
The difference between max and min readings must not
exceed 0,2.
II
Fig 187 Fig 188

The axis of the pin shall (when checked in Measuring device: Apparatus for measuring variation in
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) radius from fixed center.
be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1 The cylinder surface shall be measured in a radial section
which is perpendicular to A. while being rotated one revolution.1.
of sections. 2
The difference between max and min readings of the
indicator must not exceed 0,2.
14.8.3 Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line


I
Fig 189 Fig 190

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be clamped in the encircling
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and perpendicular to guide cylinder.
A.
See also total run-out, figure 380. points.
exceed 0,1.
II
Fig 191 Fig 192

For interpretation, see measuring principle. Perpendicularity of a surface.
The part shall be fixed in a V-block.
The surface shall be measured in many directions.
constitutes the perpendicularity deviation.
14.8.4 Perpendicularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane


I
Fig 193 Fig 194

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel planes 0,1 apart perpendicular to A against the measuring plane and then aligned with
and aligned with B. surface B against a 90° measuring support.
points.
III
Fig 195 Fig 196

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) against the measuring plane and then guided with surface
be contained between two parallel planes 0,1 B against a 90° measuring support.
apart, perpendicular to A and aligned with B. A parallel shall be placed on the tolerance surface as a
tangent plane
Measuring shall be carried out on the parallel at points
regarded as the perpendicularity deviation.
NOTE: The measuring principle does not check the form

Fig 197 Fig 198

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and perpendicular to against the measuring plane and aligned so that the
A. smallest variance in dimensions is obtained against
the auxiliary plane.
(The requirement may be indicated for rotation
symmetrical parts and other parts where no The surface shall be measured at the required number of
alignment against additional datum is required.) points.
The difference between max and min readings
constitutes the perpendicularity deviation.
In doubtful cases, the values obtained shall be entered in
diagrams of level-curve type for evaluation.
14.9 Angularity tolerance
14.9.1 Angularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

a) Line and datum line in the same plane
The tolerance zone projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart
and inclined at the specified angle to the datum line. See figure 199. b) Line and datum line in
different planes
If the considered line and the datum line are not in the same plane, the tolerance zone is applied to
the projection of the considered line on the plane containing the datum line and parallel to the
considered line. See figure 200.
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t inclined at the specified angle to the datum
line. See figure 201. This tolerance zone is not included in SS-ISO 1101.
To get an unambiguous determination of the tolerance zone orientation of a part, it is necessary to
establish one datum in addition to the datum line.
Fig 199 Fig 200 Fig 201
14.9.2 Angularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum plane

The tolerance zone projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and
inclined at the specified angle to the datum plane See figure 202.
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t inclined at the specified angle to the datum
line. See figure 203. This tolerance zone is not included in SS-ISO 1101.
To get an unambiguous determination of the tolerance zone orientation of a part, it is necessary to
establish one datum in addition to the datum plane.
Fig 202 Fig 203

14.9.3 Angularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and inclined at the specified
angle to the datum line. See figure 204.
14.9.4 Angularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and inclined at the specified
angle to the datum plane. See figure 205.
Fig 204 Fig 205

14.9.1 Angularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum line

I
Fig 206 Fig 207

The axis of the hole shall be contained between The measuring object shall be aligned by turning the
two parallel straight lines 0,1 apart and inclined at object around the axis of the shaft in such a way that
α° to the axis of the smaller shaft (datum). the distance between M1 and the measuring plane
becomes a minimum. The angularity tolerance is
derived from

readings.

II
Fig 208 Fig 209

The axis of the hole shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be aligned by turning the
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) object around the axis of the shaft in such a way that the
be contained between two parallel straight lines distance between M1 and the measuring plane becomes
0,1 apart and inclined at α° to the axis of smaller a minimum. The angularity deviation is derived from
shaft (datum).

readings.
Fig 210 Fig 211

The axis of the hole shall, when projected in a The measuring object shall be aligned by turning the
plane containing the datum line, be contained object around the axis of the shaft in such a way that
between two parallel straight lines 0,08 apart and the mandrel is parallel to the axis of the shaft in the
inclined at α° to A. orientation of inclination for the angle plate. The
angularity deviation is derived from

pointer readings.

I
Fig 212 Fig 213

The axis of the hole shall be contained within a The mandrel in datum feature A shall be aligned at the
cylinder of diameter 0,5 which is inclined at α° to A angle α° to the measuring plane and datum feature B
and aligned with B. guided against a 90° measuring support.
The angularity shall be measured from 0° to 180° at the
required number of points.
The angularity deviation is derived from M1 - M2 where
M1 less M2 is the difference obtained between max and
min readings.
The measuring points may be reduced to 0° and 90° if the
difference between the max and min readings for these
points does not exceed 0,7 x the tolerance value.
14.9.2 Angularity tolerance of a line with reference to a datum plane

I
Fig 214 Fig 215

The axis of the hole shall be contained within two The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
parallel straight lines 0,4 apart, inclined at α° to the against the measuring support and guided by mandrels in
line B - C and aligned with A. the holes B and C.
Measured at two points M1 and M2 on the mandrel.
The angularity deviation is derived from M M L1 − 2⋅ 1
L2
readings.
I
Fig 216 Fig 217

Each line on the upper surface parallel to the The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
plane of projection in which the drawing indication against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
is made, shall be contained between two parallel against a 90° measuring support
straight lines 0,1 apart, inclined at α° to A and The required number of lines on the surface shall be
aligned with B. measured.
NOTE: If the part is rotation-symmetrical, no guide The largest difference between max and min readings on
feature is required. an individual line constitutes the angularity deviation.

