STEAM TURBINE

STRUCTURE
― Lontar Extension Coal Fires Steam Power Plamt ―
Customer Training

Plant Engineering Group

Plant Engineering Dept.
Thermal Power Engineering Center
秘
Copyright 2018, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solution Corporation.
 STEAM TURBINE
MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENTS

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2 秘
 CONTENTS
1. GENERAL

2. MAJOR PARTS OF THE STEAM TURBINE

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3 秘
 1. GENERAL

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4 秘
 GENERAL / Heat Balance
100% LOAD

LP
GENERATOR
BOILER IP
HP CONDENSER

HEATER(S)

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5 秘
GENERAL / Rating and Design Data
• Turbine Type
– Tandem Compound, Two Flow Exhausts, Single Reheat,
– Condensing Turbine

• HP-IP Turbine
– HP and IP Opposed Flow Type, Double Shell Construction

• LP Turbine
– Double Shell and Double Flow Construction with 33.5” LSB

• Steam Conditions(for Guarantee)

– Throttle/Reheat Steam Temperature 582 deg.C/593 deg.
– Throttle Steam Pressure 25.0 MPa(a)
– Exhaust Pressure 8.00 kPa(a)

• Stage No.
– HP 17 stages IP 11 stages LP 2×6 stages

• Extraction No.
– Eight (8) Extraction Lines for Regenerative Cycle

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6 秘
GENERAL / Steam Turbine Cross Section
Type of the Turbine ; TCDF-33.5”
HIP Section LP Section

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7 秘
 2. MAJOR PARTS OF THE
STEAM TURBINE
- TURBINE NOZZLE
- TURBINE BLADES
- TURBINE CASING
- TURBINE ROTOR
- BEARINGS
- TURNING GEAR
- SUPERVISORY & MONITORING ITEMS

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8 秘
 TURBINE NOZZLE

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9 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM ASSEMBLY Outer Ring
Lifting Hole

Hex Soc Bolt

Support Bar

Nozzle Partition

Inner Ring
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10 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
Weld and Assembly Nozzle Diaphragm

Outer
Diaphragm
Outer
Diaphragm

Nozzle
Weld Partition Blade Nozzle
Blade
Partition

Inner
Diaphragm

Rotor
Rotor

Weld type Assembly type

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11 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
STEAM PATH OF “HIGH-EFFICIENCY REACTION DESIGN”
Steam Nozzle

Blade
P1 > P2 > P3 P：Pressure

and V：Velocity

P1 － P2 ≒ P2 － P3 P3 V3
Blade
V2 Rotation
P2
Nozzle

P1 V1
High←→Low Fast←→Slow

Steam Steam
Pressure Velocity
Steam Flow Direction Change Change Reaction Design Model

Reaction-Type Steam Path - Blade Design

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12 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
“IMPULSE DESIGN”AND “REACTION DESIGN”
Ｕ ： blade velocity
α：absolute angle
Ｃ ： absolute velocity
β：relative angle
Ｗ：relative velocity α Ｗ
Ｃ β
Ｗ Ｕ
β １

Ｕ １

impulse reaction
Impulse Design Model Reaction Design Model
Conversion
angle β2 Conversio β2
n angle Ｃ Ｗ
Ｃ
STAGE １８０°―（β１＋β２） Ｗ
Ｕ
NOZZLE STAGE
≒１３５° Ｕ
１８０°―（β１＋β２）
NOZZLE ≒８５°

STEAM
REACTION
IMPULSE
BLADE
BLADE

PRES PRESS
S

VEROCITY
VEROCITY
Typical
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13 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
NOZZLE DIAPHRAGMS AND BLADE
INDIVIDUALLY-
FITTED Reaction Design
DIAPHRAGMS MULTIPLE RADIAL
SPILL STRIPS Feature
P1 > P2 > P3
SHROUD
STEAM and
FLOW
DIRECTION P1 － P2 ≒ P2 － P3

EXTERNAL BLADE P1 P2 P3
DOVETAIL
BALANCE
HOLES

SPRING BACKED
PACKINGS

PACKING TEETH

Typical
Wheel and Diaphragm Construction
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14 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
STEAM FLOW NEAR NOZZLE

