SOUTHERN LUZON ACADEMY INC.

Balagtas St. corner Doña Carmen de Luna St.

Barangay 02 Poblacion Catanauan, Quezon
MATHEMATICS 8 LEARNERS,S MODULE

Name of Students ________________________________________ Score/Rating ________________

Grade and Section _______________________________________ Date Submitted______________

Week
Learning MATHEMATICS Grade 8
Area Level

Quarter FOURTH Date APRIL 2024

1-2 QUARTER

I. LESSON TITLE  Lesson: Relations and Functions

II. MOST ESSENTIAL The learner illustrates a relation and a function.

LEARNING (M8AL-IIc-1)
 Define relation and function.
 Represent a relation in four ways:
a. COMPETENCIES
 The learner verifies if a given relation is a
(MELCs) function.
 (M8AL-IIc-2)
 Differentiate a relation from a function.
 Determine if a relation is a function or not using
the vertical line test.

III. CONTENT/CORE • Relations

CONTENT • Function and Function Notations
• Domain and Range
• Linear Functions
• Graph of Linear Functions
• Solving Problems Involving Linear Functions

The standard form of the equation of the line is Ax + By = C. To graph the line you need
to find ordered pairs (x, y) that will satisfy the given equation. Hence , there is a relation that
exist between these two elements, that one may be dependent to the other. The first element,
x of the ordered pair is called the abscissa and the second element, y is called the ordinate.
The set of abscissa is the domain and the set of ordinate is the range. Thus, a relation is a set
of ordered pairs. A relation between the domain and range can be presented in different ways.
 SOUTHERN LUZON ACADEMY INC.
Balagtas St. corner Doña Carmen de Luna St.
Barangay 02 Poblacion Catanauan, Quezon
MATHEMATICS 8 LEARNERS,S MODULE

B. Ordered Pairs. This is a set of x and y pair. x is always the first element or the domain and
y is the second element or range.

Examples:

Let the domain be set of numbers { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Make set of ordered pairs
that: A= range is twice the domain C = range is greater than the domain
B = range is one more than the domain
Set A = { (1, 2), (2, 4 ), (3, 6 ), (4, 8), (5,10)) Sets A and B are both functions. The
Set B = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)} correspondence is one to one. Set C is
Set C = {(1, 2), (1,3), (2, 3), (2, 7)… (5, 6)} a relation, the correspondence is many
to many.

The range is the dependent variable. Its value depends upon the value of the domain.

C. Tables and Equations. The relationship between the domain and range can be illustrated
using table of values or equation.

Example:
1. Construct table of values that will illustrate the costs of number of notebooks if the
price is P 12.00.

Let x be the number of notebook and y the cost of the notebooks

X 1 2 3 4 … x
y 12 24 36 48 … 12x

Equation is: y = 12x.

The total cost is dependent to the number of notebooks. The dependent variable is y and
the independent variable is x. You can get the total cost of the notebook (y) if you supply the
number of notebook (x).

D. Graph. Functions or relations can be illustrated through graphs. You can graph by plotting
the points on the rectangular coordinate plane. You can take the points from the set of ordered
pairs, table of values or equation or vice versa.
 SOUTHERN LUZON ACADEMY INC.
Balagtas St. corner Doña Carmen de Luna St.
Barangay 02 Poblacion Catanauan, Quezon
MATHEMATICS 8 LEARNERS,S MODULE

Example:
1. Let us graph the ordered pairs in set A above.

Similarly you can derived set of ordered pairs, table of

values from the graph. Since the graph was taken from
the ordered pairs in set A. you can construct the table of
values.

Domain (x) 1 2 3 … X
Range (y) 2 4 6 … 2x

Learning Task 1
A. Identify the domain and range and determine it is a function or relation.

B. Given the set of domain D = { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

Construct /Do the following:
1. Set of ordered pairs such that the range is one less than the domain.
2. Construct table of values such that the range is 2 more than the domain.
3. Write the equation for numbers 1 and 2.
4. Graph numbers 1 and 2 on separate coordinate plane

Remember that all functions are relations but not all relations are functions.
An equation in two variables represents a function if the exponents of the variables are positive
integral exponents.