I
Fig 218 Fig 219

The axis of the hole shall be contained within a The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
cylinder of diameter 0,5, inclined at α° to A and against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
aligned with B. against a 90° measuring support.
The angularity is measured from 0° to 180° at the
required number of points. The angularity deviation is
derived from
where M1 less M2 is the difference between max. and

min readings.
The measuring positions may be reduced to 0° and 90° if
the difference between the max. and min. readings for
these positions does not exceed 0,7 x the tolerance
value.
14.9.3 Angularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum line

Fig 220 Fig 221

The inclined surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be aligned in such a way that
two parallel planes 0,1 apart, inclined at α° to the the smallest difference in dimensions is obtained against
axis of the hole (datum). the measuring plane.
points.
constitutes the angularity deviation.
III
Fig 222 Fig 223

The inclined surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be aligned so that the
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) smallest variance in dimension is obtained against the
be contained between two parallel planes 0,1 measuring plane.
apart which are inclined at α° to A. The surface shall be measured at the required number of
points.
shall be regarded as the angularity deviation.
14.9.4 Angularity tolerance of a surface with reference to a datum plane

Fig 224 Fig 225

The inclined surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel planes 0,1 apart which are inclined at against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
α° to A and aligned with B against a 90° measuring support.
points.
constitutes the angularity deviation.
IV
Fig 226 Fig 227

The inclined surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
be contained between two parallel planes 0,1 against a 90° measuring support.
apart which are inclined at α° to A and aligned A parallel shall be placed on the surface.
with B.
NOTE: When the part is rotation-symmetrical, no
guide feature is required
shall be regarded as the angularity deviation.
NOTE: This measuring principle does not check the form
Positional tolerances
14.10 Positional tolerance

At correct position, the tolerance zone is disposed symmetrically with respect to the theoretically
exact position. The deviation from the theoretically exact position is therefore not permitted to amount
to half the tolerance value only, this constituting the positional deviation.
14.10.1 Positional tolerance of a point

The tolerance zone is limited by a circle of diameter t, the center of which is in the theoretically exact
position of the considered point. See figure 228.
The tolerance zone may be applied in two-dimensional determination of the position of the
CenterPoint of a circle or similar.
Fig 228
14.10.2 Positional tolerance of a straight line

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t apart and disposed
symmetrically with respect to the theoretically exact position of the considered line if the tolerance is
specified only in one direction. See figure 229.
The tolerance zone may be applied to axes, generators, and edges. In practice, the tolerance line is
usually an axis.
The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t the axis of which is in the theoretically exact
position of the considered line if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign ∅. See figure 230.
Fig 229 Fig 230
14.10.3 Positional tolerance of a flat surface or a median plane

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and disposed
symmetrically with respect to the theoretically exact position of the considered surface. See
figure 231. The tolerance zone may be applied to flat surfaces and median planes.
Fig 231
14.10.4 Profile position, positional tolerance of a bent line (not included in SS-ISO 1101)
The tolerance zone is limited by two equidistant lines tangent to all circles of diameter t, the centers
of which are situated on a line having the true geometrical form in the theoretically exact position.
See figure 232.
The tolerance zone is bent and tubular and limited by all spheres of diameter t, the centers of which
are situated on a line having the true geometrical form in the theoretically exact position. See figure
233.
See also section 14.5 Profile tolerance of any line.
Fig 232 Fig 233
14.10.5 Surface position, positional tolerance of a curved surface (not included in SS-
ISO 1101)
The tolerance zone is limited by two equidistant surfaces tangent to all spheres of diameter t, the
centers of which are situated on a surface having the true geometrical form in the theoretically exact
position.
See figure 234.
See also section 14.6 Profile tolerance of any surface.
Fig 234
14.10.1 Positional tolerance of a point

I
Fig 235 Fig 236

The center of the hole shall be contained within a The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
circle of diameter 0,4 and with the center of the against the measuring plane, guided with surface B and
circle in the theoretically exact position. then with surface C against 90° measuring supports. A
tapered mandrel, auxiliary measuring device, shall be
placed in the hole at right angles to the measuring
plane. Measuring shall be carried out during one
revolution of the dial gauge.
The dial gauges axis of rotation coincides with the
theoretical position of the hole.
exceed the tolerance value (0,4).
(INSTEAD, REQUIREMENT IN ACCORDANCE III

