Testing Transformer Differential

Protection
Practical Example of Use
Testing Transformer Differential Protection

Test Universe 3.00 - Manual Version: Expl_TDiffProt.ENU.2 - Year 2015

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Page 2
Content

Preface ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Application Example ............................................................................................................................ 5
2 Theoretical Introduction to Transformer Differential Protection ..................................................... 7
2.1 Protection Principle ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Operating Characteristic ................................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Zero Sequence Elimination ......................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Transformer Inrush ...................................................................................................................... 13
3 Practical Introduction to Transformer Differential Protection Testing ......................................... 15
3.1 Defining the Test Object .............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.1 Device Settings ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Defining the Differential Protection Parameters .............................................................................. 17
3.2 Global Hardware Configuration of the CMC Test Set ................................................................. 25
3.2.1 Example Output Configuration for Differential Protection Relays .................................................... 25
3.2.2 Analog Outputs ............................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.3 Binary Inputs ................................................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Local Hardware Configuration for Differential Protection Testing ............................................... 27
3.3.1 Analog Outputs ............................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.2 Binary Inputs ................................................................................................................................... 27
3.4 Defining the Test Configuration ................................................................................................... 28
3.4.1 General Approach ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.4.2 Configuration Test........................................................................................................................... 29
3.4.3 Operating Characteristic Test ......................................................................................................... 32
3.4.4 Trip Times Test ............................................................................................................................... 35
3.4.5 Inrush Blocking Test ....................................................................................................................... 38
3.4.6 Testing Three-Winding Transformer Differential Protection ............................................................ 41
Support....................................................................................................................................................... 42

Please use this note only in combination with the related product manual which contains several important safety
instructions. The user is responsible for every application that makes use of an OMICRON product.

Page 3
Preface
This paper describes how to test the transformer differential protection function. It contains an application
example which will be used throughout the paper. The theoretical background of transformer differential
protection will be explained. This paper also covers the definition of the necessary Test Object settings as
well as the Hardware Configuration for these tests. Finally the Advanced Differential test modules are used
to perform the tests which are needed for this protection function.

Supplements: Sample Control Center file Example_AdvDifferential_Transformer.occ

(referred to in this document).

Requirements: Test Universe 3.00 or later; Advanced Differential and Control Center licenses.

Note: The description of the Differential test module is not a part of this document.

Page 4
1 Application Example
220 kV

400/1

Protection functions

(87) Differential Protection

(50/51) Definite Time Overcurrent Protection

Transformer Differential Relay

600/1

110 kV
Figure 1: Feeder connection diagram of the application example

Page 5
Parameter Name Parameter Value Notes
Frequency 50 Hz
160 MVA Rated power
Rated voltage, Side 1 (used for the calculation of the
231 kV
transformation ratio of the transformer)
Transformer data
Rated voltage, Side 2 (used for the calculation of the
115.5 kV
transformation ratio of the transformer)
Yyn0 Vector group
400 A / 1 A CT ratio, Side 1
CT data
600 A / 1 A CT ratio, Side 2
Idiff>, Pick-up value of the differential protection (Iref is a
reference current which can be obtained from the relay
0.25 Iref
manual. In this case it is the rated current of the
transformer)
Idiff>>, Second element of the differential protection
Differential characteristic 6.0 Iref
(there is no stabilization above this value)
settings
0.3 Slope 1 of the differential characteristic
0.7 Slope 2 of the differential characteristic
Bias current where the first slope ends and the second
4.0 Iref
slope begins.
Harmonic restraint 2nd harmonic restraint value (relative to the fundamental
20% Idiff
settings frequency differential current)
Table 1: Relay parameters for this example

Note: Testing of the Restricted Earth Fault protection function, Thermal Overload protection function,
etc. is not part of this document.

Page 6
2 Theoretical Introduction to Transformer Differential Protection

2.1 Protection Principle

The most important components in a power transmission and distribution system are the transformers, the
generators and the busbars. Usually differential relays are applied as their main protection against short-
circuit faults within the protected area.

The current differential principle is based on Kirchhoff’s law, i.e. the sum of the currents flowing into a
conducting network is zero.

I load side 1 I load side 2

Protected
Object

Side 1 Side 2

1A 0° 1A 180°
Ph A
1A -120° Protected 1A 60°
Ph B
Object
1A 120° 1A -60°
Ph C

Protected Zone

Figure 2: Protection principle of the transformer differential protection

This principle applies to each phase separately. Therefore, the following equation can be calculated for each
phase.

∑I
i =1
i = I1 + I 2 +  + I n = 0

During a fault in the protected zone, a current will flow from one phase to another phase or to ground. In this
case the sum of the measured currents in at least one phase is not zero. Therefore, the relay can detect the
fault.

However, this is only valid if all CT ratios are the same and if the current is not transformed within the
protected object. The transformation ratio and the vector group of a transformer, as well as the CT ratios and
the positions of the CT star-points, will cause problems with the calculation of the current sums. Numerical
differential relays can calculate these effects and, therefore, compensate for their influence. For
electromechanical differential relays, interposing transformers have to be used instead.

Note: The following parts of this document will only focus on transformer differential protection.

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2.2 Operating Characteristic
If the transformer is equipped with an on-load tap changer (OLTC), its transformation ratio varies over the
tapping range. This changes the ratio of the currents on side 1 and side 2 and thus produces a spill
(out-of-balance) current in the relay. Some other effects, such as the current transformer accuracy (including
CT saturation), the magnetization of the transformer, etc., also add to this spill current.

The magnitude of the spill current increases as the load on the transformer increases. The differential relay,
however, must not operate in this case. The corresponding solution and further sources for spill currents will
be dealt with in the following sections.

Idiff = ISide 1 - ISide 2 Sum

Current
Transformer

Tap changer /
Leakage

Magnetization

Iload

Figure 3: Natural error currents of the transformer

In Figure 3 it can be seen that the magnitude of the spill current (Sum) depends on the transformer load
current. To compensate for these error currents, the differential protection must be provided with a bias
element. This bias element depends on the current flowing through the transformer which, under normal
conditions, is the load current.

Note: The calculation method of the bias current depends on the relay manufacturer (see Table 2).