Function Not Function

1
1. y = 2x - 5 y =√𝑥+ 4 (√𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , the exponent is not an integer)
2. y = x4 - 2x +√3 y = 3x-2 + 1 (the exponent is not a positive integer.

When you talk of function, you commonly use letter ƒ to denote function and x for the
variable. However you can use other letters to denote function except for x and y to avoid
confusion. When you sat that y is a function of x , you can write it as y = ƒ (x) or y = p(x) . ƒ (x)
is read as “ƒ of x” , p(x) is read as “ p of x.” These are called function notation. This means that
y is a function of x and that y depends on x. The dependent variable is y or f(x) and the
independent variable is x.
 SOUTHERN LUZON ACADEMY INC.
Balagtas St. corner Doña Carmen de Luna St.
Barangay 02 Poblacion Catanauan, Quezon
MATHEMATICS 8 LEARNERS,S MODULE

Examples:
1. Write in function notation form:
(a) y = 3x + 6 (b) -x + y - 1 = 0
Solution:
(a) Change y to a function of x: f(x) = 3x + 6
(b) Change the equation to slope intercept form: y = x + 1
Change y to a function of x: g(x) = x + 1
Since y is dependent to x, you can find the value of the function given the value of x.

Example: 1. Given: ƒ (x) = 3x + 6 . Find (a) ƒ (2) b) ƒ (-3)

Solution: f( 2) means you replace x with 2 and f(-3), you replace x with –3
ƒ (x) = 3x + 6 ƒ (x) = 3x + 6
ƒ (2) = 3(2) + 6 ƒ (-3) = 3(-3) + 6
= 12 =-3
This means that, when x = 2, y = 12 . You can write it as f(2) = 12 or as an ordered pair (2, 12).
When x = - 3, y = -3 or ƒ (-3)=-3 and writing it as an ordered pair it is (-3, -3).
Example 2. If the area of the rectangle is A(x) = 4x2 - 3x + 10. Find the are if x = 5.
Solution: Find A(5)
A(x) = 4x2 - 3x + 10 → A(5) = 4(52) - 3(5) + 10
= 100 - 15 + 10
A(5) = 95 square units.
The ordered pair is (5, 95)

In the previous discussion, you’ve learned that the correspondence between the x and
y pair of a function is either one to one or many to one correspondence . By looking at the
ordered pairs, or table of values, if every one element in the domain is paired to exactly one
element in the range or for 2 or more elements in the domain is paired to exactly one range,
then it’s a function. For graphs you can use the vertical line test. If you draw a vertical line to
the graph and intersects the graph in to two or more points then the graph is not a graph of a
function.

The graph is a function. The graph is a not a The graph is a function.

There is only one point of function. The vertical The vertical line intersects
intersection between the line intersects the circle the graph at exactly one
graph and the vertical line. in two points point.

From these graphs you will be able to determine the domain and the range. The first
graph is a line that can be extended in both direction. Thus the domain is the set of all real
numbers so as the range. You can write it as D ={x/x } read as “set of all x such that x is an
element of real numbers while range is R={y/y }.
 SOUTHERN LUZON ACADEMY INC.
Balagtas St. corner Doña Carmen de Luna St.
Barangay 02 Poblacion Catanauan, Quezon
MATHEMATICS 8 LEARNERS,S MODULE

You can determine the slope

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
m = from the graph. From
𝑟𝑢𝑛
point (-1,1) to point (1,5)
determine the rise and the run.
The rise = 4 and run = 2. The
slope m = 2
The slope is positive when
the line rises to the right. If the
line falls to the right, the slope is
negative.

2. Given the graph of the function. Construct table of values and determine the function.

Learning Task 2:
A. (a) Tell whether the given set of ordered pairs, table of values, arrow diagram or graph
is a function or simply relation. (b) Identify also the domain and range. (c ) If it is a
function write the equation in function notation form.
B.
1. {(-2, -4), (-1, -3), (0, -2), (1,-1)} 8. 4.
2. {(4, 2)), (4, 0), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
3. {(-1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3)}
5.

B Change the following into the form of f(x) = mx + b

1. y - 3x = 7 3. -x + y = 5 5. 3x + 2y - 4 = 0
2. 2x + 4y = 8 4. y + 5 = -2x