WITH FIGURE 241 SHALL BE INDICATED)
Fig 237 Fig 238

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Position for the center of a hole.
The part shall be placed on a measuring support and
guided against two 90° measuring supports.
A tapered mandrel, auxiliary measuring device, shall be
placed in the hole at right angles to the measuring plane.
The measuring devices shall be calibrated against
masters. Measuring shall be carried out at two points
perpendicular to each other in a horizontal section of the
mandrel.
The measuring values may amount to half the tolerance
value.
According to this measuring principle, the tolerance zone
is a square with the tolerance as a side.
14.10.2 Positional tolerance of a straight line

I
Fig 239 Fig 240

The edge line (edge) shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel lines 0,1 apart and symmetrically against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
disposed with respect to the theoretically exact against a 90° measuring support.
position. The edge shall be measured.
The maximum deviation from the theoretical position of
the edge must not exceed half the tolerance value.
See section 14.10.
exceed the tolerance value (0,1)
Fig 241 Fig 242

The center of the hole shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel lines 0,4 apart and symmetrically against the measuring plane, then guided against 90°
disposed with respect to the theoretically exact measuring supports, first with surface B and then with
position. The requirement applies in two directions. surface C.
A tapered mandrel, auxiliary measuring device, shall be
placed in the hole at right angles to the measuring plane.
Measuring shall be carried out at two points
perpendicular to each other in a horizontal section of the
mandrel. When recalculated to apply to the axis of the
mandrel, this must not deviate by more than half the
tolerance value from the theoretically exact position for
the center of the hole. See section 14.10.

I
Fig 243 Fig 244

The axis of the hole shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel lines 0,1, apart and symmetrically against the measuring plane, then guided against 90°
disposed with respect to the theoretically exact measuring supports, first with surface B and then with
position. The requirement applies in two directions. surface C.
Measuring shall be carried out at two points perpendicular
to each other and in two horizontal sections of the
mandrel a distance L apart.
If different values are obtained for the same generator,
the hole inclines. The values shall then be recalculated to
apply within the hole.
When recalculated to apply to the axis of the mandrel and
within the extension of the hole, the axis is permitted to
deviate by maximum half the tolerance value from the
theoretically exact position of the axis of the hole.
See section 14.10.
V
Fig 245 Fig 246

The axis of the hole shall (when checked in Dimensions A, B, C and D + hole diameter shall be
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) checked.
be contained between two parallel lines 2 apart None of the dimensions (A, B, C, D) + half the hole
and symmetrically disposed with respect to the diameter is permitted to deviate by more than ± 1 from
theoretically exact position The requirement the theoretically exact position for the center of the hole.
applies in two directions. The form of the hole and the form of the datum feature
influence the tolerance zone form.

Fig 247 Fig 248

The axis of the hole shall be contained within a Surface A of the measuring object shall be placed against
cylinder of diameter 0,4 + maximum material the plane in a fixture. Surface B followed by surface C
principle and with the axis of the cylinder in the shall then be guided against the sides of the fixture.
theoretically exact position.
Checked with a function gauge.
The measuring object must not be moved at all in the
fixture during gauging.
Fig 249 Fig 250

The axis of each of the eight holes shall be Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1 +
During gauging, it shall be verified that the surfaces of
maximum material principle and with the axis of
the measuring object A and the function gauge are in
the cylinder in the theoretically exact position.
contact with each other in accordance with the rules
(Correct inter-position.) applicable to datum features.

Fig 251 Fig 252

The axis of each of the eight holes shall be Surface A of the measuring object shall be placed against
contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1 + the plane in a fixture. Surface B followed by surface C
maximum material principle and with the axis of shall then be guided against the sides of the fixture.
(Correct position for the entire group of holes with
respect to A, B, C.) The measuring object must not be moved at all during
gauging.
Fig 253 Fig 254

The axis of each of the eight holes shall be Surface A of the measuring object shall be placed against
contained within a cylinder of diameter 0 + the plane in a fixture. Surface B followed by surface C
maximum material principle and with the axis of shall then be guided against the sides of the fixture.
the cylinder in the theoretically exact position
respect to A, B, C.) The measuring object must not be moved in the fixture
during gauging.

Fig 255 Fig 256

The axis of each of the eight holes shall be Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1 +
During gauging, it shall be verified that the surfaces of
the measuring object A and the function gauge are in
contact with each other in accordance with the rules
(Correct inter-position.)
applicable to datum features.
The axis of each of the eight holes shall be
contained within a cylinder of diameter 1 +
respect to A, B and C.)
Fig 257
Surface A of the measuring object shall be placed against
the plane in a fixture. Surface B followed by surface C
shall then be guided against the sides of the fixture.
The measuring object must not be moved in the fixture
during gauging.

