Q2 Mathematics 8 - Module 3
Q2 Mathematics 8 - Module 3
Q2 Mathematics 8 - Module 3
Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Finds the Domain and Range of a
Function. Graphs and illustrates a
Linear Function and its (a) domain;
(b) range; (c) table of values; (d)
intercepts; and (e) slope; and
Solves Problems Involving Linear
Functions.
Mathematics – Grade 8
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Finds the Domain and Range of a Function; Graphs and
Illustrates a Linear Function and its (a) domain;(b) range; (c) table of values; (d)
intercepts; and (e) slope; Solves Problems Involving Linear Functions.
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 3:
Finds the Domain and Range of a
Function. Graphs and illustrates a
Linear Function and its (a) domain;
(b) range; (c) table of values; (d)
intercepts; and (e) slope; and
Solves Problems Involving Linear
Functions.
ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
iii
Let Us Learn
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It will help you understand
better about linear functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The lessons are done to follow the standard sequence
of the course.
Let Us Try
EXERCISE 1 “Always, Sometimes, Never”
Objective: To complete each sentence with the appropriate word to make it
correct.
1
EXERCISE 3: “Domain and Range”
Identify the domain and range of the following:
Let Us Study
Linear Function
The domain of a function is the set of first coordinates which is the values
of x and the range of a function is the set of second coordinates which is the
values of y. Intercepts – a point on any of the axes. X-intercept – a point where
the graph crosses or touches the x-axis and it is a point on the x-axis represented
by an ordered pair (a,0), while y-intercept – a point where the graph crosses or
touches the y-axis and it is a point on the y-axis represented by an ordered pair
(0,b)
In addition, you learned that slope refers to the degree of inclination of a line.
Algebraically, it refers to the ratio of the change in y to the change in x. - given any
two points of a line or
Using the coordinates of two points, the slope of a line can be determined
using the formula,
where x1 x2
While the value of the slope m tells the trend of the graph.
• If m is positive, then the graph is increasing from left to right.
• If m is negative, then the graph is decreasing from left to right
. • If m is zero, then the graph is a horizontal line.
• If m is undefined, then the graph is a vertical line.
2
Function Notation
The f(x) notation can also be used to define a function. If f is a function, the
symbol f(x), read as “f of x,” is used to denote the value of the function f at a given
value of x. In simpler way, f(x) denotes the y-value (element of the range) that the
function f associates with x-value (element of the domain). Thus, f(1) denotes the
value of y at x = 1. Note that f(1) does not mean f times 1. The letters such as g, h
and the like can also denote functions.
Furthermore, every element x in the domain of the function is called the pre-
image. However, every element y or f(x) in the range is called the image. The figure
at the right illustrates concretely the input (the value of x) and the output (the
value of y or f(x)) in the rule or function. It shows that for every value of x there
corresponds one and only one value of y.
Output
(value of f(x) or y)
Example:
Consider the rule or the function f defined by f(x) = 4x – 1. If x = 2, then the
value of the function would be 5.
Solution:
f(x) = 4x – 1 Rule/Function
f(2) = 4(2) – 1 Substituting x by 2
f(2) = 8 – 1 Simplification
f(2) = 7 Simplification
The input is 2 (the value of x) and the output is 7 (the value of y or f(x)).
How about if x = 3?
Solution:
f(x) = 4x – 1 Rule/Function f
(3) = 4(3) – 1 Substituting x = 3
f(3) = 12 – 1 Simplification
f(3) = 11 Simplification
The input is 3 (the value of x) while the output is 11 (the value of function).
In the previous module, you have learned how the domain and the range of a
relation are defined. The domain of the function is the set of all permissible
values of x that give real values for y. Similarly, the range of the function is the
set of permissible values for y or f(x) that give the values of x real numbers.
You have taken the domain and the range of the relation given in the table of
values in the previous lesson, the set of ordered pairs and the graph. Can you
give the domain and the range if the graph of the function is known? Try this
one!
