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Math147 - Lecture Notes

This document outlines a Calculus 2 course that covers techniques for evaluating definite and indefinite integrals. The course covers basic integration formulas, integration by substitution, logarithmic and exponential functions, and trigonometric formulas. Specific topics include indefinite integrals, definite integrals, integrals of transcendental functions, integrals of exponential and trigonometric functions, and techniques for evaluating integrals like integration by parts, algebraic substitutions, and trigonometric substitutions. The course also applies integration to find areas, volumes of solids of revolution, arc length, and solving applied problems involving pressure and work.

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Karylle Aquino
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
104 views

Math147 - Lecture Notes

This document outlines a Calculus 2 course that covers techniques for evaluating definite and indefinite integrals. The course covers basic integration formulas, integration by substitution, logarithmic and exponential functions, and trigonometric formulas. Specific topics include indefinite integrals, definite integrals, integrals of transcendental functions, integrals of exponential and trigonometric functions, and techniques for evaluating integrals like integration by parts, algebraic substitutions, and trigonometric substitutions. The course also applies integration to find areas, volumes of solids of revolution, arc length, and solving applied problems involving pressure and work.

Uploaded by

Karylle Aquino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS 2

• Evaluate definite integrals


• Evaluate indefinite integrals using
1. basic integration formulas,
2. simple substitution,
3. logarithmic and exponential functions,
4. basic trigonometric formulas.
TOPICS:
1. Indefinite Integral
1.1 Basic Integration Formula
1.2 Generalized Power Formula
1.3 Integration by Simple Substitution
2. Definite Integral
2.1 Integrals of Odd and Even Functions
2.2 Integration of Absolute Value Functions
Lesson 1
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define and illustrate the anti differentiation
2. Enumerate and illustrate the basic integration formulas for the
power function
3. Evaluate integrals involving power formulas
Basic Concepts
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
• The second part of Calculus
• The branch of Calculus which involved the applications on finding
the area, volume, length of arc of irregular-shaped plane figure,
solving the pressure and work done on liquid and/ or gaseous
substance.
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
ANTI-DERIVATIVE – is the expression obtained when the process of
anti- differentiation is applied
ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION/ INTEGRATION – is the method used in
removing the derivative
THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

•
BASIC THEOREMS

•
FUNDAMENTAL METHODS OF INTEGRATION

•
Evaluate each indefinite integral
•
EXTENSION OF POWER FORMULA
•
Lesson 2
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define and illustrate the definite integral and discuss the
properties
2. Evaluate the definite integral
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

•
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Find the exact value of each integral
•
TOPICS:
1. Integrals Yielding to Natural Logarithmic Functions
2. Integrals of Exponential Functions
3. Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
4. Transformations of Trigonometric Functions
4.1 Powers of Sine and Cosine
4.2 Products of Sine and Cosine
Lesson 3
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define and illustrate the integral of power with negative one
exponent
2. Evaluate integrals of power with negative one exponent
INTEGRATION OF TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
•
Evaluate each integral
•
Lesson 4
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Enumerate and illustrate the formulas for the integration of
exponential functions
2. Evaluate the integral of exponential function
INTEGRALS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
•
Evaluate each integral
•
Lesson 5
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Enumerate and illustrate the basic formulas involving the
different trigonometric functions
2. Evaluate the integrals of trigonometric functions
INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

•
EXTENSION OF INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

•
Evaluate each integral
•
Lesson 6
•
TRANSFORMATION OF POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

•
RULES
•
Evaluate each integral
•
Example 2
•
TOPICS
1. Wallis’ Formula
2. Powers of Tangent/ Cotangent
3. Powers of Tangent Secant/ Cotangent Cosecant
4. Integrals Yielding to Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Lesson 7
•
WALLIS’ FORMULA
•
RULES
•
Evaluate each integral
•
Example
•
Example
•
Lesson 8
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Classify the solutions of integrations of tangent and secant
combined as well as cotangent and cosecant
2. Evaluate the integral of tangent and cotangent as well as the
combined functions of reciprocals
Power Transformation of Tangent/Secant &
Cotangent/Cosecant

•
RULES:

1. m is an odd or even integer.

2. If n is an even integer, m is either even or odd.

3. If n is odd, rational, or negative, m is an odd


Evaluate each integral
•
POWERS OF SECANT AND COSECANT

•
Evaluate the integral
•
•Evaluate integrals
1. yielding inverse trigonometric functions,
2. hyperbolic functions and
3. yielding inverse hyperbolic functions;
•Apply techniques to evaluate integrals by parts; algebraic
substitutions; trigonometric substitutions and reciprocal
substitutions.
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Enumerate and illustrate the integral formulas leading to
inverse trigonometric functions
2. Evaluate integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions
INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
•
STEPS:
•
Evaluate each integral

•
Example 2
•
Example 3
•
TOPICS
1. Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
2. Integrals Yielding to Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
3. Techniques of Integration
3.1 Integration By Parts
3.2 Integration By Algebraic Substitution
3.3 Integration By Trigonometric Substitution
Lesson 10
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define hyperbolic functions and illustrate their properties
2. Enumerate the hyperbolic formulas
3. Evaluate the integral hyperbolic functions
INTEGRALS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIOINS

•
Evaluate each integral
•
Lesson 11
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Enumerate and illustrate the integral formulas leading to
inverse hyperbolic functions
2. Evaluate integrals leading to inverse hyperbolic functions
INTEGRALS YIELDING TO INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
•
Evaluate each integral
•
Lesson 12
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the formula using integration by parts
2. Evaluate integrals through the application of the by parts
formula
TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
•
Evaluate each integral