Fig 258 Fig 259

The axis of the hole ∅D2 shall be contained within Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
a cylinder of diameter 0,4 + maximum material During gauging, it shall be verified that the surfaces of
principle and with the axis of the cylinder in the the measuring object A and the function gauge are in
theoretically exact position. Maximum material contact with each other in accordance with the rules
principle is permitted also on the datum features applicable to datum features.
B.
The axis of the hole ∅D1 shall be contained within
a cylinder of diameter 0,3 + maximum material
principle and with the cylinder axis in the
theoretically exact position. (Correct interposition).
II
Fig 260 Fig 261

The axis and the median plane of each of the Surface A of the measuring object shall be placed against
three holes respectively shall (when checked in the plane in a fixture. Surface B followed by surface C
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) shall then be guided against the sides of the fixture.
be contained between two parallel lines and two Checked with a function gauge.
parallel planes respectively a distance 0 apart +
The measuring object must not be moved in the fixture
maximum material principle and with the axis and
during gauging.
the median plane respectively in the theoretically
exact position. (Correct position for the entire
group of holes with respect to A, B and C).

Fig 262 Fig 263

The axis of the large hole shall be contained within Position with maximum material principle for the axis of a
a cylinder of diameter 0,4, the axis of which hole.
coincides with the basic line + permitted maximum
A measuring device shall be placed on the part.
material principle. The axis of each of the four
small holes shall be contained within a cylinder of The common datum position shall be determined by
diameter 0,3, the axis of which coincides with the means of four tapered pins fixed relatively to each other
basic line. in a common attaching plate. The entire system with
tapered pins can be moved axially.
The position of the hole shall be measured with an axially
movable cylindrical gauge guided in the datum position.

Fig 264 Fig 265

The axis of the hole shall be contained within a The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
cylinder of diameter 0,1 and with the axis of the against a rotatable auxiliary plane. Surface B followed by
cylinder in the theoretically exact position. surface C shall then be guided against 90° measuring
supports.
The measuring supports for surfaces B and C shall be
placed in the theoretical position with respect to the axis
of rotation of the auxiliary plane.
Measured on the mandrel at two points a distance L apart
and during one revolution.
If identical values are obtained on the same generator,
the pointer indication constitutes the double positional
deviation. See section 14.10. The difference between
max. and min. readings must not exceed the tolerance
value (0,1).
If different values are obtained on the same generator the
hole inclines. The values shall then be recalculated to
NOTE: The requirement can be checked as shown in
figure 244 but then only a deviation of 0,7 x the tolerance
value is accepted.

(INSTEAD, THE REQUIREMENT SHALL BE

INDICATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH FIGURE III
243)
Fig 266 Fig 267

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Position for the axis of a hole.
The part shall be placed on a measuring plane and
guided against two 90° measuring supports. A mandrel,
auxiliary measuring device, shall be placed in, the hole at
right angles to the measuring plane.
The measuring devices shall be calibrated against
standards. Measurement shall be carried out at two
points perpendicular to each other and in two horizontal
sections on the mandrel, the distance between them
equal to the extension of the feature.
The measuring values may amount to half the tolerance
value. If different values are obtained in the two sections,
the hole inclines. The values may then be recalculated to
According to this measuring principle, the tolerance zone
can be a parallelepiped.
14.10.3 Positional tolerance of a flat surface or a median plane

Fig 268 Fig 269

The inclined surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and symmetrically against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
disposed with respect to the theoretically exact against a 90° measuring support.
position. The surface shall be measured at the required number of
points.
The maximum deviation from the theoretically exact
position must not exceed half the tolerance value. See
Section 14.10.
IV
Fig 270 Fig 271

The inclined surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) against the angle plate and then guided with surface B
be contained between two parallel planes 0,1 against a 90° measuring support.
apart and symmetrically disposed with respect to A parallel shall be placed on the surface as a tangent
the theoretically exact position. plane.
corresponding to the extension of the tolerance surface
The maximum deviation from the theoretically exact
position must not exceed half the tolerance value. See
section 14.10.
NOTE: This measuring principle does not check the form
14.10.4 Profile position, positional tolerance for a bent line
Fig 272 Fig 273

In the specified section of the surface, the profile The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
shall be contained between two equidistant lines against the measuring support and then guided against
determined by circles of diameter 0,2, the centers the measuring plane by means of surface B.
of which are on a line of true geometrical form and The distance between measuring plane and profile and
located in the theoretically exact position. between measuring plane and auxiliary plane
respectively shall be measured at the required number of
points. The values obtained shall be contained within the
values limiting the profile and its positional deviation from
the theoretically exact position.
II
Fig 274 Fig 275

The profile shall (when checked in accordance The profile template shall be made so that the dimensions
with the adjacent measuring principle) be correspond to the GO limit (geometrically correct form in
contained between two equidistant lines the theoretically exact position
determined by circles of diameter 1, the centers of
which are on a line of true geometrical form and + tolerance)
located in the theoretically exact position. 2
The measuring object shall be placed with surface A
against the measuring support and then guided against
the measuring plane by means of surface B.
The distance between template and measuring plane
shall be checked by means of, e.g., measuring wires. The
largest distance shall be regarded as profile position
deviation.

