THERMODYNAMICS (REVIEWER) 6.

CONDUCTION
-The process of transmission of energy from one
1.ABSOLUTE PRESSURE particle of the medium to another with the particles
-Throughout this semester the term pressure refers being in direct contact with each other.
to absolute pressure unless explicitly stated
otherwise. 7. CONVECTION
-The movement of fluid molecules from higher
-Although absolute pressures must be used in temperature regions to lower temperature regions.
thermodynamic relations, pressure-measuring
devices often indicate the difference between the 8.CLOSED SYSTEM
absolute pressure in a system and the absolute
pressure of the atmosphere existing outside the - refers to a fixed quantity of matter, whereas a
measuring device. control volume is a region of space through which
mass may flow.
2.ADIABATIC PROCESS
-it is defined when a particular quantity of matter is
-When a system undergoes a process while under study.
enclosed by an adiabatic wall, it experiences no
thermal interaction with its surroundings. -it always contains the same matter. There can be
no transfer of mass across its boundary.
REMEMBER:
9. DENSITY
An adiabatic process is not necessarily an
isothermal process, nor is an isothermal -Derived from mass divided by volume.
process necessarily adiabatic.
-Represents the mass per unit volume of a
3. AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE substance.
- (mole)
-The density, or local mass per unit volume
-The mole (mol) is the amount of substance of a
system that contains as many elementary entities - is an intensive property that may vary from point
as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12. to point within a system. Thus, the mass associated
with a particular volume V is determined in principle
4. BOYLE’S LAW by integration
-it is a gas law that states that the pressure of a
-is defined as mass per unit volume, with
given quantity of gas varies inversely with its
dimensions (mass) (length) The SI unit for density
volume at constant temperature
is kg/m Materials with more compact molecular
arrangements have higher densities.
-It was formulated by the physicist Robert Boyle in
1662 -The density of a given substance may be divided
by the density of water at the same temperature to
- The law states that the pressure exerted by a gas obtain specific gravity.
(of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is
inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. -Density is a fundamental physical property that
measures the mass of an object or substance per
5. CHARLE’S LAW unit volume. It quantifies how tightly matter is
-it is a physical principle that states that the volume packed within a given volume.
of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure. - Density is a crucial concept in physics, chemistry,
engineering, and various other fields, as it provides
insights into the behavior of materials and their - The value of entropy depends on the mass of a
interactions under different conditions. system. It is denoted by the letter S and has units
of joules per kelvin. Entropy can have a positive or
Applications of Density negative value.

A. Material Identification 13.Extensive/ Extrinsic

-Density is used to identify materials and -depends on the amount of substance present
substances Different materials often have distinct
densities, allowing scientists to determine the -mass, volume, length
composition of unknown samples.
- if its value for an overall system is the sum of its
B. Buoyancy and Floating values for the parts into which the system is
divided.
-Density plays a key role in understanding
buoyancy. Objects less dense than a fluid will float -Mass, volume, energy, and several other
in it, while objects denser than the fluid will sink. properties introduced later are extensive.

C. Fluid Dynamics -Extensive properties depend on the size or extent

of a system.
- In fluid mechanics, density influences fluid flow,
pressure distribution, and other characteristics of - The extensive properties of a system can change
fluids in motion. with time, and many thermodynamic analyses
consist mainly of carefully accounting for changes
D..Engineering Design in extensive properties such as mass and energy
as a system interacts with its surroundings.
-Density is crucial in designing structures and
devices where material properties and weight 14.First Law of Thermodynamics
distribution are important considerations. -states that heat is a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to
E.Thermal Behavior
the principle of conservation of energy.
-Density can change with temperature and
pressure variations, impacting the thermal behavior -This means that heat energy cannot be created or
of substances. destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from one
location to another and converted to and from other
10. Electric Current forms of energy.

- is the rate of flow of electrons in a conductor. The 15.Flow work

SI Unit of electric current is the Ampere. - is basically defined as the work which will be
needed in order to maintain a continuous flow
11.Enthalpy through a control volume.
- is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic
system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the total -Flow work could be seen in a control volume
content of heat of a system, equivalent to the system.
system’s internal energy plus the product of volume
and pressure.
16.Gay-Lussac’s law
12.Entropy
- is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a -is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted
system.
by a gas (of a given mass and kept at a constant
volume) varies directly with the absolute - Specific volume pressure, and temperature are
temperature of the gas. important intensive properties, several other
intensive properties are introduced in subsequent
chapters.
-In other words, the pressure exerted by a gas is
proportional to the temperature of the gas when the 19.Isentropic process
mass is fixed and the volume is constant. - is a special type of thermodynamic process where
the entropy, or the measure of disorder, of a fluid or
-This law was formulated by the French chemist gas stays the same.

Joseph Gay-Lussac in the year 1808. The 20.Isolated system

mathematical expression of Gay-Lussac’s law can
-A special type of closed system that does not
be written as follows:
interact in any way with its surroundings.

P ∝ T ; P/T = k -When a system is isolated, it does not interact

with its surroundings, however, its state can change
Where: as a consequence of spontaneous events occurring
internally as its intensive properties, such as
● P is the pressure exerted by the gas temperature and pressure, tend toward uniform
● T is the absolute temperature of the gas values. When all such changes cease, the system
● k is a constant. is in equilibrium. Hence, for a system to be in
equilibrium it must be a single phase or consist of a
17. Heat number of phases that have no tendency to change
their conditions when the overall system is isolated
- is a form of energy corresponding to a definite from its surroundings. At equilibrium, the
amount of mechanical work. temperature is uniform throughout the system.
Also, pressure can be regarded as uniform
- energy that is transferred from one body to
throughout as long as the effect of gravity is not
another as the result of a difference in temperature.
significant; otherwise, a pressure variation can
18.Intensive/ Intrinsic exist, as in a vertical column of liquid.