3
Illustrative Example:
Solutions:
In (a), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function extends in both
directions. It extends to the left and right without bound; thus, the domain D of the
function is the set of real numbers. Similarly, it extends upward and downward
without bound; thus, the range R of function is the set of all real numbers. In
symbols, D = {x|x ∈ ℜ}, R = {y|y ∈ ℜ}
In (b), arrow heads indicate that the graph of the function is extended to the
left and right without bound, and downward, but not upward, without bound. Thus,
the domain of the function is the set of real numbers, while the range is any real
number less than or equal to 0. That is, D = {x|x ∈ ℜ}, R = {y|y ≤ 0}
The domain (D) of a function refers to the first coordinates or the x values in
a set of ordered pairs, while the range (R) of a function is the set of the second
coordinates or y values in a set of ordered pairs.
4
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the values of the x? ____________________
2. What are the values of the y? _____________________
Example 1. How can you graph the function described by the table of ordered pairs
that follows?
x -2 -1 0 1 domain
range
y -2 1 4 7
Solution:
a) On a graphing paper, draw a coordinate plane and plot the set of ordered
pairs: {(-2, -2), (-1, 1), (0, 4), (1, 7)}
To plot an ordered pair means to draw a dot at the point on the
coordinate plane that corresponds to the ordered pair. This is sometimes
called plotting a point.
Thus,
5
b.) Draw a line passing through these points. Now place your ruler at the left
of the graph to represent a vertical line. Then move the ruler to the right
across the graph as shown below:
R
U
L
E
R
Observe if for each value of x, the vertical line passes through no more
than one point on the graph. This test is called the vertical line test. Thus, the
line represents a function. This function represented by the table of ordered
pairs is a linear function.
From the graph, complete the table by supplying the missing numbers.
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) or y -1 2
By looking at the graph, you can easily find the ordinates of the points
from the given abscissas. That is, when x = 0, the line passes exactly at 0.
6
Another way; using the linear function f(x) = 3x-1 to find the value of y if x
is 0. Substitute the value of x as 0.
f(x) = 3x – 1 f(x) = 3x – 1
f(0) or y = 3 (0) – 1 if x = 1
f(0) 0r y = 0 – 1 f(1) = 3(1) – 1
f(x) or y = -1 f(1) = 3 – 1
Therefore; (0,-1) as the first ordered pair f(1) = 2
(1,2) second ordered pair
How about when x = 2? What is its corresponding ordinate? ___________
Try to draw a vertical line at x = 2, then determine the ordinate of the
point where the vertical line intersects the graph.
ANSWERS:
2. Yes, the function g is a linear function because it has a degree one. Since
g(x) = -x can be written as g(x) = -1x + 0, its slope is -1 and y-intercept is
0.
3. The function h is not a linear function because its degree (the highest
exponent of x) is 2, not 1.
Life-Problem, No Problem!
There many ways in solving word problems. Polya’s Method is one of them.
In this lesson I will teach you how to use Polya’s Method in solving word problems
involving linear functions.
7
Step 1: Understand the problem.
✓ (Recognizing what is asked for)
Some example:
• What are you trying to find?
• Do you understand all the terminology?
• What data is given?
• Try to state the problem another way.
EXAMPLE 1.
In past quarter, Josh has already taken four quizzes, and during
each week of this quarter she expects to have 1 quiz. Write a function
showing the relation between the number of weeks (x) and the total
number of quizzes (y). How many quizzes in 12 weeks will Josh have?
Solution:
a. Understand the Problem
How many quizzes will Josh have in 12 weeks?
Let x = be the number of weeks
f(x) or y = be the total number of quizzes
8
b. Devise a Plan
Since, Josh has already 4 quizzes and she have 1 quiz each
week
Total no. of quizzes = number of weeks + 4 quizzes
f(x) = x + 4
d. Lookback
Let Us Practice
Now, it’s your turn to apply the concepts you have learned on the linear
function.
I. Determine the domain and the range of the relation given the set of
ordered pairs.
1. {(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
2. {(0, 2), (0, 4), (0, 6), (0, 8), (0, 10)}
3.{(-5, -2), (-2, -2), (1, 0), (4, 2), (7, 2)}
4. {(0, 2), (-1, 3), (-2, 4), (-3, 5), (-4, 6)}
5. {(0, -2), (1, -3), (2, -4), (3, -5), (4, -6)}
9
II. Determine the domain and range of each mapping diagram.
III. Determine the domain and the range of the table of values.
IV. Determine the domain and the range of the relation illustrated by each
graph below.
10
Let Us Practice More
This actvity will enable you to describe the graph of a linear equation in terms
of its intercepts, slope and points.