Fig 276 Fig 277

The axis of the part shall be contained within a "bent Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
pipe" of diameter 2, the center line of which is of
theoretically exact form and placed in the theoretically
exact position. Maximum material principle is permitted
on tolerance feature and datum feature.
II
Fig 278 Fig 279

The axis of the part shall (when checked in accordance The straightedge shall be used for checking that no part
with the adjacent measuring principle) be contained of the measuring object is placed above the surface of
within a "bent pipe" of diameter 2, the center line of the fixture.
which is of theoretically exact form and in the
theoretically exact position. Maximum material principle
is permitted on tolerance feature and datum feature.
14.10.5 Surface position, positional tolerance for a curved surface

Fig 280 Fig 281

The tolerance surface shall be contained The distance between measuring plane and auxiliary
between two surfaces determined by spheres of plane and between measuring plane and tolerance
diameter 0,1, the centers of which are on a surface respectively shall be measured at the required
surface of true geometrical form and located in number of points.
the theoretically exact position. The values obtained shall be compared with those which
define the surface and its permitted positional deviation
from the theoretically exact position.
14.11 Concentricity and coaxiality tolerance

At concentricity and coaxiality, the tolerance zone is circular and cylindrical respectively and the
center of the tolerance zone is in the theoretically exact position. The deviation from the theoretically
exact position at concentricity and coaxiality is permitted to amount to half the tolerance value only,
this constituting the deviation of concentricity and coaxiality respectively.
14.11.1 Concentricity tolerance of a point

The tolerance zone is limited by a circle of diameter t, the center of which coincides with the datum
point. See figure 282.
14.11.2 Coaxiality tolerance of an axis

The tolerance zone is limited by a cylinder of diameter t, the axis of which coincides with the datum
axis if the tolerance value is preceded by the sign ∅. See figure 283.
The coaxiality tolerance refers to a cylinder of the same length as the tolerance feature and situated
around the datum axis or its extension and within the zone for the tolerance feature.
14.11.1 Concentricity tolerance of a point

Fig 286 Fig 287

The center of ∅d shall be contained within a circle Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
of diameter 0,1 + maximum material principle, the
center of which coincides with A. Maximum
material principle is permitted also on the datum
feature.
II
Fig 288 Fig 289

The center of ∅d shall (when checked in The difference in distance from the edge shall be
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) determined by two-point measurement.
be contained within a circle of diameter 1, the The difference must not exceed the tolerance value (1).
center of which coincides with A.
14.11.2 Coaxiality tolerance of a line

Fig 290 Fig 291

The axis of ∅d2 shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
principle, the axis of which coincides with d1
(datum). Maximum material principle is permitted
also on the datum feature.
Fig 292 Fig 293

The axis of ∅D2 shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge
principle, the axis of which coincides with A.
Maximum material principle is permitted also on
the datum feature.

Fig 294 Fig 295

1) The axis of ∅D1 shall be contained within a Checked with, e.g., a function gauge, one for each
cylinder of diameter 0,02 + maximum material requirement.
principle, the axis of which coincides with B.
Maximum material principle is permitted also
on the datum feature.
The axis of ∅d2 shall be contained within a
principle, the axis of which coincides with A.
Maximum material principle is permitted also
II
Fig 296 Fig 297

The axis of ∅d2 shall (when checked in Measuring device: Apparatus for measuring variation in
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) radius from fixed center.
be contained within a cylinder of diameter 0,1, the The axis of ∅d2 shall be evaluated as the line through
axis of which coincides with d1 (datum). the center points in two sections as far apart as possible.
The corresponding evaluation of the axis shall be made
of ∅d2.
The radial distance between the axes for ∅d1 and ∅d2
must not exceed half the tolerance value. See section
14.11.

II
Fig 298 Fig 299

The axis of ∅D shall (when checked in The mandrel or edge shall be placed against a generator
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) in the hole constituting the datum feature.
be contained within a cylinder of diameter 2, the The distance between mandrel and generator shall be
axis of which coincides with A. measured at positions C and D respectively.
The check shall be repeated in the required number of
sections.
The difference between the dimensions at positions C
may amount to the tolerance value (2).
The difference between the dimensions at positions D
may amount to the tolerance value (2).
14.12 Symmetry tolerance

At symmetry, the tolerance zone is symmetrically disposed with respect to the theoretically exact
position. For this reason, the deviation from the theoretically exact position is permitted to amount to
half the tolerance value only, this constituting the symmetry deviation.
14.12.1 Symmetry tolerance of a median plane

The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a distance t apart and disposed symmetrically to
the median plane with respect to the datum axis or datum plane. See figure 300.
14.12.2 Symmetry tolerance of a line or an axis

The tolerance zone when projected in a plane is limited by two parallel straight lines a distance t
apart and disposed symmetrically with respect to the datum axis (or datum plane) if the tolerance is
specified only in one direction. See figure 301.
Fig 300 Fig 301
14.12.1 Symmetry tolerance of a median plane

I
Fig 302 Fig 303

The median plane of the groove shall be Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
contained between two parallel planes 0,1 apart
+ maximum material principle and symmetrically
disposed with respect to A. Maximum material
principle is permitted also on the datum feature.

III
Fig 304 Fig 305

The median plane of the groove shall (when Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
checked in accordance with the adjacent
measuring principle) be contained between two
parallel planes 0,1 apart + maximum material
principle and symmetrically disposed with respect
to A. Maximum material principle is permitted also
IV
Fig 306 Fig 307

Checked with, e.g., a function gauge. Symmetry with maximum material principle for a groove.
The part shall be placed in a V-block.
Measured with a function gauge.

