Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1:
Microcontroller
And Embedded
System
PREPARED BY: NORHANIZA AZREEN BT MOHAMED MOKHTAR

SESI 1 2021/2022
MICROCONTROLLER is an integrated circuit (IC) device
used for controlling other portions of an electronic system,
usually via a microprocessor unit (MPU), memory, and some
peripherals. These devices are optimized for embedded
applications that require both processing functionality and
agile, responsive interaction with digital, analog, or
electromechanical components.
MICROCONTROLLER
● Microcontroller is a VLSI (Very Large

Scale Integration) Integrated Circuit
(IC) that contains electronic
computing unit and logic unit
(combinedly known as CPU),
Memory (Program Memory and Data
Memory), I/O Ports (Input / Output
Ports) and few other components
integrated on a single chip.
MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a computer
processor wherein the data processing
logic and control is included on a single
integrated circuit, or a small number of
integrated circuits. The microprocessor
contains the arithmetic, logic, and
control circuitry required to perform the
functions of a computer's central
processing unit.
Basic Structure of a Microcontroller
Central Processing Unit
Attempting to retrieve and
store data The brain of the computer
system. Its contains circuits
Translate the data input to that control all operation of
output meaningful notice computer system. Its also
performance :
which has the ability to process digital
data by implementing the arithmetic and
logic functions on the data.
Carrying out instruction

An arithmetic-logic unit is the part of a central
1 processing unit that carries out arithmetic and logic
operations on the operands in computer instruction
words.
ALU
( ARITHMETIC The ALU has two main inputs :
AND LOGIC 2 1. Accumulator ( ACC )

2. Data Register
UNIT )
The two operand may be added ,subtracted ,or

3 compared in some way, and the result of the
operation is stored back in the accumulator
CONTROL UNIT REGISTER
• The circuitry that controls the • Registers are temporary

flow of information through the storage locations inside the
processor, and coordinates the CPU that hold data and
activities of the other units within addresses.
it. It obtains its operational detail • The register file is the
from the instruction Decoder component that contains all the
general purpose registers of
the microprocessor.
01
Address bus - carry the address signal from
microprocessor to the memory and I/O
02
Data bus - carry data between CPU ,
memory and I/O. the bus a bidirectional
BUS 03
Control bus - carry control signal from CPU to memory and
SYSTEM I/O or from other circuit to CPU.
What is Embedded system?
● An embedded system is a computer that has been

built to solve only a few very specific problems and
is not easily changed
● Embedded system are basic electronic devices
used to control, monitor or assist the operation
of equipment, machinery or a plant.
● It has a processor and software, input and output.
● The word embedded means it is built into the
system. It is a permanent part in a bigger system.
“Microcontroller as the heart of embedded
system”
For example, in a thermometer embedded system, the microcontroller
may receive a signal from a temperature measuring device, process
the signal and send data to a display device to show the temperature
being sensed. right? Because, the microcontroller will: Receive Input
Signal Output Process it
Receive Produce an
Process it
input signal output
Embedded System In Real Life Application
Consumer
Electronic
Medical Equipment
Transportation System
Pace maker, patient
Radar, traffic light,
monitoring system,
signaling system
injection system
Engine management,
cruise control, car
alarm
Telecommunication
Agriculture system system
Feeding system,
milking system Office Equipment
Embedded in shoes!!!
Embedded systems are not always stand
alone devices The microprocessor embedded
in this Adidas running shoe calculates the
pressure between the runner's foot and the
ground five million times per second and
continuously changes the cushioning to match
an adjustable comfort level. The computer
controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a
cable attached to a plastic cushioning element
Characteristic Of Embedded System
Designed to do a specific
task
Are not always standalone
The program instruction written for

embedded system are referred to as
firmware and are store in read-only
memory or flash memory chips
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER
• CPU,ROM,RAM,timer and I/O devices • CPU, ROM,RAM,timer and I/O devices
are all in separated unit. are all in a chip.
• System designer can determine the • Capacity of RAM,ROM and I/O devices
capacity for RAM,ROM,I/O have been determined during fabrication.
• Capacity of memory and I/O port can be • Capacity of memory and I/O port cannot
added at any time. be added
• Suitable for project which has expanded • Suitable for project which has limited
space. space
• For general purposes usages • For specific purpose usage
The advantage
of
microcontroller
application
Small size Reduce chip Reduce power

count consumption
Program difficult to
Many application do Reduce design
copy because copy
not requires as much cost
protection functions
and emulator will be as computing power
required to copy it.

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CHAPTER 1:

PREPARED BY: NORHANIZA AZREEN BT MOHAMED MOKHTAR

● Microcontroller is a VLSI (Very Large

Carrying out instruction

AND LOGIC 2 1. Accumulator ( ACC )

The two operand may be added ,subtracted ,or

• The circuitry that controls the • Registers are temporary

● An embedded system is a computer that has been

Are not always standalone

The program instruction written for

Small size Reduce chip Reduce power

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