Calculation Method Manufacturer Notes

*) = only valid for two-winding
(ISide 1 − ISide 2 ) K1 AEG/ALSTOM/AREVA *), (K1 = 2), e.g. PQ7x, P6x
Various conventional (electromechanical) relays
transformers, for three-winding
transformers see below
SIEMENS (K1=1), e.g. 7UT5x/7UT6x
*) = only valid for three-winding
(I Side 1 + ISide 2 ) / K1 GEC (K1=1), e.g. series KBCH
SEL (k1=2), e.g. SEL5
transformers, for two-winding
transformers see above
AEG/ALSTOM/AREVA *), (K1 = 2)

min ( ISide 1 , ISide 2 ) SEG/Woodward;

conventional (electromechanical) relays

max ( ISide 1 , ISide 2 ) Elin/VATECH, e.g. DRS

GE Multilin SR745

ISide 1 ⋅ ISide 2 ⋅ cos α ABB

Table 2: Selection of different calculation methods for the bias current (depending on the relay manufacturers); The currents are scaled
to the nominal current of the transformer

Page 8
With this value the construction of an operating characteristic is possible.

Idiff
ID>> Characteristic
Sum

Tripping
Blocking Current
Transformer

Tap changer /
Leakage

ID>
Magnetization

Ibias

Figure 4: Operating characteristic of a transformer differential protection device

As shown in Figure 4, the operating characteristic has to cover the spill currents during normal conditions,
thus enabling the device to determine between blocking and operating. The design of the operating
characteristic (number of line segments, slope, etc.) differs widely between manufacturers and relay types.
For the following example, the AREVA P633 is used. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the parameters and the
tripping characteristic of the P633.

Figure 5: Relay settings for the differential operating characteristic (AREVA P633)

Idiff

Idiff>>> = 6
(072.144)

6)
2.14
(07
= 0.7
m2
e)
alu
dv
fixe
2(

45)
72.1
m=

0.3 (0
m1 =
Idiff> = 0.25
(072.142)
IR,m2 = 4 (072.147) Ibias

Figure 6: Operating Characteristic for the AREVA P633

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Figure 7 and Figure 8 show the settings and the operating characteristic of the Schweitzer SEL-387 for
comparison.

Figure 7: Relay settings for the operating characteristic (SEL-387)

Idiff

U87P = 6

0%
2 =7
SLP

0%
1=3
SLP
O87P = 0.25

IRS1 = 4 Ibias

Figure 8: Operating characteristic for the SEL-387

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2.3 Zero Sequence Elimination
External phase-to-phase or three-phase faults cannot cause differential currents. This is not the case,
however, with external phase-to-ground faults at a winding with a grounded star-point.

I Side 1 I Side 2

 2 ⋅ Inom   −3 ⋅ Inom 
I Side 1 =  −1⋅ Inom  I Side 2 =  0 
 −1⋅ Inom   0 

 2 ⋅ Inom   −3 ⋅ Inom  1⋅ Inom 

IDiff = I Side 1 + I Side 2 =  −1⋅ Inom  +  0  = 1⋅ Inom 
 −1⋅ Inom   0  1⋅ Inom 

Figure 9: Differential currents due to an external phase-to-earth fault

The fault current on the grounded side (side 2) will lead to a current in the faulty phase on the non-grounded
side (side 1) as shown in Figure 9. As the star-point of side 1 is not grounded, the current of the faulty phase
splits in to the non-faulty phases. The zero sequence current of side 2 will be compensated in the delta
winding. The fact that side 2 has a zero sequence current and side 1 does not have one causes a differential
current. This differential current, during external phase-to-ground faults, may lead to an unwanted operation
of the protection relay. Therefore, the zero-sequence must be eliminated from the currents seen by the relay.

Note: The way the elimination is achieved differs between conventional and numerical relays. The
following discussion is only valid for numerical relays.

Zero-sequence current elimination methods for

numerical relays

Arithmetical Via measurement

Side 1 Side 2
Internal correction of the currents
by means of mathematical models

Disadvantage: like
electromechanical relays with YdY-
interposing current transformers the
sensitivity for phase-to-ground Differential Relay
faults is reduced by 1/3

Figure 10: Methods of zero-sequence current elimination (numerical relay)

Page 11
Note: This document only focuses on the arithmetical method. The activation logic of which depends
on the manufacturer. Figure 11 shows an example of these settings.

Figure 11: Relay settings for the activation of the arithmetical methods of Zero-sequence current elimination (AREVA P633)

1. The arithmetical method of zero-sequence elimination is activated for side 2 (the 110-kV-side, see
Table 1)

Figure 12 shows the calculation of the zero sequence elimination with the fault currents from Figure 9.

Phase Currents:

 2 ⋅ Inom   −3 ⋅ Inom 
I Side 1 =  −1⋅ Inom  I Side 2 =  0 
 −1⋅ Inom   0 

Zero Sequence Elimination for Side 2:

1 1
I 0 Side 2 = I A + I B + I C  = [ −3 ⋅ Inom + 0 + 0] =−1⋅ Inom
3 3

 −3 ⋅ Inom   −1⋅ Inom   −2 ⋅ Inom 

I′  0  −  −1⋅ I =  1⋅ I 
Side 2= I Side 2 − I 0 Side 2=
   nom   nom 

 0   −1⋅ Inom   1⋅ Inom 

Differential and Bias Currents after Zero Sequence Elimination:

 2 ⋅ Inom   −2 ⋅ Inom  0 
IDiff = I Side 1 + I′ Side 2 =  −1⋅ Inom  +  1⋅ Inom  = 0 
 −1⋅ Inom   1⋅ Inom  0 

  2 ⋅ Inom   −2 ⋅ Inom   2 ⋅ Inom 

I Side 1 + I ′Side 2 1   −1⋅ I  +  1⋅ I   1⋅ I 
IBias = = ⋅ nom   =
2   nom    nom 
2
 −1⋅ Inom   1⋅ Inom    1⋅ Inom 

Figure 12: Arithmetical zero sequence elimination

With the arithmetic zero-sequence current elimination, there is an “error” based on the correction formula
which influences the bias currents displayed in the relay. Therefore, the relay will also measure bias currents
in the non-faulty phases. The same effect occurs when using interposing transformers.

Page 12
2.4 Transformer Inrush
Inrush is a phenomenon which commonly takes place directly after a transformer is energized, due to
saturation of its magnetic core. This saturation causes high power losses which lead to high currents. As
they only flow on one side of the transformer, the relay will interpret them as differential currents, which will
lead to an unwanted trip, if the relay is not stabilized against inrushes. The three phase currents during an
inrush are shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Transient record of a transformer inrush

This inrush current has a unique wave form which is characterized by a high percentage of even harmonics
– especially of the second and fourth harmonic. There are different ways of stabilizing a relay against inrush
currents, which use frequency analysis or time signal analysis. The most common methods are described in
the following section.

> Harmonic Blocking: Whenever the percentage of the second harmonic current exceeds the
setting value, the relay will block as shown in Figure 14.

Idiff

Tripping Blocking

ID>

Harmonic Blocking
Setting I2. Harmonic

Figure 14: Harmonic blocking scheme

Page 13
> Harmonic Restraint: The second and fourth harmonic currents will be added to the bias current.
Figure 15 shows that the increased bias current will prevent the relay from
tripping during inrushes.

