Lecture 12 RT

1
NON DESTRUCTIVE
TEST - NDT
RADIOGRAPHIC
TESTING (RT)
LEVEL II
LECTURE 12
Address : 24 El-Gahez St., Haey Sabeaa, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Phone : +20 01012000780- +20 01012000760
Fax : 02-23877325
Website : www.kit-egy.com
Email : info@kit-egy.com
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Contents
▪ Film Sensitivity
▪ Contrast Factors
▪ Definition factors
3
Film Sensitivity
Sensitivity and Scatter 4
Radiographic Image Quality ( Sensitivity)
A) Contrast B) Definition
Film Factors: Subject Factors: Geometric Factors:

1- Film type (grain size) 1- Scatter of radiation 1- Source size
2- Type of Screens 2- Thickness difference 2- Source to specimen distance
3- Exposure Time in specimen 3- Film to specimen distance
4- Film development 3- Type of energy
5- Film density
5
6
❑ Film Density (D): 7
I0
Film It
Transmittance Percent Film Density

Where: (I0/It) Transmittance Log (I0/It)
I0 : Incident light 1.0 100% 0
It : Transmitted light 0.1 10% 1
0.01 1% 2
0.001 0.1% 3
0.0001 0.01% 4
X-ray =1.8
➢ Minimum density for and the maximum for both= 4
Gamma ray = 2 with -15% or +30%
➢ The densitometer shall be used for judging film density.

❑ Scatter of radiation:
8
Internal Scatter Side Scatter Back Scatter
➢ Back scatter is often identified by placing a lead letter ‘B’ on the

back side of the film
❑ Thickness difference in specimen:
9
❑ Type of energy:
10
➢ The energy of the radiation affects its penetrating power,

Higher energy radiation can penetrate thicker and more
dense materials.
➢ The radiation energy and/or exposure time must be

controlled to properly image the region of interest.
Thin Walled Area
Low Energy Radiation High energy Radiation

11
Soft Radiation Hard Radiation

➢ Source to specimen distance (SSD) 12
Or Focus object distance (FOD)
(SSD)
(SSD)
Note : This distance from the source to front surface of the object
➢ Film to specimen distance 13
Note : This distance from the front surface of the object to the film.
✓ Optimum geometric unsharpness is obtained when: 14
1) The radiation source is small.
2) The distance from the source to specimen is relatively great.
3) The distance from the specimen to film is small.
Geometric Unsharpness )Ug)

= Source size *Film to specimen distance / Source to specimen distance
✓ Maximum Geometric Unsharpness
Where:
S = Source size
T = The thickness of
the specimen
SSD = Source to specimen
distance
❑ Gamma Ray Exposure Ruler:
15
16
Image Quality Indicator (IQI)

Or Penetrameters
Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 17
Or Penetrameters
• The penetrameter is a device whose Image on Radiograph is
used to determine radiographic quality level (Sensitivity).
• Is not intended for use in Judging the size or in establishing

acceptance limits of discontinuities.
• There are many different designs of IQIs. Some contain

artificial holes of varying size drilled in metal plaques while
others are manufactured from wires of differing diameters
mounted next to one another.
Wire Type Image Quality Indicators 18
Material
Group
Number Wires
Set Identification Letter

19
20
21
22
23
• IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material 24
group or grade, or from an alloy material group or grade with
less radiation absorption than the material bein radiographed.
➢ For Wire IQIs :
Material grade number Material type

03 Magnesium
02 Aluminum
01 Titanium
1 Carbon steel & Stainless Steel
3 Nickel-chromium-iron
4 Copper
Hole or Plaque Type Image Quality Indicators 25
2 T hole
1 T hole
4 T hole
Identification
Number
Image Quality (cont.) 26
❑ Quality typically being determined based on the smallest
hole or wire diameter that is reproduced on the image.
❑ ASME & ASTM of Hole IQIs have an Identification Number

that represents the thickness of the penetrameter.
➢ The example below shows a hole IQI to be used on

a specimen that is 0.25’’ thickness, which requires a hole
IQI based on quality level 2-2T :
2-2T
Penetrameter thickness as Smallest hole

% of specimen thickness shall be visible
So the penetrameter thickness = 0.02 * 0.25’’ = 0.005 27
,thus the identification number = 0.005 * 1000 = 5
➢ The number ‘5’ represents thousandths of an inch, therefore,

the actual thickness of the penetrameter is 0.005’’.
28
29
Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity (EPS) =
Where:
: Specimen thickness
: Penetrameter thickness
: Diameter of the smallest detectable hole

Image Quality (cont.) 30
❑ ASME & ASTM of Wire IQIs have Set Identification and each
set represents different diameters of wires mounted next to
one another.
➢ The example below shows a wire IQI to be used on

a specimen that is 0.25’’ thick, which requires a wire IQI
based on sensitivity 2% :
- The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.02 * 0.25’’ = 0.005’’

- This diameter represent wire identity ‘3’ in set ‘A’
,So we choose Set ‘A’
Types of Image Quality Indicators
31
Placement of Identification 32
Markers and Penetrameters
• IQIs are typically placed on or next to a test specimen.
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35
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1

Radiographic Image Quality ( Sensitivity)

Film Factors: Subject Factors: Geometric Factors:

Transmittance Percent Film Density

➢ The densitometer shall be used for judging film density.

Internal Scatter Side Scatter Back Scatter

➢ Back scatter is often identified by placing a lead letter ‘B’ on the

➢ The energy of the radiation affects its penetrating power,

➢ The radiation energy and/or exposure time must be

Thin Walled Area

Low Energy Radiation High energy Radiation

Soft Radiation Hard Radiation

Geometric Unsharpness )Ug)

✓ Maximum Geometric Unsharpness

Image Quality Indicator (IQI)

• Is not intended for use in Judging the size or in establishing

• There are many different designs of IQIs. Some contain

Set Identification Letter

➢ For Wire IQIs :

Material grade number Material type

❑ ASME & ASTM of Hole IQIs have an Identification Number

➢ The example below shows a hole IQI to be used on

Penetrameter thickness as Smallest hole

➢ The number ‘5’ represents thousandths of an inch, therefore,

: Diameter of the smallest detectable hole

➢ The example below shows a wire IQI to be used on

- The smallest wire diameter shall be visible = 0.02 * 0.25’’ = 0.005’’

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