KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

INTERNAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

BSc. PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

JEREMIAH OTIENO – J24/6175/2021

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, GAS & PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

PERIOD: 2 MONTHS

SUPERVISED BY: BARRACK OCHIENG

SUBMITTED ON: 12/09/2023

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to extend my sincere gratitude to everyone who made it possible for me to complete my

internal attachment.

Thanking God for the ability to complete. Second, I would like to thank the School of Engineering

and Technology and Kenyatta University as a whole for giving me the chance to complete my

internal attachment. I would also like to thank Mr. Barack for his help in making sure we got along

well during the attachment period. I am also appreciative of all the supervisors and technicians in

the many departments we visited, who helped us during the attachment by teaching us various

skills. lastly, thanks to my fellow students for working with me during the attachment.

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 ABSTRACT

This report details my internal attachment activities at Kenyatta University's main campus. The

school of engineering and technology's six separate departments all participated in the attachment.

The purpose of the attachment was to understand theoretical concepts in practise and to develop

practical skills required in the gas and petroleum industry. The report offers comprehensive details

on my work and lessons learned in each field, including estate plumbing, biosystems and

agricultural, electrical installations, civil engineering, estate electrical, and mechanical fabrications.

It also contains a thorough introduction to the attachment as well as an assessment of the

connection that covers successes and failures, obstacles encountered, and suggestions.

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................................2
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................5
1.1 HISTORY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY..........................................................................................................5
1.2 FUNCTIONS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY.....................................................................................................6
1.3 VISION STATEMENT..........................................................................................................................................6
1.4 MISSION STATEMENT.......................................................................................................................................7
1.5 IDENTITY STATEMENT.....................................................................................................................................7
1.6 PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT...............................................................................................................................7
1.7 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.....................................................................................................................8
1.8 OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2 :DEPARTMENT REVIEW..................................................................................................................10
2.1 ESTATE PLUMBING..........................................................................................................................................10
2.2 AGRICULTURE AND BIOSYSTEMS...............................................................................................................19
2.3 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS......................................................................................................................27
2.4 CIVIL ENGINEERING........................................................................................................................................46
2.5 ESTATE ELECTRICAL......................................................................................................................................52
2.6 MECHANICAL FABRICATION........................................................................................................................57
CHAPTER THREE: ATTACHMENT EVALUATION...........................................................................................64
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................................... 64
CHALLENGES..........................................................................................................................................................64
RECCOMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................................................65
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................................66

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CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

The Government of Kenya converted the Templar barracks to a teacher’s training college in Kenya

in 1965, shortly after gaining independence. The teacher’s training college was then named the

Kenyatta College in Kenya which offered three years post ordinary teachers’ certificates in

secondary education in Kenya. Following an Act of Parliament. In 1985, it was granted full

university status and was renamed Kenyatta University.

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1.2 FUNCTIONS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

1. Promote the development and expansion of higher education opportunities through

initiation of new programs and alternative modes of delivery using, among others, modern

technologies.

2. Enhance the level of participation in research, dissemination and preservation of

knowledge for both academic and societal development.

3. Promote human resource development and proactive management practices, as well as

good governance, to enhance service delivery.

4. Provide an environment that nurtures excellence and high standards of professionalism in

teaching, learning, research and community service.

5. Create equal opportunities for those qualified to pursue university education.

Institutionalize quality assurance practices in planning, implementation and evaluation of

the University’s core functions in order to meet the set goals.

6. Promote the development of the student’s welfare systems for the attainment of academic

excellence and an all-round education.

7. Provide facilities in collaboration with other approved institutions for enhancing access to

higher education.

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

“To be a dynamic, inclusive and competitive center of excellence in teaching, learning, research

and service to humanity.”

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1.4 MISSION STATEMENT

“To provide quality education and training, promote scholarship, service, innovation and creativity

and inculcate moral values for sustainable individual and social development.”

1.5 IDENTITY STATEMENT

Kenyatta University is "A community of scholars committed to the generation and dissemination of

knowledge and cultivation of wisdom for the welfare of society.”

1.6 PHILOSOPHY STATEMENT

Its philosophy is “Sensitivity and responsiveness to societal needs and the right of every person to

knowledge.”

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1.7 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

1.8 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of Kenyatta University are to:

 Promote the development and expansion of higher education opportunities through initiation of

new program and alternative modes of delivery using, among others, modern technologies.

 Enhance the level of participation in research, dissemination and preservation of knowledge for

both academic and societal development.

 Promote human resource development and proactive management practices, as well as good

governance, to enhance service delivery.

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 Provide an environment that nurtures excellence and high standards of professionalism in

teaching, learning, research and community service.

 Create equal opportunities for those qualified to pursue university education. Institutionalize

quality assurance practices in planning, implementation and evaluation of the University’s core

functions in order to meet the set goals.

 Promote the development of the students’ welfare systems for the attainment of academic

excellence and an all-round education.

 Provide facilities in collaboration with other approved institutions for enhancing access to

higher education

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CHAPTER 2: DEPARTMENT REVIEW

2.1 ESTATE PLUMBING

We were in charge of fixing numerous plumbing concerns across the campus in this part. The low-level
flushing system needed to be fixed, as well as issues with the roof tank overflow, damaged pipes, a leaking
gate valve in a toilet, bottle trap replacement, shower stand pipe installation, and bottle trap replacement.

I gained knowledge on the following subjects:

Tools used in plumbing

1. Measuring tape – this serves as a tool for measuring lengths or distances.

2. Hacksaw – used for cutting metal or plastic pipes.

3. Adjustable spanner – used to tighten or loosen a nut or bolt.

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4. Pipe wrench – for turning threaded pipe fitting to tighten or loosen it.

5. Drilling machine – has a drill bit for making holes where screws are to be driven.

6. Masonry chisel – used to cut through materials like stone, concrete and brick.

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7.Masonry hammer – used to chip off edges of stone or to hit masonry chisel.

Types of plumbing fittings

Plumbing fittings are used to connect pipe lengths, change directions, and provide access to pipes

or drains. They come in as many materials as there are pipes—including plastic, copper, and iron—

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and have similar purposes, while others are only used in certain applications

Pipes

There are different types of pipes:

1. PVC pipes

- Used for sewer drainage.

- They are durable, lightweight, strong and recyclable

- There are 4 types: PVC-U, PVC-O, PVC-H, C-PVC

2. PPR pipes

- Used in households for hot and cold-water systems

3. GI pipes

- Manufactured using mild steel strips of low carbon steel coils

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- Used to convey raw water and distribution of treated water

- They are not efficient because they rust and are affected by warm

water.

Sanitary appliances

Sanitary appliances are any of the different fixtures and equipment used in bathrooms, toilets and
kitchens of a building for cleaning, personal hygiene and waste disposal. Toilets, sinks, showers,
bidets, bathtubs, urinals, and other fixtures are included in this category. Here are a few of the most
popular kinds of sanitary equipment:
Toilets: Toilets are used for waste disposal and are available in different types, including flush

toilets, composting toilets, and chemical toilets.

Sinks: Sinks are used for hand washing, dishwashing, and other cleaning purposes. They are

available in different sizes and styles, including wall-mounted, pedestal, and countertop sinks.

Showers: Showers are used for personal hygiene and come in different styles, including walk-in

showers, shower stalls, and shower cubicles.

Bathtubs: Bathtubs are used for soaking and bathing and are available in different types, including

freestanding, built-in, and corner bathtubs.

These appliances typically consist of several components, including:

Trap: A trap is a bend in the pipe that holds water to prevent sewer gases from entering the

building. Traps are commonly found beneath sinks, toilets, and floor drains.

Ventilation Pipe: A ventilation pipe allows air to flow into and out of the plumbing system. This

prevents airlocks and ensures proper drainage. The ventilation pipe is typically connected to the

building's roof.

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Gradient: The gradient, also known as the slope or pitch, refers to the angle at which the pipes are

installed. This angle ensures that waste and water flow through the pipes and do not accumulate.

The gradient is typically set at a minimum of 1 in 40 (1/4 inch per foot) or 1 in 60 (1/8 inch per

foot).

Fixture: A fixture is any device that uses water, such as a sink, toilet, or shower.

Water Supply Pipe: A water supply pipe brings water into the building from the mains. It is

typically connected to a water meter and shut-off valve.

Drainage Pipe: A drainage pipe carries waste and water away from the building and into the sewer

system. It is typically connected to the building's sewer or septic tank.

All of these components work together to ensure that waste and water are properly disposed of and

that the plumbing system is functioning correctly.

Types of toilets

1. High level toilet – those whose flushing points are at a higher place e.g., Latrines

2. Low level toilets – flushing point is at the same area as a toilet seat
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Valves are used in plumbing systems to control the flow of water or other fluids. Here are some

common types of valves used in plumbing:

Gate Valve: A gate valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluid by raising or lowering a

gate or wedge. They are often used to regulate water flow in larger pipes.

Ball Valve: A ball valve is a valve that uses a rotating ball to control the flow of fluid. They are

often used in situations where a quick shutoff is needed, such as in a main water supply line.

Check Valve: A check valve is a valve that allows fluid to flow in only one direction. They are

often used to prevent backflow in plumbing systems.

Pressure-Reducing Valve: A pressure-reducing valve is a valve that automatically reduces the

pressure of fluid flowing through it. They are often used to regulate water pressure in buildings.

Thermostatic Mixing Valve: A thermostatic mixing valve is a valve that blends hot and cold water

to a desired temperature. They are often used in showers and baths to prevent scalding.

Globe Valve: A globe valve is a type of valve that controls the flow of fluid by raising or lowering

a plug. They are often used in situations where a fine level of control is needed, such as in irrigation

systems.

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Solenoid Valve: A solenoid valve is a valve that is controlled by an electric current. They are often

used to control the flow of water in automatic irrigation systems.

Sink drainage parts

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2.2 AGRICULTURE AND BIOSYSTEMS

A pump is a mechanical device that is used to transfer fluids from one place to another. Pumps can

be used to move liquids, gases, or slurries, and are commonly used in a variety of industries,

including agriculture, construction, mining, and manufacturing.

