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Lecture 7 Introduction To M Function Programming Examples

The document outlines examples of Matlab programming for image processing tasks. It provides example code for computing the average intensity of an image, extracting a sub-image, swapping color planes, processing individual pixels, and converting an RGB image to grayscale. It discusses using for loops versus vectorization for faster computation and recommends preallocating arrays for improved efficiency. Homework involves writing a function for grayscale image blurring using both vectorization and for loops, comparing the computation speeds.

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Noorullah Shariff
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
73 views

Lecture 7 Introduction To M Function Programming Examples

The document outlines examples of Matlab programming for image processing tasks. It provides example code for computing the average intensity of an image, extracting a sub-image, swapping color planes, processing individual pixels, and converting an RGB image to grayscale. It discusses using for loops versus vectorization for faster computation and recommends preallocating arrays for improved efficiency. Homework involves writing a function for grayscale image blurring using both vectorization and for loops, comparing the computation speeds.

Uploaded by

Noorullah Shariff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Dr.

Qadri Hamarsheh

Outline of the Lecture


 Matlab Programming Examples
 Low-level processing (for loop structure)
 high-level processing (vectorization)
 Interactive I/O

Matlab Programming Examples

Example 7.1:
Write a Matlab function that computes the average intensity of an
image.
The program should produce an error if the input is not a one-or two-
dimensional array.
Hints:
1) 2-D array f can be converted to a column vector v, by letting
v= f ( : )
(The function will be able to work with both vector and image
inputs).
2) To return the size of the longest dimension of an array, we use
length (A).
3) Another way to obtain the number of elements in an array directly
is to use function numel, with syntax:
n= numel (A)

Example 7.1 (Matlab Code)


function av = average (A)
% AVERAGE computes the average value of an array
% AV = AVERAGE (A) computes the Average value
% of input array, A, which must be a 1-D or
% 2-D array
% check the validity of the input
if ndims (A) >2
error ('The dimensions of the input cannot exceed 2.')
end
% compute the Average
av = sum (A(:)) / length (A(:));
% or
% av = sum (A(:)) / numel (A);
% ndims function returns the number of dimensions.

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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh
Example 7.2:
Write an M-function (based on for loop) to extract a rectangular sub
image from an image.
Solution:
The inputs to the function:
 Original image
 The size (number of rows and columns) of the sub image
 Coordinates of the top left comer of the extracted image.
Keep in mind
The image origin in Matlab is at (1,1)

Example 7.2 (Matlab Code)


function s= subim (f, m, n, rx, cy)
% SUBIM Extract a sub image, s, from a
% given image f
% the subimage is of the size m-by-n. and
% the coordinates of its top, left corner are
% (rx, cy).
s = zeros (m, n); % preallocating matrix.
rowhigh = rx + m-1;
colhigh = cy + n-1;
xcount = 0;
for r = rx : rowhigh
xcount = xcount +1;
ycount = 0;
for c= cy: colhigh
ycount = ycount +1;
s (xcount, ycount)= f (r, c);
end
end

Example 7.3: color image planes:


The green and red color planes of image rgbimage.jpg are swapped

Example 7.3 (Matlab Code)


f = imread ('rgbimage.jpg');
red = f (:, :, 1); %red component
g (:, :, 1) = f (:, :, 2);
g (:, :, 2) = red ;
g (:, :, 3) = f (:, :, 3);
imshow (g);

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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh
Example 7.4: individual pixel processing:
The intensity of the red color channel of rgb image.jpg is divided by 2.
(Low-level processing)

Example 7.4 (Matlab Code)


f = imread ('football.jpg');
[M N D] = size (f);
g = uint8 (zeros (M, N, 3));
for x= 1:M
for y= 1:N
g (x, y, 1) = f (x, y, 1)/2;
g (x, y, 2) = f (x, y, 2) ;
g (x, y, 3) = f (x, y, 3);
end ;
end ;
imshow (g);

Example 7.5
The intensity of the red color channel of rgb image.jbg is divided by 2
using high-level processing (array notation--- vectorization)

Example 7.5 (Matlab Code)


f = imread ('football.jpg');
g=f;
g (:, :, 1) = g (:, :, 1) /2 ;
imshow (g);

Comments for examples:


Matlab is a programming language specifically designed for array operations; we can
whenever possible to increase the computational speed (code optimization) using:
1) Vectorizing : simply means converting for and while loops to equivalent vector or
matrix operations, the vectorized code (example 7.5) runs on the order of 30 times
faster than the implementation based on for loops(example 7.4).
2) Preallocating Arrays: to improve code execution time, preallocate the size of the
array used in a program.
>> f = zeros (1024); % reduce memory fragmentation
>> g = zeros (1024);
>> img = unit8 (zeros (512, 1024))
% create a block image with
% width 1024 and height 512 of type unit8
>> img = unit8 (255 * ones (512, 1024)) % white image
>> img = double (ones (512, 1024)) % white image (double).

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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh
Example 7.6
Vectorization of program for extracting sub regions (example 7.2)

Example 7.6 (Matlab Code)


rowhigh = rx + m-1;
colhigh = cy + n-1;
s = f (rx: rowhigh, cy: colhigh);
%where f is the image from which the region is to be extracted.

Example 7.7
Convert the rgb color image football.jpg to a greyscale image:
(Using the method of computing the mean of the three color channels
and then store it in file grayfootball.jpg ;
Using low-level processing (for loop).
Using high-level processing (vectorization).

Example 7.7 (Using low-level processing)


f = imread ('football.jpg');
[M N D] = size (f);
g = unit8 (zeros (M , N));
for x = 1:M
for y = 1:N
% g(x,y) = (f(x,y,1) + f(x,y,2) + f(x,y,3)) / 3 ;
% The line above doesn't work.
% overflow occurs, while processing unit8, because
% the value range in the intermediate results
% are limited to 255
g (x, y) = (f (x,y,1) /3 + f(x,y,2)/3 + f(x,y,3)/3);
end;
end;
imshow (g);
imwrite (g, 'grayfootball.jpg', Quality' , 100) ;
% The quality of the resulting image is set to 100 (no data loss;)
Example 7.7 (Using low-level processing)
f = imread ('football.jpg');
g = unit8 (mean (f, 3));
imshow (g)
imwrite (g, 'grayfootball.jpg' , 'Quality' , 100);

Home work1:
Write an M-function for grayscale image blurring Method (compute the
mean of a 3*3 pixel environment and by setting the resulting center
pixel to this value (mean)). Using the vectorization and for loop
methods. The function also compares the computational speed time
between two methods (use tic and toc Matlab function).
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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh
Interactive I/O
To write interactive M-functions that display information and instructions to users
and accept inputs from the keyboard
 function disp is used to display information on the screen.
Syntax:
disp (argument).
Argument may be:
a) Array :
>> A = [1 2 ; 3 4];
>> disp (A);
b) variable contains string :
>> sc = 'Digital Image processing' ;
>> disp (sc)
c) string:
>> disp ('This is another way to display text')
 function Input: is used for inputting data into an M-function.
Syntax:
I. Form 1
t = input ('message')
• This function outputs the words contained in message and waits for an input from the
user, followed by a return, and stores the input in t.
• The input can be
a) Single number.
b) Character string (single quotes)
c) Vector (enclosed by square brackets)
d) matrix (enclosed by square brackets) and rows separated by semicolons).
II. Form 2
t = input ('message','s')
• Outputs the contents of message and accepts a character string whose elements can be
separated by commas.

 str2num (t) is used to convert strings into numbers of class double.

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