Steam flow Nozzle end

wall

vortex

• Complicated three-dimensional flow

• Vortex is one of the factor of efficiency loss

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15 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Nozzle Diaphragm
ADVANCED FLOW PATTERN
• Curved profile of nozzle makes steam flow toward nozzle end wall. It
suppresses the secondary vortex.
• The larger efficient the mid-section of blades, the higher steam mass flow rate.
Eventually, the overall stage efficiency can be improved

Conventional

High
efficiency
area
Advanced Flow
Pattern

Rotation Loss Mass Flow

Rotation

Steam
flow

Typical
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16 秘
 TURBINE BLADE

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17 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Blade
ADJACENT NOTCH BLADE
BLADE

NOTCH BLADE
NORMAL BLADE

KEY

PIN
CAUKING

PIN

BLADE
ADJACENT
NOTCH
NOTCH BLADE WHEEL
ADJACENT
NOTCH
Typical
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18 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Blade

SNUBBER TYPE BLADE Snubber Cover

Blade and cover are integrally
machined from a single forging :

 Continuous coupling 360 degrees

 Low vibration stresses Blade
 Resistant to corrosion fatigue
 Improved tip sealing
 Easy to assemble and disassemble

Low Vibration High

Stresses Reliability

Typical
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19 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Blade

HP-1 to 17 Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins

IP-18 to 28 Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins
LP-29 to 31 Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins
LP-32（L-2） Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins
LP-33（L-1） Snubber Type with Strait Fins/Sleeve
LP-34（L-0） Snubber Type with Strait Fins/Sleeve

Typical

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20 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Blade

 Pressure-contact of the covers

provides superior damping 1.0
when excitation forces work

Vibration stress
 Continuously coupling structure
greatly reduces the dynamic
response of the blades to
harmonic stimulating forces
 Thus, the vibration stresses are
much lower compared to the
conventional tenon-and-shroud
design

0 Excitation force 1.0

Low Vibration High
Stresses Reliability Comparison of Vibration Stresses

Typical
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21 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Blade
 The continuously coupled
integral covers provide an
optimal interstage sealing
with a minimum of leakage
losses

 Multi tip fins machined on

the snubber cover
substantially reduce the tip
leakage flow

 No gaps between the

shroud bands, observed in
the tenon-and-shroud type
conventional blades Multiple Fins

High
Efficiency
Typical
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22 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Blade

STRENGTH CALCULATION OF DOVETAIL

Lineup of outside dovetail

Wheel Neck Tension Blade Neck
Tension

Blade
Hook Wheel Hook
Shear Shear

Rotor

Outside dovetail
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23 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Blade
Last Stage Blade for 315MW Turbine
 Structural features
– 33.5 inch length
– Axial Entry Dovetail
– Lug and sleeve at middle height

 Continuously coupling effect

– Continuous connection at tip and
middle height provide vibration
damping.

Typical
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24 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Blade
Detuning of Last Stage Blade
Centrifugal force of long blade is large. Energy at resonance is large

rated speed
To avoid resonance

Natural Frequency （Ｈｚ）

Campbell Diagram
（Relation between Natural Frequency and rotation)
Order line: Frequency ＝n×（Rotation）
n: integer

At intersection point of natural frequency

and order line, vibration amplitude is large.
To avoid intersection point at rated speed. Rotation
Campbell Diagram
Confirmation of detuning by FEM, Rotation test
Typical
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25 秘
 TURBINE CASING

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26 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing

HIP CASING HIP OUTER

CASING UPPER

IP INNER
CASING
HP INNER UPPER
CASING UPPER

IP INNER
CASING LOWER
HP INNER
CASING LOWER

HIP OUTER
CASING LOWER

Typical

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27 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
HP & IP CASING FEATURE
1. Opposed Flow : Both the high pressure and the intermediate
pressure section enclosed in one cylinder

Less thermal stress and steam leakage High Performance and

High Reliability
Compact design Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

2. Double ・Minimal possibility of steam leakage

・Lower stress and temperature gradient
Shell Construction

3.Centerline Support Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

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28 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
HP CASING DOUBLE SHELL CONSTRUCTION

OUTER CASING

INNER CASING
NOZZLE DIAPHRAGM

CASTLE NUT
RUNNING KEY
BEARING
PEDESTAL

THRUST
KEY
SUPPORTING BAR
HORIZONTAL
JOINT
ROTOR SHIM
LABYRINTH
CENTER PIN GIB KEY PACKING

Double Shell Construction Typical

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29 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
CENTERLINE SUPPORT AND EXPANSION CONTROL
UPPER CASING