There are many types of pumps, including:

Centrifugal pumps: These pumps use a rotating impeller to create a flow of fluid. They are

commonly used for low-viscosity fluids and can handle large volumes of liquid.

Positive displacement pumps: These pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid in a cavity

and then forcing it through the pump. They are ideal for high-viscosity fluids and can create a

consistent flow rate.

Diaphragm pumps: These pumps use a flexible diaphragm to create a vacuum that

Principle of operation of a centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps work by creating a flow of fluid through the use of a rotating impeller. The

impeller has curved blades that spin around an axis, creating a centrifugal force that pushes the

fluid away from the center of rotation and towards the outer edge of the impeller.

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As the fluid moves towards the outer edge of the impeller, it is accelerated and directed towards the

volute casing. The volute casing is a stationary component surrounding the impeller that gradually

increases in size, converting the velocity of the fluid into pressure.

The pressure generated by the volute casing causes the fluid to flow through the discharge outlet of

the pump, where it can be directed to its desired destination.

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump depends on several factors, such as the speed of rotation, the

size and shape of the impeller, and the design of the volute casing. These factors can affect the flow

rate and pressure generated by the pump, and can be adjusted to optimize the pump for a specific

application.

Centrifugal pumps are commonly used for pumping liquids with low viscosity, such as water and

chemicals, and are used in a variety of applications, including water supply, irrigation, HVAC

systems, and oil and gas processing.

Centrifugal pumps can be classified based on various factors, some of which are:

Based on the number of impellers:

a) Single-stage centrifugal pumps have only one impeller and are suitable for low-pressure and

low-flow applications.

b) Multi-stage centrifugal pumps have more than one impeller and are suitable for high-pressure

and high-flow applications.

Based on the type of impeller:

a) Closed impeller pumps have vanes that are completely enclosed within the impeller and are

suitable for handling clean fluids.

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b) Semi-open impeller pumps have vanes that are partially open, and are suitable for handling

fluids with small amounts of solids.

c) Open impeller pumps have vanes that are fully open, and are suitable for handling fluids with

high concentrations of solids.

Based on the direction of flow:

a) Radial flow centrifugal pumps have the fluid flowing perpendicular to the impeller.

b) Axial flow centrifugal pumps have the fluid flowing parallel to the impeller.

c) Mixed flow centrifugal pumps have the fluid flowing both radially and axially.

Based on the construction material:

a) Metallic centrifugal pumps are made of metals such as cast iron, stainless steel, and bronze.

b) Non-metallic centrifugal pumps are made of materials such as plastics, ceramics, and

composites.

Based on the application:

a) Water pumps are used for handling water and other low-viscosity fluids.

b) Chemical pumps are used for handling corrosive and hazardous fluids. c) Food and beverage

pumps are used for handling food and beverage products. d) pharmaceutical pumps are used for

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handling pharmaceutical products handling pharmaceutical products

WATER SUPPLY AND PLUMBING

In water supply and plumbing, there are typically three main components: the water source, the

water treatment system, and the water reticulation system.

Water Source: The water source is where the water comes from. It can be either a gravity-fed

system or a rising main system. In a gravity-fed system, the water flows naturally from a higher

elevation to a lower one, without the need for pumps. This is common in areas where there is a

natural elevation difference between the water source (such as a reservoir or lake) and the point of

use. In a rising main system, water is pumped from a lower elevation to a higher one, typically to

provide water to buildings and homes in urban areas.

Water Treatment: Once the water is sourced, it typically needs to be treated to remove impurities

and make it safe for consumption. Water treatment can involve various processes such as filtration,

disinfection, and chemical treatment. The specific treatment processes depend on the quality of the

water source and the intended use of the water.

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Water Reticulation System: The water reticulation system refers to the network of pipes and

fittings that transport the treated water to the point of use. This includes pipes that run through the

ground and into homes and buildings, as well as valves, pumps, and other fittings that regulate

water flow and pressure. The plumbing system within a building includes pipes that deliver water

to various fixtures, such as taps, showers, and toilets.

Overall, these three components work together to provide safe, clean, and reliable water to

homes and buildings.

SOLAR HEATING

In addition, the technician explained to us the solar water heating system, its types, and how to

assemble its parts. A solar water heating system is an environmentally friendly system that utilizes

sunlight to heat water for commercial or residential use.

There are two main types of solar collectors used for solar heating:

Flat Plate Collectors: These are the most common type of solar collector used for solar heating

systems. They consist of a flat plate that is coated with an absorbent material, such as black paint,

and covered with a glass or plastic cover. The sun's energy is absorbed by the plate and transferred

to a fluid, such as water or antifreeze, which is circulated through the collector and used to heat a

building or water.

Evacuated Tube Collectors: These collectors consist of a series of tubes that are evacuated to

create a vacuum, which reduces heat loss. The tubes are coated with an absorbent material and

covered with a glass or plastic cover. The sun's energy is absorbed by the tubes and transferred to a

fluid, which is circulated through the collector and used to heat a building or water.