Idiff

Tripping

Bias Current without

Harmonics

Bias Current with

Harmonics

ID> Blocking

Ibias

Figure 15: Differential protection operating characteristic with harmonic restraint

> Wave form analysis: Numerical time domain analysis of the transient current signal is used to
recognize wave shapes which are typical for transformer inrushes.

During the inrush, the magnitudes of the currents are different in each phase. In some phases the harmonic
currents may be just enough to block the relay whereas in the remaining phases it may be just insufficient
enough. These non-blocked phases will cause an unwanted operation. To prevent this unwanted operation
the relay can use cross-blocking. This function blocks the trip in all phases if one phase detects an inrush.

The AREVA P633 uses harmonic blocking to prevent unwanted operations during transformer inrush
occurrences. Its harmonic blocking characteristic is displayed in Figure 16. It shows that, in addition to the
characteristic in Figure 14, the blocking is stopped when the differential current exceeds the Idiff>> setting.

Idiff

Idiff>>
(072.142)

Tripping Blocking
Idiff>
(072.143)

RushI(2f0)/I(f0)
I2. Harmonic
(072.159)

Figure 16: Inrush blocking characteristic of the AREVA P633

Page 14
3 Practical Introduction to Transformer Differential Protection Testing
The Advanced Differential test modules are designed for testing any kind of three-phase current differential
protection functions, for assets such as transformers, motors, generators, busbars, lines and cables. These
test modules are:

> The Diff Configuration module for testing the configuration of the differential protection which
consists of the wiring and the relay parameters such as transformer data, CT data and zero
sequence elimination.
> The Diff Operating Characteristic module for testing the operating characteristic of the differential
protection.
> The Diff Trip Time Characteristic module for testing the trip times of the differential protection.
> The Diff Harmonic Restraint module for testing the blocking of the differential trip due to current
harmonics.

These test modules can be found on the Start Page of the OMICRON Test Universe. They can also be
inserted into an OCC File (Control Center document).

Test Module on Control Center’s Insert tab

Page 15
3.1 Defining the Test Object
Before testing can begin, the settings of the relay to be tested must be defined. In order to do that, the
Test Object has to be opened by double-clicking the Test Object in the OCC file or by clicking the
Test Object button in the test module.

3.1.1 Device Settings

General relay settings (for example, relay type, relay ID, substation details) are entered in the RIO function
Device. The CT data is not entered in this RIO function. It will be entered in the RIO function Differential
(see chapter 3.1.2).

Note: The parameters V max and I max limit the output of the currents and voltages to prevent
damage to the device under test. These values must be adapted to the respective
Hardware Configuration when connecting the outputs in parallel or when using an amplifier.
The user should consult the manual of the device under test to make sure that its input rating
will not be exceeded.

Page 16
3.1.2 Defining the Differential Protection Parameters
More specific data concerning the transformer differential relay can be entered in the RIO function
Differential. This includes the transformer data, the CT data, general relay settings, the operating
characteristic, as well as the harmonic restraint definition.

Note: Once an Advanced Differential test module is inserted, this RIO function is available.

Page 17
Protected Object

Here you define the primary equipment that is protected by the relay.

1. As a transformer differential protection is to be tested, select Transformer.

2. The names of the transformer windings can be entered here. They can be chosen freely and once they
are set, they will appear in the respective test modules.
3. Here, enter the transformer data. For each winding, the nominal voltage and the nominal power have to
be defined. Also, the vector group of the transformer must be entered. For each Y winding the star-point
grounding can be defined. This setting has influence on the currents during single-phase faults.

Note: If the nominal power of the different transformer windings is not equal, the reference winding of the
relay must be entered in the first column.

4. The nominal current of each winding is calculated automatically. It can be used to check if the
transformer settings have been entered correctly.

Page 18
CT

Here you enter the data of the current transformers.

1. Enter the nominal currents of the CTs here.

2. Here, select the CT star-point direction according to the wiring of the CTs.

Towards Protected Object Towards Line

Relay Relay

Relay Relay

Figure 17: Definition of the CT star-point direction

Page 19
Protection Device
Here you enter the basic settings of the protection device.

4
1

5
2
3

6 7

1. Select the calculation method of the bias current. This method depends on the relay type and Table 2
shows some examples of how to set these parameters. Select No combined characteristic if the relay
uses only the phase with the highest current magnitude for the differential and bias current calculation.
For the AREVA P633 this option remains cleared as the relay calculates these currents in all three
phases simultaneously.
2. Test Max: is the test shot time if the relay does not trip. It should be set higher than the expected relay
trip time but shorter than possible trip times of additional protection functions (for example, overcurrent
protection). Since a differential relay typically trips instantaneously this time can be set quite low in this
case (for example, 0.2 s) to speed up the test.
3. The Delay Time defines the pause between two test shots and during this time no currents will be
generated. Therefore, this time may be increased to prevent overheating of electromechanical relays.
4. As all differential current settings are entered relative to the nominal current, this current has to be
defined. With the settings Reference Winding and Reference Current, the nominal current which will be
used as the reference current can be selected. In this example the reference current is the nominal
current of the transformer on side 1.
5. As described in chapter 2.3, the Zero Sequence Elimination has an influence on the currents during
phase-to-ground faults. Select IL - I0, if the relay uses numerical zero sequence elimination.
6. The setting Idiff> defines the pick-up of the differential protection function. The relay will not trip if the
differential current does not exceed this setting. Idiff>> defines the high differential current element. If the
differential current exceeds this value the relay will always trip. Figure 4 shows the tripping characteristic
with these settings as defined in the Test Object and Figure 6 shows the corresponding relay settings of
the AREVA P633. The relay setting Idiff>> of the P633 corresponds to the harmonic blocking whereas
the relay setting Idiff>>> corresponds to the Test Object parameter Idiff>>.
7. The time settings tdiff> and tdiff>> define the trip times of the differential elements.
8. The current and time tolerances can be obtained from the relay manual.

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Characteristic Definition

The operating characteristic of the relay can be defined in this tab. The line segments of this characteristic
are set by entering their corner points. The necessary steps to enter an operating characteristic are shown
below with the example settings of Table 1:

1. When opening the tab for the first time it will show a default operating characteristic. Click Remove All to
clear the default line segment.
2. The corner points of the characteristic have to be calculated now. For this it is advantageous to visualize
the characteristic and its corner points first (Figure 18).