Fig 308 Fig 309

The median plane of the groove shall be A gauge block (parallel) with the largest possible
contained between two parallel planes 0,1 apart inscribed width (B) shall be placed in the groove.
and symmetrically disposed with respect to A. Parallels shall be placed at both ends of the measuring
object.
The median plane of the two end surfaces (the datum)
shall be aligned parallel to the measuring plane.
The distance between measuring plane and gauge
block (X-dimension) shall be measured at both ends of
the groove on both sides close to the measuring object
or recalculated to apply within the measuring object. The
largest difference between the median plane of the
gauge block and the datum must not exceed half the
tolerance value. See section 14.12.
II
Fig 310 Fig 311

The median plane of the groove shall (when The measuring object shall be placed on a measuring
checked in accordance with the adjacent plane. A gauge block (parallel) with the largest possible
measuring principle) be contained between two inscribed width (B) shall be placed in the groove.
parallel planes 0,1 apart and symmetrically The distance between measuring plane and gauge block
disposed with respect to A. is measured at both ends of the groove close to the
measuring object or recalculated to apply within the
measuring object.
The measuring object is turned, and the measuring
repeated at the opposite side.
The largest difference in dimensions between measuring
plane and gauge block at both measuring must not
exceed the tolerance value.

III
Fig 312 Fig 313

The median plane of the groove shall (when The measuring object shall be placed on a measuring
checked in accordance with the adjacent plane.
The distance between measuring plane and the surface
parallel planes 0,1 apart and symmetrically of the groove shall be measured.
disposed with respect to A.
The measuring object shall be turned, and the measuring
repeated at the opposite side.
The largest difference in dimension between measuring
plane and surface of groove at both measuring must not
exceed the tolerance value.
Fig 314 Fig 315

The median plane of the pin shall be contained Checked with, e.g., a function gauge.
between two parallel planes 0,1 apart + maximum
material principle, symmetrically disposed with
respect to A. Maximum material principle is
permitted also on the datum feature.
14.12.2 Symmetry tolerance of a line or an axis

THE MEASURING PRINCIPLE WAS

PREVIOUSLY DESIGNATED I. V
Fig 316 Fig 317

The axis of the common hole axis B-C shall (when The difference between dimensions N and P must not
checked in accordance with the adjacent exceed the tolerance value.
parallel lines 0,1 apart and symmetrically disposed
with respect to A.
Fig 318 Fig 319

The axis of the hole shall be contained between The measuring object shall be retained by two 90°
two parallel lines 0,1 apart and symmetrically measuring supports against the sides of B. A mandrel
disposed with respect to A. shall be placed in the hole.
The distances C, D, E and F shall be measured close to
the measuring object (on the mandrel) or shall be
recalculated to apply within the extension of the
measuring object.
The difference between dimensions C and D and between
E and F respectively must not exceed the tolerance value.

II
Fig 320 Fig 321

The axis of the hole shall (when checked in The difference as to distance from edge (material
accordance with the adjacent measuring thickness) shall be determined.
principle) be contained between two parallel
The difference between dimensions B and D and
lines 0,1 apart and symmetrically disposed with
between C and E respectively must not exceed the
respect to A.
tolerance value.
Run-out tolerances
14.13 Circular run-out tolerance

The measuring principles illustrated are indicated for run-out on external surfaces.
The same measuring principle can be used on internal surfaces provided that the surface can be
reached when the location of the datum has been determined.
Run out normally applies to a complete revolution about the axis but could be limited to apply to a
part of a revolution.
14.13.1 Circular run-out tolerance - radial

The tolerance zone is limited within any plane of measurement perpendicular to the axis by two
concentric circles a distance t apart, the center of which coincides with the datum axis. See figure
322.
14.13.2 Circular run-out tolerance - axial

The tolerance zone is limited at any radial position by two circles a distance t apart lying in a cylinder
of measurement, the axis of which coincides with the datum axis. See figure 323.
Fig 322 Fig 323
14.13.3 Circular run-out tolerance in any direction

The tolerance zone is limited within any cone of measurement, the axis of which coincides with the
datum axis by two circles a distance t apart.
Unless otherwise specified the measuring direction is normal to the surface. See figure 324.
14.13.4 Circular run-out tolerance in a specified direction

The tolerance zone is limited within any cone of measurement of the specified angle, the axis of
which coincides with the datum axis by two circles a distance t apart. See figure 325.
Fig 324 Fig 325

14.13.1 Circular run-out tolerance - radial

I
Fig 326 Fig 327

The circumference shall in each cross-section be The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
contained between two concentric circles 0,1 guide feature and supported axially.
apart, the centers of which coincide with A.
The surface shall be measured in the required number of
radial sections during at !east one revolution for each
section.
The largest difference between max and min readings in
an individual section constitutes the radial run-out.
NOT FO
I
Fig 328 Fig 329

The radial run-out shall be within 0,1. Radial run-out for a surface.
The part shall be placed in two L-yokes and supported
axially.
Measuring shall be carried out in a direction normal to the
surface during one revolution.
of sections.
The largest difference in an individual section constitutes
the radial run-out.