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Considerations when installing solar panels

Site Selection: The location of the solar system is critical to its performance. It is important to

select a site that receives adequate sunlight throughout the year, is free from shading from trees or

other buildings, and has a suitable orientation and tilt angle for the solar panels.

System Design: The design of the solar system should be optimized for the specific needs of the

site. This includes selecting the appropriate solar panels, inverters, batteries, and other components,

as well as sizing the system to meet the expected energy demand.

Installation: Proper installation of the solar system is critical to its long-term performance and

safety. This includes ensuring that the solar panels are securely mounted and wired correctly, and

that all other components are installed according to manufacturer specifications and local building

codes.

Maintenance: Regular maintenance of the solar system is important to ensure optimal performance

and safety. This includes cleaning the solar panels, checking and replacing any worn or damaged

components, and monitoring the system's performance to detect any issues.

Financing: The cost of a solar system can be significant, so it is important to consider financing

options, such as loans or leases, to make the system more affordable. It is also important to consider

any available incentives, such as tax credits or rebates, which can help reduce the overall cost of the

system.

Safety: Solar systems involve electrical components, so it is important to take proper safety

precautions during installation, maintenance, and operation. This includes ensuring that all

components are properly grounded, using appropriate personal protective equipment, and following

all applicable safety guidelines and regulations.

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Types of irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation: This type of irrigation system uses a series of pipes and sprinklers to

distribute water evenly over a large

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Drip irrigation: This is a more water-efficient method of irrigation that delivers water directly to

the roots of plants through a network of tubes and emitters.

Surface irrigation: This is a method of irrigation that distributes water over the surface of the soil

and allows it to seep into the ground.

Subsurface irrigation: This type of irrigation system delivers water directly to the root zone of

plants through buried pipes or tubes.

Center pivot irrigation: This is a large-scale irrigation system that uses a rotating pivot to distribute

water over a circular area.

Flood irrigation: This is a type of surface irrigation that involves flooding a field with water and

allowing it to soak into the soil.

Manual irrigation: This is a simple and traditional method of irrigation that involves using

buckets, hoses, or other hand-held devices to manually water plants.

Micro-irrigation: This is a type of drip irrigation that uses small, low-volume emitters to deliver

water directly to the roots of plants.

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2.3 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH/FACTORIES AND OTHER PLACES OF

WORK.

1. Personal safety

2. Work place safety

3. First Aid

4. Fire and fire fighting

5. B57671 81B5 3939

safety is the act and science of taking precautionary measures in any work-related environment in

order to eliminate or minimize potential hazards in these environments, in order for plants, animals

and other human beings to be safe from any potential harm.

PERSONAL SAFETY

a) EYES

a) Safety shield/ welding shield

Protects the user’s eyes from harmful glares and debris.

b) Face Visor

Protects user from spit.

c) Safety Glasses

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 b) NOSE

i. Dust Mask

Filters out external dust particles

ii. Gas Mask

Filters out dust and harmful gasses.

Has a cartilage filter.

iii. Surgical Mask

Has three layers;

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 c) 1st layer- protects you from external elements.

d) Middle layer- filters out pathogens

e) 3rd layer- protects the external environment from secretions of the user.

C) EARS

a) Earplugs/ Ear inserts

Protects user from harmful noise.

b) Earmuffs

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Protects user from harmful noise.

 HANDS

a) Safety gloves

b) Disposable gloves

Protects user from pathogens.

Does not protect user from mechanical damage.

Can be disposed.

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  FEET

a) Safety boots

b) Safety shoes

Protects user from feet injury.

 GENERAL BODY

a) Overalls

b) Dustcoat

c) Safety apron

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 d) General apron

e) Coverall- includes headpiece and foot piece

f) Surgical Medical apron- is plastic and has waterproofing capabilities

g) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

h)

 HEAD

1) Safety helmet

Protects user from falling object, banging or knocking one’s head.

The material used to make them is toughened PVC and in military application, steel is used.

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WORKPLACE SAFETY

1. Have a well and properly lit environment.

2. Have proper and sufficient aeration.

3. All work environments must be safe from adverse weather conditions e.g., Lightening.

4. All work environments should be neat, tidy, well organized and augmented.

5. All work environments should have a provision for sufficient emergency exits.

6. All work environments should have sufficient emergency signs:

 Emergency exit

 Fire assembly point

 High voltage signage

 Slippery floor

 Break glass

 Dismember signs

 Falling objects

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 7. In all work environments, equipment, accessories and machinery labels must be

permanently displayed.

8. All work environments should be such that the security of all workers can be guaranteed.

9. All work environments should be such that there is provision for first aid kit/ equipment.

10. There should be provision of sufficient firefighting/ fire suppression equipment.

11. All work environments must not be overcrowded.

12. All work environments should have provision for safe adequate and clean drinking water.

13. All work environments should obey standard wiring regulations.

14. There should be sufficient sanitation and must be in good working conditions.

15. Joking, playing, twirling or running around in any work environment is not allowed.

16. Never attempt to work by yourself.

17. Disclose special medical conditions to the employer.

18. One must use the right tool for the right purpose.

19. Do not throw tools around, rather, pass tools professionally.

20. Conduct regular safety drills and SEEK CLEARANCE AND CREATE AWARENESS ON

WHEN THE DRILLS WILL BE CONDUCTED.