Idiff

Idiff>>> = 6
(072.144) P3

)
46
72.1
(0
= 0.7
m2
e)
alu
dv
fixe
2(

) P2
.145
(072
m=

0.3
m1 =
Idiff> = 0.25
(072.142) P1

IR,m2 = 4 (072.147) Ibias

Figure 18: Operating Characteristic for the AREVA P633 with corner points

3. Set up equations for the line segments including fixed lines. Unknown parameters are replaced by
variables like a, b, c etc.:
I : Idiff = 2 ⋅ Ibias Fixed line from (0/0) to P1
II : Idiff = 0.3 ⋅ Ibias + a Segment 1 from P1 to P2
III : Idiff = 0.7 ⋅ Ibias + b Segment 2 from P2 to P3
4. Calculate the corner points of the characteristic and the unknown parameters:
• P1: Use Idiff> in equation I to get Ibias of P1.
0.25= 2 ⋅ Ibias
Ibias = 0.125
P1 = (0.125 / 0.25)
• a: Use P1 in equation II to get the variable a.
0.25 = 0.3 ⋅ 0.125 + a
a = 0.25 − 0.3 ⋅ 0.125 = 0.2125
• P2: Use IR,m2 in equation II to get Idiff of P2
Idiff = 0.3 ⋅ 4 + 0.2125= 1.41
P2 = (4 / 1.41)
• b: Use P2 in equation III to get the variable b.
1.41= 0.7 ⋅ 4 + b
b=1.41 − 0.7 ⋅ 4 =−1.39

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 • P3: Use Idiff>> in equation III to get Ibias of P3.
6 = 0.7 ⋅ Ibias − 1.39
= 0.7 ⋅ Ibias
7.39
Ibias = 10.56
P3 = (10.56 / 6)

5. Enter the calculated points as the start and end points of the line segments:
• Enter the values of P1 at the Start point: and the values of P2 at the End point: and click Add to
define the first line segment. The slope can be used to check if the settings have been entered
correctly:

Page 22
 • Enter the values of P2 at the Start point: and the values of P3 at the End point: and click Add to
define the second line segment. The slope can be used to check if the settings have been entered
correctly:

Note: It is not necessary to define the horizontal line segments represented by Idiff> and Idiff>>.
These values will be added to the resulting operating characteristic automatically.

A Protection Testing Library (PTL) can be found on the OMICRON homepage. It contains relay
specific test files where these calculations are already implemented.

Page 23
Harmonic

In this tab the harmonic blocking characteristic can be entered.

1
3
2

1. Select the number of the harmonic that blocks the differential protection. After applying the settings to
one harmonic, the other harmonics can subsequently be adjusted.
2. Enter the tolerances as specified in the relay manual.
3. Enter the harmonic blocking threshold value and click Update, if the harmonic blocking scheme is a
straight vertical line from Idiff> to Idiff>> (Test Object parameters).
4. Otherwise a characteristic can be created by entering line segments with start and end points. This works
in the same way as it was shown with the operating characteristic.

Page 24
3.2 Global Hardware Configuration of the CMC Test Set
The global Hardware Configuration specifies the general input/output configuration of the CMC test set. It
is valid for all subsequent test modules and, therefore, it has to be defined according to the relay’s
connections. It can be opened by double clicking the Hardware Configuration entry in the OCC file.

3.2.1 Example Output Configuration for Differential Protection Relays

ISide 1 A ISide 1 C

ISide 1 B ISide 1 N

ISide 2 B ISide 2 N

ISide 2 A ISide 2 C

Figure 19: Wiring of the analog outputs of the CMC test set.

Page 25
3.2.2 Analog Outputs

The analog outputs, binary inputs and outputs can all be activated individually in the local Hardware
Configuration of the specific test module (see chapter 3.3).

3.2.3 Binary Inputs

1. If the relay uses multiple commands to trip the circuit breakers of the transformer, all trip contacts have to
be connected to a binary input. The binary inputs 1 to 10 can be used.
2. For wet contacts adapt the nominal voltages of the binary inputs to the voltage of the circuit breaker trip
command or select Potential Free for dry contacts.
3. The binary outputs and analog inputs etc. will not be used for the following tests.
Trip Side 1
Trip Side 2

Figure 20: Wiring of the binary inputs of the CMC test set.

Page 26
3.3 Local Hardware Configuration for Differential Protection Testing
The local Hardware Configuration activates the outputs/inputs of the CMC test set for the selected
test module. Therefore, define it separately for each individual test module. Click Hardware
Configuration on the Home tab.

3.3.1 Analog Outputs

3.3.2 Binary Inputs

Page 27
3.4 Defining the Test Configuration
3.4.1 General Approach
When testing the differential protection, the following steps are recommended:

> Configuration Test: Testing the wiring and the configuration parameters of the differential protection
including transformer data, CT data and zero sequence elimination.
> Operating Characteristic Test: Verifying the position of all operating characteristic line segments.
> Trip Times Test: Verifying the trip times of the differential protection elements.
> Inrush Blocking Test: Verifying the inrush blocking characteristic.

These tests can be performed with the advanced differential test modules:
> Diff Configuration
> Diff Operating Characteristic
> Diff Trip Time Characteristic
> Diff Harmonic Restraint

Page 28
3.4.2 Configuration Test
Differential protection relays are usually set to be very sensitive. Therefore, even small differential currents
will lead to a trip. If the wiring is incorrect or if parameters such as the nominal voltages, the zero sequence
elimination, the CT ratios or the CT star-point directions are not set correctly, currents flowing through the
protected area may lead to an unwanted operation. The configuration test simulates external faults with fault
currents flowing through the protected area. During these faults the relay must not trip and therefore, this
test confirms that the wiring, as well as the above mentioned parameters, are correct.

General

General settings of the test are entered in this tab.

1. This setting defines on which side of the transformer the

fault and the source should be located for the fault
1 simulation.
2. The test time should be set long enough to allow the
measured currents from the relay to be read.
3. These settings define if the CMC should generate
voltages and whether the test should be time
2 synchronized via GPS or IRIG-B. In this example neither
of these will be necessary.
3 4. The Trigger Logic has to be defined according to the relay
configuration.

Note: If the relay uses multiple trip contacts, they should

be linked with OR. This way the test will be assessed as
4 failed if any of the trip contacts are triggered.

Page 29
Test Data

In this tab the test points can be entered.

2
1

1. Enter the test current and click Add to set a test point. The test current will be relative to the nominal
current of the fault side.
2. The new test point appears in the test point list.
3. Here you define the Fault Type.

Note: Only one fault type can be set per test module. Add more test modules to the OCC file, if multiple
fault types are to be tested.

4. The current outputs of the CMC are shown in the single line view.

Page 30
Test

This tab is used to assess and document the test.