1. ∫xln2x dx
Example 2
2. ∫xsin2x dx
3.
Continuation
Lesson 13
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Use algebraic substitution to transform integrals readily
integrable by some known process
2. Evaluate integrals using algebraic substitution
INTEGRATION BY ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

•In algebraic substitution, the variable of integration is changed in


order to reduce an integrand to a simple and integrable form.
This is done with substituting the variable of integration using a
function of a new variable.
Evaluate each integral
•
Example
Lesson 14
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the transformations of integrals involving certain sum
or difference of two squares
2. Evaluate integrals involving the sum or the difference of two
squares
INTEGRATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

•
Evaluate each integral
1.
Continuation
Example 2
WEEK 5
TOPICS
1. Half an Angle Substitution
2. Partial Fractions
Lesson 15
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Use special substitutions for the basic trigonometric functions
2. Evaluate integrals using specific substitution of trigonometric
functions
INTEGRATION BY HALF AN ANGLE
SUBSTITUTION
•
Evaluate each integral
•
WEEK 6
TOPICS
Integration of Rational Function by Partial Fraction
1. Linear Factors
2. Repeated Linear Factors
3. Quadratic Factors with Imaginary Roots
4. Repeated Quadratic Factors with Imaginary Roots
Lesson 16
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Classify rational fractions and resolve rational fractions into
sum of proper fractions
2. Evaluate the integration of rational fractions
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

•
Case III and Case IV
•
Evaluate each integral
•
WEEK 7
TOPICS
1. Plane Areas
1.1 Plane Areas Under a Curve
1.2 Plane Areas Between Two Curves
2. Volume with Known Cross Section
•Use integration formulas in finding
1. the area under the curve and between
2. the volume of solids of revolution
3. Length of an arc
4. centroid of the area and solid of revolution
5. solving work and force due to liquid pressure problems
Lesson 17
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Develop a formula for finding the area of a region bounded by
a curve , the x-axis and two ordinates
2. Solve for the area of plane figures by integration
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION
1. Area under a curve – region bounded by the given function,
vertical lines and the x –axis.
2. Area under a curve – region bounded by the given function,
horizontal lines and the y –axis.
3. Area between curves defined by two given functions.
AREA UNDER A CURVE
•
PLANE AREA UNDER A CURVE
PLANE AREA UNDER A CURVE
METHODS OF FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE

I. HORIZONTAL STRIPPINGS II. VERTICAL STRIPPINGS


Find the area under a curve
•
Lesson 18
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. State and discuss the formula for computing the area bounded
by two curves
2. Compute the areas of regions bounded by curves
AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
METHODS OF FINDING THE AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

I. HORIZONTAL STRIPPINGS II. VERTICAL STRIPPINGS


AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
•
Example

1. f(x) = x , from x=-3 to x=1


Example 2
•
Solution
•
WEEK 9
TOPICS
1. Volume of Revolution
1.1 Disk Method
1.2 Ring Method
1.3 Cylindrical Shell Method
2. Centroid
Lesson 19
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the method for computing the volumes of solid of
revolution using the disk
2. Compute volumes of revolution using disk method
VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION

SOLID OF REVOLUTION – a solid formed when a plane area


bounded by the given curves is rotated about an axis of rotation.
AXIS OF ROTATION – is a line where the region bounded by the
curves is about to rotate.
METHODS OF FINDING THE VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION
1. WASHER METHOD
2. RING METHOD
3. CYLINDRICAL METHOD
DISK METHOD
Washer/ Disk Method- used when the region is attached to the
axis of rotation
Example
•
Example
•
Lesson 20
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the formulas for volume of solid of revolution using
the ring
2. Find volumes of solid of revolution using the ring method
RING METHOD
•
Example
•
Lesson 21
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss and compare the shell method from the disk and ring
2. Compute volumes of solids of revolutions using the shell
method
CYLINDRICAL SHELL METHOD
•
Example
•
Lesson 22
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Define and differentiate centroids
2. Compute centroids of a system of particles
CENTROID
Centroid
COORDINATES OF CENTROID
Example
WEEK 9
TOPICS
1. Centroid of Revolution
2. Length of an Arc
3. Pappus’s Theorem
Lesson 23
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the method for computing centroids of revolution
2. Compute centroids of solids of revolution
CENTROID OF REVOLUTION
Lesson 24
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the formula for computing the lengths of curves
2. Compute the lengths of curves by integration
LENGTH OF AN ARC
Example 1
Example 2
Lesson 25
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. State and give the significance of the Pappus Theorem
2. Solve for the volume of solid of revolution and centroids of
area using the Pappus Theorem
PAPPUS’S THEOREM
PAPPUS’S THEOREM SURFACE AREA
PAPPUS’S THEOREM VOLUME
WEEK 10
TOPICS
1. Force due to Liquid Pressure
2. Work
2.1 Work done on Spring
2.2 Work done in Pumping In/Out a Liquid
Lesson 26
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Discuss the formula pertaining work
2. Solve problems involving work
WORK
Example 1
•
Example 2
•
Lesson 27
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
1. Illustrate the theorem on force in a submerged plane area
2. Solve by integration the force exerted on a plane area
FORCE DUE TO LIQUID PRESSURE
In a fluid that is standing still, the pressure p at depth h is the
fluid's weight-density w times h: p = wh. If the fluid is pressing
against a horizontal base of a vat, then the total force exerted by
the fluid against the base is F = pressure * area = whA. If we
would like to determine the force exerted by a fluid against one
side of a vertical plate submerged in the fluid, then we would
have to use the variable-depth formula.
FINDING FORCE DUE TO LIQUID PRESSURE
•
Example
•
References
1. The Calculus 7, by Leithold
2. INTEGRAL CALCULUS, By Dr. Sergio Ymas

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