21. Batteries should be stored in their fully charged state with their terminal caps on.

22. Capacitors should be stored in their fully discharged state.

CURRENT

Current is the most dangerous parameter of electricity;

A current of between

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  10mA-20mA-causes pain

 20mA-50mA- causes muscular paralysis

 50mA-100mA- causes breathing difficulty

 100Ma-200mA- causes death

THE FIRST AID KIT

First aid refers to the initial medical attention administered to a victim before being taken to a

nearby health facility for further medical attention.

CONTENTS

a) Antiseptic liquids e.g., spirit, iodine, Dettol – used to clean and disinfect wounds.

b) Painkillers -e.g., Panadol, mara moja

c) Bandages;

 Clip-rolled bandage-to control swelling

 Triangular bandage- to create an arm sling to immobilize the limb

 Elastoplast bandage- to control blood flow from a cleaned wound.

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 d) Surgical Scissors- to cut the clip-rolled bandage

e) Scalpel/ Tweezers-to remove objects or foreign debris from the wound

f) Surgical blade/ forceps

g) To tear or cut any clothing around to make the wound accessible for first aid.

h) Cleaning Wipes; e.g., Cotton Wool- to apply the antiseptic liquids onto the wound

i) Surgical Gloves- protects the first aider from contamination from the wound/ direct contact

with the blood/ wound

j) Safety Glasses- protects eyes from serious blood profusion.

k) Blood clotting agents e.g.

 purple iodine

 clear iodine.

 Torniquet- to control profuse blood flow

l) Anti-insect Bites e.g., Benzocaine, Hydrocortisone

m) Skin rash cremes e.g., Calendula

n) Thermometer

o) Paracetamols e.g., Ibuprofen – to control abnormal body temperatures.

p) Pain balms e.g., rob, kaluma

q) Brooch -identifies the first aider

r) Content list/ check list – shows all contents and helps in refilling.

FIRE CLASSIFICATION

 CLASS A-Fire caused by ordinary combustible materials e.g., paper.

 CLASS B-Fire caused by liquid flammable materials e.g., kerosene, petrol

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  CLASS C-Fire caused by gaseous flammable materials.

 CLASS D-Fires caused by combustible metals e.g., Li, Mg, K.

 CLASS E-Fire caused by electricity

 CLASS F-Fire caused by consumable fats and oils.

FIRE FIGHTING EXTINGUISHERS

I. Dry Riser- metallic element used to ferry water to dry places.

II. Fire extinguishing grenade- special capsule thrown into fires, raptures and releases its

extinguishing contents.

III. Fire Fighting Missiles- missiles which have extinguishing properties.

IV. Automated Fire Suppression Systems – [placed in areas where a fire outbreak is inevitable.

They are automatic; e.g., smoke sensors.

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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN HANDLING ELECTRIC DEVICES

When fixing and repairing light bulbs, it is important to follow proper safety considerations to

prevent injury or accidents. Here are some safety considerations to keep in mind:

1. Turn off the power: Before working on any electrical components, make sure to turn off the

power supply to prevent electrocution. This can be done by switching off the circuit breaker or

unplugging the device.

2. Use protective gear: Wear protective gear such as safety goggles and gloves to protect your eyes

and hands from broken glass or exposure to electrical components.

3. Use the correct tools: Use the correct tools for the job and avoid using damaged or worn out

tools. This will help prevent accidents and ensure that the job is done correctly.

4. Use a stable platform: When working on a ladder or raised platform, make sure it is stable and

secure to prevent falls.

5. Dispose of old bulbs properly: Fluorescent and other types of bulbs may contain harmful

chemicals or gases that require special disposal. Check with your local waste disposal facility for

proper disposal guidelines.

6. Seek professional help: If you are not comfortable or confident in your ability to fix or replace a

bulb, seek professional help from a qualified electrician.

By following these safety considerations, you can ensure that you work on light bulbs safely and

effectively.
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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Electrical installation technology is a branch of electrical engineering science which caters for the

design work and implementation of all energy requirements in accordance with the B53939

B57671 in order to make these work environments.

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

I. Incandescent

II. Energy Saving Technology

III. Light Emitting Diode Lighting Technology

UNITS OF LIGHTS

a) Lumens (LM)- brightness of the source of light.

b) Lux (LX)- measuring brightness on the working surface.

c) Candela (Cd)- measuring brightness from the source of light while comparing it to the

standard candela.

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Types of cables

Single Core Cable: A single core cable consists of a single conductor that is surrounded by an

insulating material, such as PVC or XLPE. It is commonly used for power transmission and

distribution, as well as for grounding applications.