1. Define whether you want to enter the measured

phase currents or the calculated differential and
1 bias currents. For most of the digital differential
relays the option Idiff and Ibias is the easiest way
to assess the relay behavior.
2. Start the test by clicking the Start/continue test
2 button on the toolbar.
This activates the input fields for the measured
currents. Now the measured currents can be read
from the relay and entered here. It should be kept
in mind that the current output will be stopped after
the test time is elapsed.
3. Here, the test current and the test status are
displayed.
3 4 4. Here, you can assess the test manually. If a trip
occurs during the test time, the test will
automatically be assessed as failed.

Note: To test the numerical zero sequence elimination, it is recommended that at least one phase-to-
ground fault is placed at the grounded side of the transformer.

In order to assess the test, the differential and bias currents that should be measured by the
relay must be calculated. The necessary formulae can be obtained from the relay manual. If
these theoretically calculated currents match the currents read out from the relay, the test can
be assessed as passed. During the test the differential current must be zero in each phase.

Page 31
3.4.3 Operating Characteristic Test
This test confirms the operating characteristic of the differential relay. Test shots are placed in the operating
characteristic diagram and if they are above the operating characteristic, the relay must trip. If they are below
the characteristic the relay must not trip.

General

General settings of the test are entered in this tab.

1. If this option remains unselected, a

search test will only search within the
specified tolerances.
1 If, however, this option is selected, the
search test will also search outside of the
tolerance band. In this case the test will
always be assessed as passed.
2. A pre-fault current can be applied before
2
each test shot.
3. This setting activates a voltage output
during the test. In this example it is not
3 necessary to select the voltage output.
4. Select this option if the test should be
time synchronized via GPS or IRIG-B.
5. For the operating characteristic test, the
4 Trigger Logic has to be defined according
to the relay configuration.

Note: If the relay uses multiple trip

5 contacts, they should be linked with AND.
This way a test shot will only be assessed
as tripped if all of the trip contacts are
triggered.

Page 32
Shot Test

With the shot test, test shots can be placed in the operating characteristic diagram. To do so, click the
operating characteristic diagram, then click Add to set the previously clicked test shot. Alternatively, set the
test shots by entering the currents Idiff and Ibias manually.

To test the operating characteristic, test shots can be placed above and below the operating characteristic
outside the tolerance band. In order to confirm that the operating characteristic is within the specified
tolerances, it is recommended that test shot pairs are placed close to the boundary of the tolerance band.

Page 33
Search Test

With the search test, vertical search lines can be added by clicking the operating characteristic diagram and
then clicking Add or by manually entering the current Ibias of the search line. The test module will
automatically place test shots along this line to search for the exact position of the operating characteristic.

With the search test, the exact position of the operating characteristic can be found, whereas with the shot
test, it can be quickly confirmed whether the operating characteristic is within the specified tolerance band.

Note: It is not possible to do a shot test and a search test in the same test module. Remove all test
shots before adding search lines or vice versa.

Only one fault type can be set per test module. If multiple fault types are to be tested, add more
test modules to the OCC file.

When testing the operating characteristic it is recommended that each line segment is tested at
two different positions (if possible). These test positions should not be too close to each other
and also not too close to the corner points of the operating characteristic. This ensures that the
characteristic settings are assessed properly.

Page 34
3.4.4 Trip Times Test
This test confirms the trip times of the differential protection function. Therefore, test shots with different
differential currents are applied to measure the corresponding trip times.

Factors

1. Select Use evaluation factors to overwrite the

test object tolerances. The new tolerances can be
1 entered below as Diff Current Factors and
Diff Time Factors. In this example it is not
necessary to select this function.

2. Voltage Output
This setting activates a voltage output during the
test. In this example it is not necessary to select the
voltage output.

Page 35
General

2 2

1. A pre-fault current can be applied before each test shot.

2. This setting defines the slope of the test line. The resulting test line is also shown in the operating
characteristic diagram. All the test shots in this test module will be placed on this line. Therefore, it is
advantageous to have not more than one intersection with the operating characteristic. For the majority of
differential relays this setting can remain at the default value.
3. For the trip times test, the Trigger Logic has to be defined according to the relay configuration.

Note: If the relay uses multiple trip contacts, they should be linked with AND. This way a test shot will
only be assessed as tripped if all of the trip contacts are triggered.

Page 36
Test

In the test tab the test shots are defined. To place a new test shot, either click on the trip time test plane (1)
or enter the differential current manually (2) and then click Add.

Note: Only one fault type can be set per test module. If multiple fault types are to be tested, add more
test modules to the OCC file.

In order to test the trip time settings of the relay, it is recommended that one test shot is placed
above Idiff> and one above Idiff>> (Test Object parameters). This ensures that the trip times
corresponding to each differential current element are tested.

Page 37
3.4.5 Inrush Blocking Test
This test confirms the operation of the inrush blocking function. The test module generates differential
currents which contain harmonics which allows the inrush blocking characteristic to be tested.

General

1. Select this option to apply a post-fault after each

test shot. During the post-fault period, only
fundamental frequency currents without
harmonics will be generated.
1
Note: If the relay trips during the post-fault, the
2 test will be assessed as passed.

2. This setting activates a voltage output during

3 the test. In this example it is not necessary to
select this function.
3. For the inrush blocking test, the Trigger Logic
has to be defined according to the relay
configuration.

Note: If the relay uses multiple trip contacts,

they should be linked with OR. This way a test
shot will only be assessed as blocked if none of
the trip contacts are triggered.

Page 38
Shot Test

4 3

The shot test applies test shots to the harmonic restraint test plane. This plane shows the harmonic blocking
characteristic with the differential current and the percentage of the harmonic current.

1. To set a new test shot click the test plane and then click Add.
2. Enter the differential current and the harmonic percentage. Then click Add to define the test shot.
3. Use the option Harmonic to define the number of the harmonic to be tested. For the inrush blocking of
this example, this will be the second harmonic.
4. Here you define the Test Phase.

Note: Only one test phase can be set per test module. If different phases are to be tested, add more test
modules to the OCC file.

Page 39
Search Test

5 3

The search applies test shots along horizontal search lines in order to determine the harmonic blocking
characteristic.

1. To apply search lines, click into the characteristic, then click Add.
2. Alternatively, enter the differential current of the search line manually, then click Add.
3. Use the option Harmonic to define the number of the harmonic to be tested. For the inrush blocking of
this example, this will be the second harmonic.
4. If the option Ignore Nominal Characteristic remains cleared, a search test will only search within the
specified tolerances.
If the option Ignore Nominal Characteristic is selected, the search test will also search outside the
tolerance band. In this case the test will always be assessed as passed.
5. Here you define the Test Phase.

Note: Only one test phase can be set per test module. If different phases are to be tested, add more test
modules to the OCC file.

Note: It is not possible to do a shot test and a search test in the same test module. Remove all test
shots before adding search lines or vice versa.