RUNNING KEY

ASSEMBLY KEY
FOR MAINTENNCE

THRUST KEY LOWER CASING

HOLD DOWN BOLT

BEARING PEDESTAL

True Centerline Support Typical

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30 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
・ Photo Viewing of the Steam Turbine Components under Manufacturing

Typical

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31 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
LP CASING
Atmospheric relief Steam inlet
diaphragm

Manholes LP outer casing upper

LP inner casing upper

Hand-holes
Steam guide LP inner casing lower

Axial key

LP outer casing lower

Typical

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32 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM
Cutting Knife

A A

Diaphragm
(Copper Plate)
Detail of B

(Copper Plate)

View A-A Typical

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33 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
・ Photo Viewing of the Steam Turbine Components under Manufacturing

RIB Typical

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34 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Casing
・ Photo Viewing of the Steam Turbine Components under Manufacturing

STAY

Typical

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35 秘
 TURBINE ROTOR

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36 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Rotor
TURBINE ROTOR
GENERATOR ROTOR
Typical
Typical COUPLING

SPACER GEAR

LOW PRESSURE ROTOR

COUPLING

HIGH PRESSURE ROTOR

※After blades are measured the weight/moment,

we decide the arrangement of blade.
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37 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Rotor
TURBINE ROTOR DURING MANUFACTURING

Typical

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38 秘
 TURBINE BEARING

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39 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Bearing
BEARINGS
- Arrangement of Bearings and Design Specifications
HP･IP LP

ST#1 ST#2 THRUST ST#3 ST#4

PAD
Type DTP DTP EL EL
TYPE

Outer 25”
Size 16”×9” 16”×10”
Inner 15”
19”×13” 19”×13”

Mounted Front Middle Middle LP CSG LP CSG

on Stand Stand Stand Cone Cone

- DTP: Double Tilting Pad→good stability under light bearing pressure

- EL: Elliptical Type→support large bearing loads

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40 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Bearing
Pad Bearing (HP and IP section)
Bearing Ring OIL DEFLECTOR BEARING RING
ADJUST
Spherical Seat PLATE BUSH

Rotor BEARING RING

DOWEL PINS

BEARING
PAD SHIM
Bearing Oil Flow Direction OIL DRAIN
Pad
OIL FEED
BEARING PAD
ADJUSTING PLATE

Each pad can move smoothly and align with

rotor journal.

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41 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Bearing
Elliptical Bearing

・Self align
・Suitable for LP
Turbine

Spherical seat

Typical
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42 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Bearing
Rotor thrust force is supported by the thrust
THRUST BEARING bearing.

Thrust Each pad can move smoothly and align with

TB Gen side rotor collar.
Force
side

Thrust Casing
Leveling
Plate

PAD Base Ring

Rotor Thrust
Collars

Oil Flow Direction

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43 秘
 TURNING DEVICE

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44 秘
 MAJOR PARTS / Turning Gear
TURNING GEAR
Function
・Turning the rotor at about 3.0 rpm
・Jogging the rotor a small amount for
inspection and installation of balance weight.

Location
The cap mount type turning device is located
between LP turbine and generator pedestal.

- A required driving force can be minimized because of the maximum spacer

gear diameter at the ST/GEN coupling.

- The space around the ST/GEN coupling is more stable as a turning gear
location because it will be the coldest end and the rotor alignment change
is relatively smaller than other spaces.

THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
45 秘
SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENTS

THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
46 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Supervisory & Monitoring Items
KEY PHASER DETECTOR

Typical
THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
47 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Supervisory & Monitoring Items
THRUST POSITION DETECTOR

Typical
THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
48 秘
MAJOR PARTS / Supervisory & Monitoring Items
GROUNDING DEVICE ASSEMBLY

Bracket

Copper
Braid
Spring

Rotation

Typical

THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
49 秘
 END
STEAM TURBINE
MECHANICAL
EQUIPMENTS

THIS DOCUMENT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND IS THE PROPERTY OF TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTION CORPORATION. IT MUST
NOT BE COPIED, LOANED OR TRANSFERRED. NOR MUST THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS BE DISCLOSED TO ANY THIRD PARTY
WITHOUT THEIR WRITTEN PERMISSION. AND PLEASE GET THEM BACK THIS DOCUMENT AFTER YOU HAVE DONE WITH IT.
50 秘