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Two Core Cable: A two-core cable consists of two conductors that are separated by an insulating

material. It is commonly used for low voltage applications, such as wiring in homes and buildings,

as well as for telecommunications and data

Two Core Cable with Earth Cables: A two-core cable with earth cables is similar to a two-core

cable, but it includes an additional earth cable that provides a path for electrical currents to flow

safely to the ground in case of a fault. This type of cable is commonly used for high voltage

applications, such as power transmission and distribution, as well as for industrial and commercial

wiring where there is a risk of electrical shock or fire. The earth cable is usually green or yellow in

color, and it is designed to provide a low resistance path for fault currents to flow, thereby

protecting people and equipment from

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Architectural layouts, Lighting design and socket outlet design

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Ring Circuit Diagram

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2.4 CIVIL ENGINEERING

In this department I was able to carry out practical on venturi meter, orifices and carryout surveying

and booking.

Venturi meter

Type of a flow meter that works on the principles of Bernoulli’s Equation.

Application

 Used where high-pressure recovery is required.

 Measure flow rate of gases, fluids, suspended solids and slurry liquids

 Measure high flow rates in pipes having large diameters.

Advantages

 chance of getting clogged with sediments.

 Less Coefficient of discharge is high

 Behavior of venturi meter can be predicted perfectly.

 Can be installed vertically, horizontally and inclined.

Industrial applications

1. Burner [lab]

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2. Spray perfumes and cans

3. Aquarium

4. Carburetor

Orifices and free jet flow

CV = actual velocity/theoretical velocity

Cc =Area of Jet at vena contracts/Area of the orifice

Cd =actual discharge/theoretical discharge

Venacontracta - point of minimum diameter of the jet as the water oozes out.

Differences between a notch and an orifice

− An orifice is just an opening of any shape and can be installed inside a pipe, at the side of a

tank or at the bottom, it is entirely covered with a fluid.

− A notch only allows fluid within a specific area and the flow varies with change in height. The

upper surface of a notch is not covered with a fluid.

− A notch is used for measuring flow in open channels.

Pitot static tube

− This is a simple device used for measuring the velocity of a flow at the required point in a pipe

or stream. It is also called an impact tube or stagnation tube.

− The total pressure measured is called stagnation pressure. Stagnation point is a point whereby

the fluid does not move.

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− The pressure energy is also called static energy while the dynamic energy is also called

velocity energy.

− Pitot static tube is used to measure high velocities and hence it is used in wind tunnels.

Hydraulic coefficients

actual velocity Va
 Coefficient of velocity =
theoretical velocity Vt

actual discharge Qa
 Coefficient of discharge=
theoretical discharge Qt

CSA of venacontracta Aj
 Coefficient of contraction =
CSA oforifice Ao

Surveying

− Art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface and below the

surface of the earth.

− Used to prepare topographical, engineering,roads,reservoir,military,archaeological and contour

maps.

Types of surveys

 Geodetic -shape and size of earth are considered

 Plane -portion of the earth being surveyed is considered a plane.

 Reconnaissance survey-investigation of a new area to know size of the area

Methods of measurements used in surveying

A.Estimation methods

1. Pacing -surveyor walks along a line and counts the number of steps taken

D=number of steps ×size of steps

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2. Pulsometer - watch-like instruments used to count the number of a person’s steps. Carried

vertically in pocket, shoe etc.

3. Pedometer - records distance instead of steps.

4. Odometer -attached to wheel or cycle and counts number of revolutions made knowing the

circumference of the wheel.

5. Speedometer- used in automobiles for recording distances

Tapes methods.

Chain, steel tapes synthetic tapes.

B.Optical -mirrors

C.Electromagnetic distance measurements

Rely on electromagnetic waves

Levelling

Levelling is the process of measuring differences in height between points and finding elevation

points with respect to unknown datum above sea level.

 Elevation -vertical distance above reference point.

 Back sight – first reading taken when instrument is set.

 Fore sight – last reading taken before shifting instrument.

 Intermediate sight – readings between F.S and B.S.

 Benchmark – permanent point whose elevation with reference to main sea level is known.

 Temporary benchmark- benchmark established by project engineer in or near project site to

serve controlling elevations.

Methods of levelling
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 1. Direct levelling using level instruments

2. Trigonometric levelling using vertical angles and horizontal distances.

3. Barometric levelling by converting differences in pressure to height.

4. Hydro static levelling using plastic pipes filled with water

5. Laser leveling

6. GPS levelling using signals from satellites

7. Profile levelling is determining elevation of points along a center line of a track on land.

Instruments used in levelling

 Automatic level – it is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same

horizontal plane.

 Tripod stand – provides foundation for levelling instruments.

 Total station – used to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as sloping

distance of object to the instrument.

 Dumpy level – it is an optical surveying instrument that can be set up horizontally to enable

the user to read different heights of objects relative to the instrument.

Booking

Booking is the recording of sights in the field.

Ways of booking include; rise and fall and height of the instrument where rise and fall is replaced

by the height of the instrument.

Traversing – it is determining different levels between points on the surface on the ground.

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How booking is done

i. Instrument is set that is the automatic level.

ii. First reading (back sight) is taken.

iii. During setting of instrument, tripod stand is firmly held to ground.

iv. Spirit level is set to the middle by adjusting the automatic level.