Direction: Given the graph at the right, find the following:
1. Slope
2. Rise
3. Run
4. x – intercept
5. y – intercept
6. Complete the table of values:
x 0 2 4 6 8
y
A. Using your graphing paper, graph the set of ordered pairs in the following table
of values. Determine its domain, range and slope.
1. x -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y -4 2 0 1 3
2. x -1 0 1 2 3
y -6 -3 0 3 6
3. x 0 1 2 3 4
y -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
4. x -1 0 1 2 3
y 3 1 -1 -3 -5
11
ACTIVITY 4: COMPLETE ME!
LINEAR
FUNCTION
GIVEN DEGREE OR NOT SLOPE Y- INTERCEPT
(m) (b)
Or
Ex. f(x) = 2x + 4 1 2 4
1. f(x) = -3x2
2. f(x) = 5x
3. f(x) = x – 25
4. f(x) = 2(x+3)
5. f(x) = -5x3
6. f(x) = -(x + 12)
7. f(x) = 3x - 9
8. f(x) = 1/4x + 16
9. f(x) = -x3 + 2x +4
10. f(x) = 2x2 – 10x +25
Let Us Remember
12
Let Us Assess
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze the following items and choose the letter of the
correct answer from the given choices. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What function is defined by f(x) = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the
y-intercept, m and b ∈ ℜ and m ≠ 0. The degree of the function is one and its
graph is a line.
a. Linear c. Cubic
b. Quadratic d. Quartic
2. The ________of a function refers to the first or x values in a set of ordered pairs,
while the _________ is the set of the second or y values in a set of ordered pairs.
a. range; domain c. abscissa; domain
b. domain; range d. ordinate; range
5. All of the following statements are linear functions EXCEPT one. Which is it?
a. y = 3x + 4 b. 2y = 6x c. y = 9 d. y = x2 + 2
a. -3 Y
b. 2
c. 3
d. 6
X
7. In the graph in item number 6, which of the choices below is the y – intercept?
a. 6 b. 3 c. 2 d. -3
8. What set of numbers make up the range of the linear function y = x + 2 if the
domain is {0, 1, 2, 4}?
a. {0, 2, 3, 4} b. {2, 3, 6} c. {2, 3, 4, 6} d. {2, 4, 6}
9. Which of the following choices is the slope of the linear function f(x) = 3x + 6
a. 3 b. 6 c. 3x d. x
13
10. Which table of values that satisfies f(x) = 3x + 6?
a.
x 0 1 2 3 x 0 1 2 3
y 3 -3 -9 -15 c. y 1 2 3 4
b. . x 0 1 2 3 d. x 0 1 2 3
y 3 -3 3 -3 y 6 9 12 15
To edit a manuscript, Michael charges ₱50 for the first 2 hours and ₱20
per hour after the first 2 hours. Which function notation is best to use in the
problem? If Michael spent 7 hours editing, how much will he receive as
payment?
11. Write a function that shows the relationship between the number of hours after
the first 2 hours (x) and the total amount of payment for editing a
manuscript (y).
a. f(x) = 20x +50 c. f(x) = 2x + 50
b. f(x) = 50x + 20 d. f(x) = 5x + 20
12. If Michael spent 7 hours editing, how much will he receive as payment?
a. ₱ 190.00 c. ₱ 370.00
b. ₱150.00 d. ₱ 270.00
13. Janna can type 60 words per minute. How long will she finish typing a story
with 5400 words?
a. 60 mins c. 54 mins
b. 30 mins d. 90 mins
14. A L300 Van rental charge ₱1,000 per day plus ₱5.00 per mile traveled. If a
total of 300 miles was traveled in a day, how much will the rental company
received as payment?
a. P 2000.00 c. P 2500.00
b. P 1500.00 d. P 3000.00
15. Jay-Em drinks 8 glasses of water a day, and the next day, he plans to do it
again. Write a function showing the relation between the number of days (x)
and the total number of glasses of water (y). How many glasses of water will
Jay-Em have consumed in 4 weeks?
14
Let Us Enhance
ACTIVITY 5
I. Work on the following problems. They are going to use Polya’s Method in
Solving.