When testing the operating characteristic, it is recommended that the characteristic is tested
outside the tolerance band just above Idiff> and just below Idiff>> (or at any other parameter
that limits the harmonic blocking).

Page 40
3.4.6 Testing Three-Winding Transformer Differential Protection
A test for three-winding transformer differential protection devices uses the same basic steps as the test for
two-winding transformer differential protection devices.

Note: For most three-winding transformer differential relays, it is sufficient to perform the trip times
test and the inrush blocking test once. However, the stability test and the operating
characteristic test must cover each winding of the transformer.

Side 1 to Side 2:
> Stability Test
> Operating Characteristic Test
> Trip Times Test
> Inrush Blocking Test

Side 1 to Side 3:
> Stability Test
> Operating Characteristic Test

Note: To test from Side 1 to Side 3 the relay has to be rewired. Additionally, the global Hardware
Configuration and the local Hardware Configurations of each test module have to be adapted.

Feedback regarding this application is welcome by email at TU-feedback@omicron.at.

Page 41
 Support
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© OMICRON 2015 Page 42 of 42

Testing Distance Protection

Practical Example of Use

Testing Distance Protection

Test Universe 3.00 - Manual Version: Expl_DST.ENU.3 - Year 2015

© OMICRON electronics. All rights reserved.
This manual is a publication of OMICRON electronics GmbH.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, e.g., photocopying, microfilming,
optical character recognition and/or storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit
consent of OMICRON electronics. Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
The product information, specifications, and technical data embodied in this manual represent the
technical status at the time of writing. Subject to change without notice.
OMICRON electronics translates this manual from the source language English into a number of other
languages. Any translation of this manual is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute
between the English and a non-English version, the English version of this manual shall govern.

Page 2
Preface
This paper describes how to test distance protection zones. It contains an application example that will be
used throughout the paper. The theoretical background of the distance protection function will be explained.
This paper also covers the definition of the necessary Test Object settings as well as the
Hardware Configuration for distance protection tests. Finally the Distance or Advanced Distance test
modules are used to perform the tests that are needed for the distance protection zones.

Supplements: Sample Control Center file Example_Distance_Distance.occ

(referred to in this document).
Requirements: Test Universe 3.00 or later; Distance or Advanced Distance and Control Center
licenses.

Page 3
1 Application Example

Figure 1: Network and zone diagram of the application example

Figure 2: Feeder connection diagram of the application example

Note: Testing of associated functions (e.g., Automatic Reclosure, Switch on to Fault), are not part of this
document.

Page 4
Parameter Name Parameter Value Notes
Frequency 50 Hz
VT (primary/secondary) 110000 V / 110 V
CT (primary/secondary) 600 A /1 A
Solidly grounded Transformer starpoint
64° Line angle (short-circuit angle ϕsc)
0.218 Ω/km Secondary line reactance per length unit (Ω/km)
Power System Data
32.5 km (20.19 miles) Line length in km (miles)
0.6 Zero sequence compensation factor K0 1)
Angle for the Zero sequence compensation
0°
factor
Distance protection 1.2 s Trip time for forward-pick-up
general settings 1.6 s Trip time for non-directional pick-up
Overcurrent Pick-up program
Distance protection Pick-up value
pickup settings (secondary 1.5 A
for phase faults = 1.5 x In CT
values) 3I0 / pick-up value
0.2 A
for neutral current =0.2 x In CT
Forward Operating mode Z1
6Ω X(Z1) Reactance of zone 1
Rphph (Z1) Resistance for phase to phase faults
2.9 Ω
of zone 1
Rphe (Z1) Resistance for phase to ground faults
2.9 Ω
of zone 1
Trip time zone 1 (valid for phase to phase and
0s
phase to ground faults)
Forward Operating mode Z2
9.2 Ω X(Z2) Reactance of zone 2
Distance protection Rphph (Z2) Resistance for phase to phase faults
zone settings for quadrilateral 4.4 Ω
of zone 2
shapes (secondary values) Rphe (Z2) Resistance for phase to ground faults
4.4 Ω
of zone 2
Trip time zone 2 (valid for phase to phase and
0.4 s
phase to ground faults)
Reverse Operating mode Z3
5.6 Ω X(Z3) Reactance of zone 3
Rphph (Z3) Resistance for phase to phase faults
2.7 Ω
of zone 3
RphE (Z3) Resistance for phase to ground faults
2.7 Ω
of zone 3
Trip time zone 3 (valid for phase to phase and
0.8 s
phase to ground faults)
1) The structure of this parameter is depends on the manufacturers (see chapter 2.3 “Zero-Sequence Compensation”). In this example
this factor is valid for all zones.
Table 1: Relay parameters for this example (quadrilateral impedance diagram)

Page 5
Parameter Name Parameter Value Notes
Forward Operating mode Z1
6.66 Ω Reach for phase to phase faults of zone 1
6.66 Ω Reach for phase to ground faults of zone 1
Trip time zone 1 (valid for phase to phase and
0s
phase to ground faults)
Forward Operating mode Z2
Distance protection 10.2 Ω Reach for phase to phase faults of zone 2
zone settings for mho shapes
(secondary values) 10.2 Ω Reach for phase to ground faults of zone 2
Trip time zone 2 (valid for phase to phase and
0.4 s
phase to ground faults)
Reverse Operating mode Z3
6.22 Ω Reach for phase to phase faults of zone 3
6.22 Ω Reach for phase to ground faults of zone 3
Trip time zone 3 (valid for phase to phase and
0.8 s
phase to ground faults)
Table 2: Relay parameters for this example (Mho shape; see table 1 for all other parameters)

Page 6
2 Theoretical Introduction to Distance Characteristics
Distance relays are applied as short-circuit protection in almost all systems where overcurrent relays cannot
be used for reasons of selectivity, a requirement for fault detection or where this is a need for short
disconnection times. They are mainly applied in ring networks with multiple feeds and meshed HV networks.

Figure 3: Limits of application for overcurrent protection relays

2.1 Impedance Diagrams

Based on the primary line data and the projected object data, the reach and the behavior during arc faults
are defined in the impedance diagram.

110 kV 600 A
1A Z´line = 0.404 Ω∠64°, 32.5 km

110kV 110 V
BB A 3 3

Figure 4: 110 kV line configuration

Figure 5: Time grading diagram for this example

There are different types of impedance characteristics. For this example only the Quadrilateral and Mho
types will be used.

