Lec 1 Introduction 19 Series EEE 2205

EEE 2205
Electrical Machine II
WELCOME
Friday, January 22, 2021 Topic and Personal Acquaintance 1
DC Machines
Kusum Tara
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
DC Machines
Syllabus:
•DC Generators: Types, no-load voltage characteristics,
build- up of a self excited shunt generator, load-voltage
characteristic, effect of speed on no-load and load
characteristics and voltage regulation, armature reaction.
•DC Motor: Operating principle, counter emf, torque,

speed, torque-speed characteristics, starting, braking, and
speed control.
Friday, January 22, 2021 3

Course Objectives: To make the students learn about:
Constructional details of DC machines and different types of

winding employed in DC machines
 Principle of operation and performance analysis of DC macines
 Phenomena of armature reaction and commutation
 Characteristics of DC generators, and various applications.
Methods for speed control of DC motors and applications of DC
motors
Various types of losses that occur in DC machines and how to
calculate efficiency
Course Outcomes
After the completion of this course, the students will be able to:
•Understand construction and principle of operation of DC machines.
•Diagnose failure of DC generator to build up voltage.
•Identify types of DC machine, and analyze their performance.
•Understand gross torque and useful torque developed by DC motor.
•Understand speed control and suitable starting methods of DC motor.
•Understand Calculations of losses and efficiency of DC generators and motors.
•Select appropriate DC machines for different applications.
Books you can follow……
Text Book:
1. S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th Edition.
2. Rosenblatt, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery.
3. P. S. Bimbhra, Electrical Machinery.
Reference Books:
1. B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Vol. II, AC &
DC Machines.
2. Dieter Gerling, Electrical Machines.
3. Bhag S. Guru, Electric Machinery and Transformers.

DC MACHINES
4.1. INTRODUCTION
 Dc machines are one part of electrical machines used for energy conversions systems.
 it is versatile and extensively used in industry.
 DC machines can work as generators and motors.
I. DC Generator
 Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
diesel engine
Turbine source of mechanical power (prime

(steam) mover)
AC motor
Means of supplying electrical power to industrial and domestic consumers
 But there is almost no modern use of DC machines as generators

Presently all the land based electrical power networks are AC systems of generation,
transmission and distribution.
7
DC MACHINES
DC Generators are still being used to produce power in small back up and stand by generating plants
driven by wind mill and mountain streams (mini hydro electric plants) to provide uninterrupted power
supply
II. DC Motors
 Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy
 Drives a mechanical load

 Are finding increasing applications, especially where large magnitude and precisely controlled
torque is required.
• Used in : Rolling mills in overhead cranes & for traction purposes, linked fork lift trucks, electric
vehicles and electric trains. Air cooler, fan, blowers, and devices that convert electricity in to some kind
of motion.
DC MACHINES
 In portable machine tools supplied from batteries in automotive vehicles as
stator motors, blower motors and in many control applications as actuators and as speed and position
sensing devise ( taco generators for speed sensing and servomotors for positioning traction systems).
 Advantages
 It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque

 High accelerating and decelerating torque
 Speed can be controlled in a wide range
 Provides quick reversal
9
DC MACHINES
Disadvantages
 The complexity of the construction, mainly due to the use of carbon brush
with comutater segments contact.
Arcing and sparking due to comutater segments that reduces the reliability of the machine .
2. Construction
The basic parts of DC machines are:
A. Stator (stationary part)
B. Rotor (Rotating part )
10
DC MACHINES
11
DC MACHINES
1. shaft
2. end-bearings
3. Commutator
4. brushes
5. armature
6. main-pole
7. main-pole field winding
8. frame
9. end-shield
10. ventilator
11. basement
12. bearings
12
Electrical Machines
 Energy conversion is needed.
 Conversion is based on the principle of production

of induced emf.

Voltage induced in a conductor
In order to induce voltage three conditions must
be fulfilled:
o a conductor or group of conductors
o magnetic field
o motion that produces cutting of lines of
magnetic flux
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Example: 2.1, 2.2
Friday, January 22, 2021 Rosenblatt, Friedman, Direct and Alternating Current Machinery, Art: 2.2 14
Voltage induced in a conductor
(a) Conductor moving parallel to

lines of magnetic field
(b) Conductor moving at an angle to

lines of magnetic field
Example: 2.3
Direction of the induced voltage
According to Fleming’s right-hand rule,
Thumb finger --- Direction of motion of the

conductor
Index finger --- Direction of the lines of
flux
 Middle finger --- Direction of induced emf
in the conductor
Lenz’s Law
Principle operation of DC machines
DC machines can work as a motor and a generator

a.Generator action: Requirements are
 Magnetic flux density(ß)

 Conductor with length(l)
 Relative motion between flux density and length(ß &l)
The energy conversion is based on the principle of dynamically induced emf, whenever a conductor
cut magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it by Faraday’s law. This emf
cause a current flow if the conductor is closed.
Generated voltage = BlVsinø

Generator Action
b. Motor Action
The two main conditions are :-
 Magnetic field (flux )

 Current carrying conductor
To analysis the motor action consider current carrying conductor in side a
constant magnetic field produced by the main poles.
The direction of the induced force is determined by the so called Fleming's

left hand rule which can be stated as follows.
Putting the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of our left hand to be mutually perpendicular and
if the fore finger shows the direction of flux and the middle finger show the direction of current in the
conductor, then the thumb will point out in the direction of induced force.
Motor Action
The magnitude of the induced force in the conductor is proportional to Magnetic flux density,
conductor current, effective length of conductor
F= BLI sinø
Where, F= Ampere's force
B= Magnetic flux
I= conductor current
L= Effective length of conductor
ø = position of the coil inside the magnetic field

Thank you
Friday, January 22, 2021 Topic and Personal Acquaintance 11

Lec 1 Introduction 19 Series EEE 2205

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EEE 2205

•DC Motor: Operating principle, counter emf, torque,

Friday, January 22, 2021 3

Constructional details of DC machines and different types of

Friday, January 22, 2021 6

Turbine source of mechanical power (prime

Means of supplying electrical power to industrial and domestic consumers

 But there is almost no modern use of DC machines as generators

 Drives a mechanical load

 It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque

 Speed can be controlled in a wide range

 Provides quick reversal

A. Stator (stationary part)

B. Rotor (Rotating part )

 Energy conversion is needed.

 Conversion is based on the principle of production

Friday, January 22, 2021 13

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

(a) Conductor moving parallel to

(b) Conductor moving at an angle to

According to Fleming’s right-hand rule,

Thumb finger --- Direction of motion of the

DC machines can work as a motor and a generator

 Magnetic flux density(ß)

 Relative motion between flux density and length(ß &l)

cause a current flow if the conductor is closed.

Generated voltage = BlVsinø

 Magnetic field (flux )

The direction of the induced force is determined by the so called Fleming's

Where, F= Ampere's force

L= Effective length of conductor

ø = position of the coil inside the magnetic field

Friday, January 22, 2021 Topic and Personal Acquaintance 11

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