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2.5 ESTATE ELECTRICAL

Fluorescent lamps

These lamps generate light from collisions in hot gas of accelerated electrons with atoms in

which electrons are pumped up to a higher energy level and then fall back while emitting

light. Parts of fluorescent lamps

Choke/ballast

- Has a high resistance which limits the current from reaching critical limits

Starter

- Allows current to flow through the filament at the end of the tube

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Floodlights

These are lighting fixtures that emit a broad beam of light.

Parts of floodlights

Optical Mechanical Electrical

Reflectors Housing Ballast

Light blocking grids Bracket Capacitors

Light sources Base Triggers

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Switch

A switch is an electrical device that is used to break or make an electric circuit

manually or automatically

It works on an ON/OFF mechanism.

Types of switches

● Single pole single throw (SPST)

● Single pole double throw (SPDT)

● Double pole double throw (DPDT)

● Double pole single throw (DPST)

Substations

A substation is a set of equipment that reduces the high voltage of electric

power transmission to that which is suitable for supply to a customer

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Components of a substation

1. Transformer -For stepping down voltage from 11kV to 415kV

2. Low voltage board - Monitors whether the incoming voltages are safe so

that it does not damage the changeover.

3. Changeover - Used to change or switch the main’s utility to the

generator when the electricity goes.

- The main component of a changeover are contractors which are in 2 sets;

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 one for the main’s utility and the other for the generator.

v. Generator - Used to generate different types of electrical wave forms over a wide

range of frequencies

Types of light bulbs

Incandescent bulbs: These are the traditional bulbs that have been used for many years.

They work by heating a wire filament until it glows, producing light. Incandescent bulbs

are cheap, but they are not very energy-efficient and have a shorter lifespan than other

types of bulbs.

Compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs): These bulbs use less energy than incandescent bulbs

and last longer. They work by passing an electric current through a gas, which produces

ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light then interacts with a phosphorescent coating inside

the bulb to produce visible light. Light-emitting diode bulbs (LEDs): These bulbs are

highly energy-efficient and have a long lifespan. They work by passing an electric current

through a semiconductor material, which produces light. LEDs are more expensive than

incandescent bulbs and CFLs, but they use less energy and last longer.

Halogen bulbs: These bulbs are similar to incandescent bulbs but use a halogen gas to

increase their efficiency and lifespan. They are more expensive than incandescent bulbs

but last longer and are more energy-efficient

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2.6 MECHANICAL FABRICATION

Mechanical fabrication is the process of creating mechanical parts or components from raw

materials using various manufacturing techniques such as cutting, drilling, bending, welding,

and assembling. It involves the production of machine parts, tools, and structures using metal,

plastic, and other materials. Mechanical fabrication can be used to create a wide range of

products, from simple metal brackets to complex machinery and industrial equipment.

For this department, we were required to:

1. Know the hand tools, their functions and how to use them

2. Participate in the fabrication process and make a dustpan

Hand tools used

Tin snips are hand tools used for cutting thin sheets of metal, including tin, aluminum, and

sheet metal. They have sharp blades that are designed to make straight, curved, or irregular

cuts in the metal. Tin snips come in different shapes and sizes, including straight-cut, left-cut,

and right-cut, depending on the direction of the cut.

Tin snips are commonly used in sheet metal work, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air

conditioning) installation, and other metalworking tasks. They can be used to make precise

cuts in small or large pieces of metal, depending on the size and shape of the tool.

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A rubber mallet is a type of hammer that has a head made of rubber, typically a hard and

durable type of rubber such as polyurethane or neoprene. Rubber mallets are commonly used

in woodworking and construction for tasks that require striking objects without leaving marks

or damaging surfaces.

Rubber mallets are useful for tasks such as assembling furniture or cabinets, installing tile, or

setting wood or metal parts into place without damaging them. They are also used in

automotive and mechanical repair work, where a metal hammer could cause damage to

delicate parts.

A scriber is a handheld tool used in metalworking, woodworking, and other trades to mark

lines or surfaces with precision. The tool consists of a slender rod with a sharp, pointed tip,

often made of steel or tungsten carbide, and a handle for gripping.

Scribers are used to scribe or scratch lines on a workpiece, typically made of metal or wood,

to create a guide for cutting, drilling, or shaping. The sharp tip of the scriber can scratch a

precise line into the material, allowing the user to follow that line with a saw, chisel, or other

cutting tool.

Scribers are also used for layout work, such as marking the locations for holes, slots, or other

features on a workpiece. They can be used in combination with rulers, squares, or other

measuring tools to ensure accurate placement of marks.

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Try Square Engineering Instruments offers a wide range of instruments, including calipers,

micrometers, height gauges, dial indicators, and surface plates. These instruments are used to

measure dimensions, angles, and surface characteristics of various objects and materials with

high accuracy and precision

A steel rule is a versatile tool that can be used for a variety of applications, including:

Measuring length: The most common use of a steel rule is for measuring length or distance

accurately. The etched markings on the rule are used to measure the length of an object or the

distance between two points. Measuring angles: Steel rules with protractors can be used to

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measure angles, making them useful in woodworking, metalworking, and other applications

where precise angles are necessary.