Fig 330 Fig 331

The circumference shall in each cross-section be The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
contained between two concentric circles 0,1 apart, The surface shall be measured in the required number of
the centers of which coincide with A-B. radial sections during at least one revolution for each
section.
an individual section constitutes the radial run-out.
II
Fig 332 Fig 333

The circumference shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-yokes in
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) positions a and b and supported axially.
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which radial sections during at least one revolution for each
coincide with A-B. section.
an individual section shall be regarded as the radial
runout.

III
Fig 334 Fig 335

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Radial run-out for a surface.
The part shall be placed in two L-supports and axially
supported.
Measuring shall be carried out in a direction normal to the
sector arc during turning.
of sections.
runout.
IV
Fig 336 Fig 337

The circumference shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-blocks and
accordance with the adjacent measuring principle) supported axially.
in each cross-section be contained between two The surface shall be measured in the required number of
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which radial sections during turning
coincide with A. The largest difference between max and min readings in
runout.
14.13.2 Circular run-out tolerance - axial

Fig 338 Fig 339

The circumference shall in each axial section be The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
contained between two concentric circles of the guide cylinder and supported axially.
same radius 0,1 apart, the centers of which
coincide with A. axial sections during at least one revolution for each
section.
an individual section constitutes the axial run-out.
Fig 340 Fig 341

The axial run-out shall be within 0,1. Axial run-out for a surface.
The part shall be placed in two L-yokes and axially
supported.
Measuring shall be carried out at right angles to the
of sections.

Fig 342 Fig 343

The circumference shall in each axial section be The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
contained between two concentric circles of the The surface shall be measured in the required number of
same radius 0,1 apart, the centers of which axial sections during at least one revolution for each
coincide with A - B. section.
II
Fig 344 Fig 345

in each axial section be contained between two
concentric circles of the same radius 0,1 apart, the axial sections during at least one revolution for each
centers of which coincide with A - B. section.
an individual section shall be regarded as the axial
runout.

III
Fig 346 Fig 347

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Axial run-out for a surface.
The part shall be placed in two L-supports and supported
axially.
sector arc during turning.
of sections.
runout.
IV
Fig 348 Fig 349

in each axial section be contained between two
concentric circles of the same radius 0,1 apart, the axial sections during turning.
centers of which coincide with A.
runout.
14.13.3 Circular run-out tolerance in any direction
Fig 350 Fig 351

The circumference shall in each section The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
perpendicular to the surface be contained between guide cylinder and supported axially.
two concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of
which coincide with A. surface.
sections during at least one revolution for each section.
an individual section constitutes the run-out.
I
Fig 352 Fig 353

The circumference shall in each section The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
perpendicular to the tangent of the curved surface Measuring shall be carried out at right angles to the
be contained between two concentric circles 0,1
surface, in the direction of the radius.
apart, the centers of which coincide with A - B.

II
Fig 354 Fig 355

in each section perpendicular to the tangent to the
curved surface be contained, between two surface, in the direction of the radius.
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which
coincide with A - B. The surface shall be measured in the required number of
sections during at least one revolution in each section.
an individual section shall be regarded as the run-out.
IV
Fig 356 Fig 357

in each section perpendicular to the tangent to the Measuring shall be carried out at right angles to the
curved surface be contained between two surface, in the direction of the radius.
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which The surface shall be measured in the required number of
coincide with A - B. sections during at least one revolution for each section.
14.13.4 Circular run-out tolerance in a specified direction
Fig 358 Fig 359

The circumference shall in each section in the The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
specified direction be contained between two guide cylinder and supported axially.
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which Measuring shall be carried out in the direction of the
coincide with A. arrow at the angle α° to the axis of rotation.
NOT FO
I
Fig 360 Fig 361

The run-out measured at the angle α° shall be Run out for a surface.
within 0,1 The measuring object shall be placed in two L-yokes and
supported axially.
Measuring shall be carried out at the angle α° to the
of sections.

Fig 362 Fig 363

The circumference shall in each section in the The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
direction specified be contained between two Measuring shall be carried out in the direction of the arrow
concentric circles 0,1 apart, the centers of which at the angle α° to the axis of rotation.
coincide with A - B. The surface shall be measured in the required number of
II
Fig 364 Fig 365

in each section in the direction specified be Measuring shall be carried out in the direction of the arrow
contained between two concentric circles 0,1 apart, at the angle α° to the axis of rotation.
the centers of which coincide with A - B. The surface shall be measured in the required number of

III
Fig 366 Fig 367

Interpretation, see measuring principle. Run out for a surface.
The part shall be placed in two L-supports and supported
axially.
Measuring shall be carried out at the angle α° to the
of sections.
IV
Fig 368 Fig 369

in each section in the direction specified be Measuring shall be carried out in the direction of the
contained between two concentric circles 0,1 arrow at the angle α° to the axis of rotation.
apart, the centers of which coincide with A - B.
14.14 Total run-out tolerance