Page 7
 1

2
1

3
1

4
1
5
1

1. Settings of zone 1
2. Settings of zone 2
3. Settings of zone 3
4
1 2
1 4. Setting of the line angle (it depends on
the type of relay, whether this setting
exists or not)
5. Setting of the distance characteristic
angle
6. Directional characteristic (the directional
1 characteristic depends on the type of
5
1 relay)

6
1

3
1

Figure 6: Settings of an impedance diagram (quadrilateral) for a 7SA6 (Siemens AG)

Page 8
 1 4
1

2
1 5
1

3
1 6
1

7
1

7
1

5
1
4
1 1. Setting of zone 1 for phase faults
2. Setting of zone 2 for phase faults
2
1 3. Setting of zone 3 for phase faults
4. Setting of zone 1 for ground faults
1 5. Setting of zone 2 for ground faults
6. Setting of zone 3 for ground faults
7. Setting of the line angle

3
1

6
1

Figure 7: Settings of an impedance diagram (mho) for a SEL 421

Note: For the logic of the Ground Distance Elements see chapter 2.3 “Zero-Sequence Compensation”.

Page 9
2.2 Line Impedance Angle (Short-Circuit Angle)
The short-circuit angle between the fault voltage and current is a characteristic factor of a particular fault.
This angle depends on the voltage level and the protected equipment (e.g., overhead line, cable and
transformer). This can be examined more closely.

380 kV 220 kV 110 kV 10 ... 30 kV Electric arc

Short circuit
Approx. 85° Approx. 80° Approx. 72° 30 ... 50° Approx. 0°
angle ϕsc
Table 3: Short-circuit angle and voltage levels

a) 7SA6 (Siemens AG)

b) SEL 421

1105 1211

Figure 8: Line impedance angle for different distance protection devices

Page 10
2.3 Zero-Sequence Compensation

α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline

Zline

α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline

Zg

α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline α ⋅ Zline (1-α ) Zline

α ⋅ Zg (1-α ) Zg α ⋅ Zg (1-α ) Zg

Zloop = 2 ⋅ α ⋅ Zline (
Zloop = α ⋅ Zline + Zg )
Zloop Zloop
α= α=
2Zline Zline + Zg

For phase to phase faults the distance between the relay and the fault can be calculated from the loop
impedance by just using the line impedance. However, for phase to ground faults the ground impedance is
also needed. To take the ground impedance into account, a zero sequence compensation factor (grounding
factor) is used. The definition of this factor depends on the manufacturer of the relay:

Factor Definition Manufacturer

Zg
=
Zline Examples include AEG, Alstom,
kL
Z0 − ZL Areva, SEL, Siemens
=
3ZL
RE Rg 1 R 
= = ⋅  0 − 1
RE X RL Rline 3  R1 
and E Examples include Siemens
RL XL XE X g 1 X 
= = ⋅  0 − 1
XL X line 3  X1 
Z0 Z0 Zg
= = 3⋅ −1 Examples include ABB
ZL Zline Zline

Page 11
Some examples for the settings of these parameters are shown below

Figure 9: Zero sequence compensation factor for SEL 421

Figure 10: Zero sequence compensation factor for distance protection devices from SIEMENS

Setting this factor will influence the resulting zone for phase to ground faults as shown below.

(1 + kL ) ⋅ Z1

Z1

Figure 11: Influence of the zero sequence compensation factor on the zone

Page 12
3 Practical Introduction
The Advanced Distance test module and the Distance test module are designed for testing distance
protection functions (e.g., impedance diagram, trip times, etc.).

Note: The functionality of the Advanced Distance test module and the Distance test module is different!

Figure 12: Test View of the Advanced Distance test module and Distance test module

For all following discussions, the Advanced Distance test module is used. This test module incorporates the
functionality of the Distance test module.

You find the Advanced Distance test module on the start screen of the OMICRON Test Universe software.
Advanced Distance can also be inserted into an OCC File (a Control Center document).
Test Module on Control Center’s Insert tab

3.1 Defining the Test Object

Before testing can begin the settings of the relay to be tested must be defined. In order to do that, the
Test Object has to be opened by double clicking the Test Object in the OCC file or by clicking the
Test Object button in the test module.

Page 13
3.1.1 Device Settings
General relay settings (e.g., relay type, relay ID, substation details, CT and VT parameters) are entered in
the RIO function Device.

Note: The parameters V max and I max limit the output of the currents and voltages to prevent
damage to the device under test. These values must be adapted to the respective
Hardware Configuration when connecting the outputs in parallel or when using an amplifier.
The user should consult the manual of the device under test to make sure that its input rating
will not be exceeded.

Page 14
3.1.2 Defining the Distance Protection Parameters
More specific data concerning the distance protection relay can be entered in the RIO function Distance.
The definition of the distance impedance diagram has to be made here as well.

Note: Once an Advanced Distance / Distance test module is inserted, this RIO function is available.

System Settings

The first tab contains the definition of the system data, the relay behavior as well as the relay tolerances.

6
4
1 7
4

3
2

3
4
4

2
1

5
4

Page 15
1. The line length and line angle are the magnitude and angle of the impedance Z of the protected line.
They are needed to calculate faults correctly with respect to the power system.

If the line reactance X is set in the relay, then the impedance Z has to be calculated out of the reactance
Ω
X X ′ ⋅ l 0.218 km ⋅ 32.5 km
X and the line angle ϕ. Line length = Z = = = = 7.88 Ω (see Table 1).
sin ϕ sin ϕ sin 64°
2. Regarding the feeder connection diagram (Figure 2) the PT is placed at line. If at busbar is chosen, the
voltage will have the nominal value after tripping.

3. The CT starpoint has to be set according to the connection of the secondary windings of the CT. For this
example the feeder connection diagram (Figure 2) shows that the CT grounding is towards the line.

4. The impedance and time tolerances are found in the relay manual.
5. The grounding factor compensates the effect of the ground impedance on the distance zones (see
chapter 2.3 “Zero-Sequence Compensation”). For further information about the settings of the grounding
factor, refer to the Help.
6. Select this checkbox to enter all impedances in primary values.
7. This checkbox must be activated, if a 5 A relay is tested that uses 1 A as reference for the impedance
calculation.

Page 16
Zone Settings

On the Zone Settings tab, enter the distance zones.

As shown above, no zone is set by default. Click New to insert a zone. Afterwards the characteristic editor
can be opened by clicking edit. Here the distance zone can be entered.

Click Add to add a new element to the Element list. The element can be either a line or an arc.
> A line has to be set with an angle and a point on the line. This point can be set either in Cartesian or in
polar coordinates. Therefore, the options Line cartesian and Line polar exist.
> A circle has to be set with a center point, a radius, a start angle, an end angle as well as a direction. As
the center can be set in Cartesian as well as in polar coordinates, the options Arc cartesian and
Arc polar can be used.

Page 17
It is also possible to use Predefined shapes.