-does not depend on the amount of substance 21. Law of conservation of energy
present -it states that energy can neither be created nor
be destroyed. Although, it may be transformed
-color, odor, taste, density, boiling point melting from one form to another. If you take all forms of
point energy into account, the total energy of an isolated
system always remains constant. All the forms of
-are not additive in the sense previously energy follow the law of conservation of energy.
considered.
22.Laws of thermodynamics
-Their values are independent of the size or extent
of a system and may vary from place to place - give a complete description of all changes in the
within the system at any moment. energy state of any system and its ability to perform
useful work on its surroundings.
- Thus, intensive properties may be functions of
both position and time, whereas extensive 23. Length (L)
properties vary at most with time.
-The dimension of length represents the extent of
space in one direction.
-The SI unit of length is the meter (m). 29.Primary (Fundamental) dimensions

24.Luminous Intensity - such as length, time, temperature, and mass,

-is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power express a physical entity.
radiated by a light source in a particular direction
per unit solid angle. 30.Process

- It is based on the luminosity function, a standard -When any of the properties of a system change,
model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI the state changes, and the system is said to have
unit of luminous intensity is the candela or cd, it is undergone a process.
an SI base unit.
-A process is a transformation from one state to
another. However, if a system exhibits the same
25. Mass (M)
values of it as properties at two different times, it is
-The dimension of mass represents the amount of in the same state at these times.
matter in an object.
31.Properties
-The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
-are those observable characteristics, such as
26.Open system pressure, temperature, or volume that define the
equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system.
- can exchange mass and energy, usually in the
form of heat with its surroundings -it do not depend on how the state of a system
attained; they are only functions of the state of a
-Example: Boiling soup in an open saucepan on a system. Therefore, properties are independent of
stove the path by which a system reaches a certain state.

27.Polytropic process 32.Radiation

-is a way of describing how gas or vapor changes
its pressure and volume when heat and work are - can be described as energy or particles from a
involved. source that travels through space or other
mediums.
28.Pressure (Pa):
-Light, heat, microwaves and wireless
-Derived from dividing the force unit (N) by the area communications are all forms of radiation.
unit (m²)
33. Second law of thermodynamics
-Represents force applied per unit area.
-states that any spontaneously occurring process
- as discussed above is called absolute pressure. will always lead to an escalation in the entropy (S)
of the universe. In simple words, the law explains
- Throughout this semester the term pressure refers that an isolated system’s entropy will never
to absolute pressure unless explicitly stated decrease over time.
otherwise. Although absolute pressures must be
used in thermodynamic relations, 34.Secondary (Derived) dimensions
pressure-measuring devices often indicate the
-involve a combination of primary dimensions (e.g.,
difference between the absolute pressure in a
volume is length cubed; velocity is distance divided
system and the absolute pressure of the
by time).
atmosphere existing outside the measuring device.
35.Système International d'Unités, or the SI
units
- has standardized unit systems, symbols, and - The key concept is that heat is a form of energy
quantities. corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical
work.
-it is often referred to as the International System of
Units, is the globally recognized and standardized 40.The third law of thermodynamics
system of measurement units used in science,
engineering, and everyday life. It is based on a set -it states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at a
of well-defined base units from which all other units temperature of zero Kelvin (absolute zero) is equal
can be derived. The SI system provides to zero.
consistency, accuracy, and uniformity in measuring
various physical quantities. 41.Throttling process

36.Specific Gravity - is a thermodynamic process, in which the

enthalpy of the gas or medium remains constant
-or relative gravity is a dimensionless quantity that (h = const).
is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance
to the density of the water at a specified 42.Time (T)
temperature
-The dimension of time represents the progression
37.System of events and the duration between events.

- is whatever we want to study. -The SI unit of time is the second (s)

-It may be as simple as a free body or as complex -These three fundamental dimensions are used to
as an entire chemical refinery. We may want to express and define other physical quantities.
study a quantity of matter contained within a
43.Unit
closed, rigid-walled tank, or we may want to
consider something such as a pipeline through -is a standardized value for measuring a physical
which natural gas flows. quantity

-The composition of the matter inside the system 44.Zeroth law of thermodynamics
may be fixed or maybe changed through chemical
or nuclear reactions. The shape or volume of the -It is a matter of experience that when two bodies
system being analyzed is not necessarily constant, are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are
as when a gas in a cylinder compressed by a piston in thermal equilibrium with one another. This
or a balloon is inflated. statement, which is sometimes called the zeroth
law of thermodynamics, is tacitly assumed in
38.thermodynamic temperature (Kelvin): every measurement of temperature. Thus, if we
want to know if two bodies are at the same
-The Kelvin (K) is the fraction 1/273.16 of the
temperature, it is not necessary to bring them into
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
contact and see whether their observable
water.
properties change with time, as described
39.Thermodynamics previously. It is necessary only to see if they are
individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body.
- is the science of the relationship between heat, The third body is usually a thermometer.
work, temperature, and energy.
-States that if two thermodynamic system are each
- In broad terms, it deals with the transfer of energy in thermal equilibrium with a third one, then they
from one place to another and from one foam to are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
another.