The measuring principles shown are indicated for run-out on external surfaces.
The same measuring principles can be used on internal surfaces provided that the surface can be
reached when the position of the datum has been established.
14.14.1 Total radial run-out tolerance

The tolerance zone is limited by two coaxial cylinders a distance t apart, the axes of which coincide
with the datum axis. See figure 370.
The total radial run-out indicates deviations of form, coaxiality as well as difference in diameter.
14.14.2 Total axial run-out tolerance

axis. See figure 371.
The total axial run-out tolerance indicates deviations of flatness and perpendicularity.
Fig 370 Fig 371
14.14.1 Total radial run-out tolerance

I
Fig 372 Fig 373
The tolerance surface shall be contained between

The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
two coaxial cylinders with a difference in radius of
guide cylinder and supported axially.
0,1, the axes of which coincide with A.
sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
with an axial relative movement between surface and
measuring device.
constitutes the total radial run-out.

Fig 374 Fig 375

The tolerance surface shall be contained The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
between two coaxial cylinders with a difference The surface shall be measured in the required number of
in radius of 0,1, the axes of which coincide with sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
A - B. with an axial relative movement between surface and
measuring device.
constitutes the total radial run-out.
II
Fig 376 Fig 377

The tolerance surface shall when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-yokes in
be contained between two coaxial cylinders with a
difference in radius of 0,1, the axes of which sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
coincide with A - B. with an axial relative movement between surface and
measuring device.
shall be regarded as the total radial run-out.

IV
Fig 378 Fig 379

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-blocks and
be contained between two coaxial cylinders with a
difference in radius of 0,1, the axes of which sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
coincide with A. with an axial relative movement between surface and
measuring device.
shall be regarded as the total radial run-out.
14.14.2 Total axial run-out tolerance

I
Fig 380 Fig 381

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be clamped in an encircling
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and perpendicular to guide cylinder and supported axially
A.
See also perpendicularity, figure 189. sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
with a radial relative movement between surface and
measuring device.
constitutes the total axial run-out.

Fig 382 Fig 383

The tolerance surface shall be contained between The measuring object shall be clamped between centers.
two parallel planes 0,1 apart and perpendicular to The surface shall be measured in the required number of
A - B. sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
measuring device.
constitutes the total axial run-out.
II
Fig 384 Fig 385

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-yokes in
apart and perpendicular to A - B. sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
measuring device.
The largest difference between max and min. readings
shall be regarded as the total axial run-out.

IV
Fig 386 Fig 387

The tolerance surface shall (when checked in The measuring object shall be placed in two V-blocks and
apart and perpendicular to A. sections while being rotated about the datum axis and
measuring device.
shall be regarded as the total axial run-out.

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What are the different types of geometrical tolerances discussed in the document?

What are the different types of geometrical tolerances discussed in the document?

What are some of the measuring principles described for checking different types of tolerances?

What are some of the measuring principles described for checking different types of tolerances?

Geometrical tolerances GD&T

Indication, definitions and measuring principles

14.8 Perpendicularity tolerance

1 Scope and field of application

2.2 Tolerance feature

2.3 Tolerance zone form

2.4 Form of tolerance feature within tolerance zone

2.5 Applicability of tolerance along feature

2.6 Datum feature

2.7 Form deviations of datum features

2.8 Establishing size of form deviation and extension of tolerance feature

In the case of figure 1: h1 < h2 < h3

2.9 Establishing form deviation of circular and cylindrical features

In the case of figure 2: ∆r2 < ∆r1

2.10 Measuring principles and rules for measuring

2.10.1 Measuring force

2.10.2 Anvil size

Form of surface Anvil radius in Radius of surface to be

Features and tolerances

Table 3 Additional symbols

Tolerance feature indication

Theoretically exact dimension 50

Maximum material principle 12

Measuring principle I, II, III etc. 2.10 and

Table 4 Symbols used in section 14 to illustrate how the

Continuous linear traverse

Intermittent linear traverse

Continuous traverse in several directions

Indicating measuring instrument (dial

Measuring stand with indicating measuring

Symbols for measuring stands can be

4 Evaluation of abstract (unreal) features

Centre of the cross- Centre of the smallest

Axis of a hole The axis of the largest

Axis of a shaft The axis of the

Median plane of a feature The median plane

− the symbol for the characteristic which is to be tolerance.

5.2 Symbol for number of features

5.3 Supplementary requirement

0,3 NOT CONVEX

5.4 More than one tolerance requirement

Fig 15 Fig 16 Fig 17

Fig 18 Fig 19 Fig 20

Fig 21 Fig 22 Fig 23

Fig 26 Fig 27 Fig 28 Fig 29

7.2 Direction of tolerance zone

7.3 Special direction of tolerance zone

7.4 Same tolerance value for more than one feature

7.5 Common tolerance zone

8 Symbols for datums

8.2 Location of datum triangle

Fig 41 Fig 42 Fig 43

− on the axis or median plane when the datum is:

8.3 Datum indicated without datum letter

8.4 Sequence of datum letters