1
1 2 3

1. Mho shape
2. Lens/Tomato shape 2
3. Quadrilateral

Now the zones can be defined by combining several elements.

Note: The shape of a distance zone depends on the type of relay as well as on the settings in the
relay. The shape can be found in the relay manual. The elements for one quadrilateral as well
as for one mho shape are shown below.

Quadrilateral shape (Siemens 7SA6) Mho shape (SEL 421)

Page 18
After the first zone has been defined, the Zone settings tab will look like this:

If additional zones are required, the first zone can be copied (1) and appended to the list (2). Afterwards the
settings of the other zones can be adapted. After all the zones have been entered the list could look like this:

3 4 5 6 7 3 5 6

3. The number of each zone can be defined here.

4. The label of the zones is set automatically but a name can also be entered manually.
5. Four different types of zones can be defined:
> Tripping: These zones resemble the tripping zones of the relay.
> Starting: This is a zone that normally causes starting only. It is also possible to define a range on
the impedance plane where starting will be followed by tripping after the maximum operating time.
> Extended: This is a tripping zone that is only activated occasionally, e.g., by means of "manual
close" detection, autoreclosure, etc.
> Non tripping: There can be no tripping in this zone, even if it is overlapped by a tripping zone.
One example of its use is to model load blinding.
6. With this option the fault loop for each zone can be defined. Therefore, it is possible to set different zones
for phase to phase or phase to ground faults.
7. Each zone can also be deactivated.

Page 19
After all of the zones are defined, the tripping time for each zone can be set. It is also possible to define
separate tolerances for each of the zones.

Note: In this example different starting zones have been defined. The zones ZS1 are only in the
forward direction. Therefore, the forward directional end time is set as the tripping time for these
zones. The zones ZS2 cover the complete impedance plane and, therefore, have the non-
directional end time as the tripping time (see Table 1).

Page 20
3.2 Global Hardware Configuration of the CMC Test Set
The global Hardware Configuration specifies the general input/output configuration of the CMC test set. It
is valid for all subsequent test modules and, therefore, it has to be defined according to the relay’s
connections. It can be opened by double clicking the Hardware Configuration entry in the OCC file.

3.2.1 Example Output Configuration for Protection Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 1 A

Page 21
3.2.2 Example Output Configuration for Protection Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 5 A

Note: Make sure that the rating of the wires is sufficient when connecting them in parallel.

The following explanations only apply to protection relays with a secondary nominal current of
1 A.

Page 22
3.2.3 Analog Outputs

The analog outputs, binary inputs and outputs can all be activated individually in the local Hardware
Configuration of the specific test module (see chapter 3.3 “Local Hardware Configuration for Distance
Protection Testing”).

3.2.4 Binary Inputs

1
2

1. The start command is optional (it is needed if Starting is selected as a time reference in the test).
2. The trip command has to be connected to a binary input. BI1 … BI10 can be used.
3. For wet contacts adapt the nominal voltages of the binary inputs to the voltage of the circuit breaker trip
command or select Potential Free for dry contacts.
4. The binary outputs and the analog inputs etc. will not be used for the following tests.

Page 23
3.2.5 Wiring of the Test Set for Relays with a Secondary Nominal Current of 1A
Note: The following wiring diagrams are examples only. The wiring of the analog current inputs may
be different if additional protective functions such as sensitive ground fault protection are
provided. In this case IN may be wired separately.

Protection
Relay

VA

VB

VC

(-) (-)

IA

IB

IC

IN

Trip
(+)
optional

Start
(+)

Page 24
3.3 Local Hardware Configuration for Distance Protection Testing
The local Hardware Configuration activates the outputs/inputs of the CMC test set for the selected
test module. Therefore, define it separately for each individual test module. Click Hardware
Configuration on the Home tab.

3.3.1 Analog Outputs

3.3.2 Binary Inputs

Page 25
3.4 Defining the Test Configuration
3.4.1 General Approach
When testing the distance protection function, the following steps are recommended:

> Pick-up Test: The respective pick-up function (e.g., Overcurrent starting) is tested. This test is not
explained in this document.
> Trip time test: The trip times of the distance protection function are verified.
> Zone reach test: The zone reaches of the distance protection are verified.

The trip time test, as well as the zone reach test, is performed with the Advanced Distance test module.

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Trip Time Test
Trigger and Settings tabs:

2
6
1

4
5

1. The trip contact is the trigger for this test.

2. The test model will be Constant test current. This test current is automatically set to 2 x Inom. This
current has to be above the pick-up current and so it may have to be increased.
3. Here you set the angle of the fault occurrence. In this example the mode of the fault inception is set to
random.
4. A Load current during the pre-fault state will not be used in this example.
5. Ignore nominal characteristic ignores the zone settings of the test object for the search test. In this
example it is not selected.
6. These times define the pre-fault, fault and post-fault states. |t should be ensured, that the Max. fault:
time is longer than the non-directional end time setting.
7. The time reference defines whether the fault inception or the start contact is used as a reference for the
trip time measurement. In this example it is set to Fault inception.

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 Shot Test tab:

The trip times are tested with the shot test. With this test method test shots can be placed in the impedance
plane. These test shots can either be set manually by entering R and X or |Z| and Phi values or an angle
can be entered (1) and the values can be set relative to the respective zone (2). To do so, the option
|Z| relative has to be selected. If this option is used, the test shots will be adapted whenever the zone
settings change. Select the Follow line angle change option to adapt the angle of the test shots to a
changing line angle.

For this test, test shots are placed both inside and outside of the tripping zones. Hence, it is possible to test
the trip times of all the tripping zones, as well as the directional and non-directional end time.

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Zone Reach Test
In the Trigger and the Settings tab the same adjustments as for the trip time test apply.

For the zone reach test the Search Test is used. With this tab the user can define search lines. The test
module applies test shots along these lines to search for the reach of each zone. It is also possible to use
the Check Test. With this test lines are again defined. However, this time test shots will be placed along
these lines outside the tolerance bands. This confirms if the zone reach is within the defined tolerances.

3
6
1
1
2

4 4

6
3

1. Search lines can be defined either by dragging a line in the impedance plane or by setting a start point,
an angle and the length. After defining a line, click Add to add it to the list of test lines.
2. By activating Follow line angle change and Relative test lines can be defined in a way that they adapt
to changes of the zone settings or the line angle.
3. In the forward and reverse direction, one search line is defined to test the reactance settings X of the
zones.
4. The resistance settings R of the zones are tested in the same way.
5. Using search lines in parallel to the resistance search lines, the characteristic angle is confirmed.
6. Test lines along the line angle can also be set. This confirms that the relay works correctly in the area
where faults normally occur.

Feedback regarding this application is welcome by email at TU-feedback@omicron.at.

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Support

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