Center punches are used in many applications, including metalworking, woodworking, and

automotive repair. They are particularly useful in metalworking, where precise drilling is

critical, and even a slight deviation from the desired position can ruin a part.

Some center punches have an adjustable mechanism that allows the user to control the depth

and size of the indentation, while others have a spring-loaded mechanism that automatically

retracts the point after striking, making it easier to use. Center punch is a tool used in

metalworking and woodworking to make a small indentation. or mark in a workpiece

A branch vice, also known as a chain vise, is a tool used to securely hold and clamp pipes,

rods, and other cylindrical objects during cutting, threading, or other machining operations.

The vice consists of two jaws that are connected by a chain that wraps around the object

being held. The chain is tightened by turning a handle, causing the jaws to grip the object

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.

Ball peen hammer

Used for setting the rivet

A drill

Drilling machine is a tool used for drilling holes in various materials, such as metal, ceramic

wood, or plastic. It can be either portable or stationary

Materials used

1. Metal sheets

2. Rivets

Procedure

1. Given the metal sheet, measure the required dimensions using a rule

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2) Mark lines using a scriber while using the square and rule to ensure that the angles are

right angles

3) Cut the required size of metal sheet using a tin snip along with the lines marked by the

scriber

4) Mark other dimensions provided in the drawings using the scriber and rule.

5) Take not of all the angles provided in the drawing and use the square, rule and scriber to

mark them.

6)Cut the required piece by using a tin snip

7) Fold the edges using a mallet hammer to provide smooth edges

8) Camp the sheet on the bench vice and gold along the marked lines

9) Use the mallet hammer to ensure the sheet is properly folded.

10) Measure the required size of the handle from the unused sheet and cut

11) Using a center punch, make a dimple on both the scoop part and handle part

12) On the scoop the holes are to be made on the center lines and at the edges

13) Dimples at the handle are made to corresponding positions to the holes in the scoop

14) Use the drill to drill the dimples made on both the scoop and the handle

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15)Using the ball-pen hammer set the rivets on all holes

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CHAPTER THREE: ATTACHMENT EVALUATION

CONCLUSION

The attachment has been a valuable and insightful experience that has provided me with the

opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world engineering projects. Through this

attachment, I have gained practical experience in various engineering tasks, including

designing, implementing, and testing systems. Additionally, I have learned to work

collaboratively with a team and effectively communicate technical concepts and ideas.

The attachment has also exposed me to the latest trends and technologies in the engineering

field, enhancing my understanding of the industry and its future prospects. Moreover, the

experience has helped me develop my problem-solving skills and taught me to approach

challenges in a systematic and structured manner.

Overall, this engineering attachment has been a fulfilling experience that has broadened my

horizons and prepared me for future endeavors in the engineering field. I am grateful for the

opportunity and look forward to utilizing the knowledge and skills gained during this

attachment to make meaningful contributions to the engineering industry.

CHALLENGES

During the attachment period, we faced several challenges that impacted our learning

experience. One of the major challenges was the lack of adequate resources in some of the

workshop areas, which made it difficult to carry out certain tasks effectively. Additionally,

some of the technology used in the workshops was outdated, making it harder to learn and

apply modern techniques.

Another challenge we encountered was the limited access to references, which made it

difficult to expand our knowledge beyond what we were being taught in class. However,

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despite these challenges, the technicians and instructors were always available to offer

guidance and support whenever needed.

Overall, the attachment period was a valuable learning experience that helped us gain

practical engineering skills in various fields, from plumbing to mechanical fabrication to the

basics of electricity.

While the challenges we faced were significant, we were able to overcome them with the help

of our instructors and peers.

RECCOMENDATIONS

There are several recommendations that can be made to address the challenges faced during
the attachment period:
1. Increase funding: The organization could increase its funding to provide more resources
for the students to work with. This would enable the students to access the necessary
equipment and technology to perform their tasks efficiently.
2. Update technology: The organization should invest in updating their technology and
equipment to keep up with current industry standards. This would ensure that the students are
exposed to the latest technology and gain relevant skills that will be useful in their future
careers.
3. Provide access to references: The organization could provide access to a library or online
resources where the students can access relevant references to support their learning. This
would enable the students to conduct research and gain a deeper understanding of the
concepts they are learning.
4. Regular feedback sessions: The organization should conduct regular feedback sessions
with the students to identify any challenges they are facing and provide support where
necessary. This would ensure that the students are able to overcome any challenges they face
and gain the most from their attachment experience.
5. Collaboration with other organizations: The organization could collaborate with other
organizations to share resources and provide opportunities for the students to gain a wider
range of experiences. This would expose the students to different working environments and
enable them to learn from a diverse range of professionals in the industry.

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REFERENCES

1.Zeghloul, A., Messilem, A., Ghendour, N., Al-Sarkhi, A., Azzi, A., & Hasan, A.

(2021). Theoretical study and experimental measurement of the gas liquid two-phase

flow through a vertical Venturi meter. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical

Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 235(9), 1567-1584.

2. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING SURVEYING Second Edition. (n.d.).

https://www.dtwd.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/teachingproducts/BC016_CCBY.PDF.

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