2. Altheo has about ₱575 excess from his budget for groceries. He is saving
up for a new gadget for his online class. He saves ₱25 from allowance per
week for this gadget. How much will he be able to save in 3 weeks using
the function notation f(x) = 25x + 575?
a. For 3 weeks?
b. For 10 weeks?
c. Twenty-five weeks?
15
Let Us Reflect
On the Heart React, write three things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Like React, write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept of
linear function.
On the Thinking React, write one or two questions that you want to ask about the
topic.
16
17
Let Us Enhance Let’s Us Practice
I.1. Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; Range: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. Domain: {0}; Range: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
3. Domain: {-5, -2, 1, 4, 7}; Range: {-2, 0, 2}
4. Domain: {0, -1, -2, -3, -4}; Range: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
5. Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; Range: {-2, -3, -4, -5, -
6}
II.1. Domain: {-2, 0, 2}; Range: {-5, -1, 8, 9, 10}
2. Domain: {0}; Range: {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. Domain: {-2, 0, 1, 2}; Range: {-5, -1, 0, 6}
4. Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; Range: {1, 2, 3}
Let Us Assess
III. 1. Domain: {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; Range: {3, 6, 9, 12,
1. A 11. A 15}
2. B 12. B 2. Domain: {-2, -1, 0}; Range: {5, -5, 3, -3, -1}
3. B 13. D 3. Domain: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}; Range: {0, 1, 2}
4. D 14. A 4. Domain: {5}; Range: {-5, 0, 5, 10, 15}
5. D 15. C
6. A IV. 1. Domain: {x|x ∈ ℜ} Range: {y|y ≥ 0}
7. A 2. Domain: {x|x ∈ ℜ} Range: {y|y = 5} or {5}
8. C 3. Domain: {x|x ∈ ℜ} Range: {y|y ∈ ℜ}
4. Domain: {x|x ∈ ℜ} Range: {y|y > 0}
9. A
5. Domain: {x|x ≥ 0} Range: {y|y ≥ 0}
10. D
6. Domain: {x|x ∈ ℜ} Range: {y|y ≥ -2}
Let Us Study
Example No. 2
How about when x = 2? What is its corresponding ordinate? 5
Try to draw a vertical line at x = 2, then determine the ordinate of the point where the vertical line
intersects the graph.
Did you get 5 as its ordinate? Yes
What about when x = 3? What is its ordinate? 8
Also, when x = 4? What is its ordinate? 11
Let Us Try
Exercise 1: 1. Always, 2. Sometimes, 3. Never, 4. Always, 5. Always
Exercise 2: 1. Function; 2. Not Function
Exercise 3:
1. Domain: {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; Range: {3, 1, -1, -3, -5}
2. Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; Range: {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3. Domain: {-5, -2, 1, 4, 7}; Range: {-2, 0, 2}
4. Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; Range: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
5. Domain: {2, 3, 4, 5}; Range: {4}
Answer Key
18
Let Us Reflect
Answers may vary
Let’s Us Practice More
ACTIVITY 2: DESCRIBE ME!
1. Slope = -1/2 ACTIVITY 3: GRAPH IT!
2. Rise = -2 or -1
3. Run = 4 or 2
4. x – intercept = 4
5. y – intercept = 2
6. Complete the table of
values:
1. 2.
x 0 2 4 6 8
y 2 1 0 -1 -2
3. 4.
1. Domain: {-4,-3,-2,-1,0}; Range: {-4,-2,0,1,3} m= 2
2. Domain: {-1,0,1,2,3}; Range: {-6,-3,0,3,6} m= 3
3. Domain: {0,1,2,3,4}; Range: {-6,-5,-4,-3,-2} m= 1
4. Domain: {-2,-1,0,1,2,3}; Range: {5,3,1,-1,-3,-5} m
= -2
ACTIVITY 4: COMPLETE ME!
References
Abuzo, Emmanuel P., Bryant, Merden L., Cabrella, Jem Boy B., et. Al., 2013.
Mathematics Grade 8 Learner’s Module. Philsports Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig
City, Philippines. Book Media Press, Inc. & Printwell, Inc, pages 157-162, 168-180
Fourth Year - Mathematics Linear Functions Module 2 – Linear Functions and Their
Graphs, Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao Learning Guide, BEAM, February
2008, page 46
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Polya ;
https://math.berkeley.edu.polya_pdf;
www.https://wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/ont_agebra/int_alg_tu
t8_probsol.htm
19
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Telefax: