Lecture 18-UT

Lecture 5
UT Examination
UT Evaluation
In this lecture we will know:
➢ Signal Amplitude
➢ Types of scanning
➢ How to do examination
➢ Examination Blocks
➢ How to make evaluation
➢ Evaluation Blocks
24 Nov 1998 2
Types of Scanning
A-Scan
➢ A-scan presentation displays the
amount of received ultrasonic
energy as a function of time.
➢ Relative discontinuity size can

be estimated by comparing the
signal amplitude to that from a
known reflector.
➢ Reflector depth can be

determined by the position of
the signal on the horizontal
sweep.
24 Nov 1998 3
B-scan
➢ B-scan presentations display a
profile view (cross-sectional) of
a test specimen.
➢ Only the reflector depth in the

cross-section and the linear
dimensions can be determined.
➢ A limitation to this display

technique is that reflectors may
be masked by larger reflectors
near the surface.
24 Nov 1998 4
UT Examination
What is examination ?
It is the activity of inspecting the part to make
sure that the part has a defect or no, if the part
has a defect, during the examination we can
know the location and the depth of this defect
We use two types of standard examination

blocks
➢ Welding Block
➢ Lamination Block
24 Nov 1998 5
Examination Blocks
Welded Plate
➢ This block has a defect
in the welding in a
known location and
depth
➢ This block is inspected
by shear waves so we
use angle probes
(45°,60°,70°) to examine
it
➢ This block is standard
and specially
manufactured for UT
24 Nov 1998 6
Examination Blocks
Lamination Block
➢ This block called side
drilled holes, it has a
defects over its length
with a different depths. It
is inspected by normal
probes which can
determine the depth of
each defect
➢ The depth of each defect
is known
➢ It is a standard block
24 Nov 1998 7
You must follow these steps before being the
examination
➢ Enter the thickness of the part to the

device
➢ Enter the angle of probe to the device
➢ Calculate the range then enter it to the
device
➢ Calculate H.S.D (Half Skip Distance)
➢ Calculate F.S.D (Full Skip Distance)
24 Nov 1998 8
Calculations of Examination
➢ Range
t : thickness of material
θ : angle of used probe
➢ Half Skip Distance (H.S.D)

H.S.D = T X tan θ
➢ Full Skip Distance (F.S.D)
F.S.D = 2T X tan θ
1st leg : the sound path
which inspect the root
2nd leg : the sound path

which inspect the cap
24 Nov 1998 10
angle beam transducers
1. Surface Distance Example
The signal on the CRT looks like the one shown.
If the screen range is 5 inches, you can determine that the sound
path to the relevant indication is 2 inches.
The transducer angle is 70 degrees.
Calculate as shown.
Sound Path x Sin of the angle.
Sin 70 = 0.939
2 x Sin 70 = 1.88 Inches

2. The sound path
First leg
Sound path ( s ) = T / cosѲ
Example:
Transducer Angle (degrees)= 70

Sound
path
Part Thickness (inches)= 2.5"
S = t / cosѲ
Sound
➢ Cos 70 = 0.342 path
S = 2.5/ 0.342 =7.3

2. The sound path
second leg
Sound path ( s ) = 2T/
cosѲ
Example:
Part Thickness (inches)= 2.5"

S = 2 t / cosѲ
Sound
➢ Cos 70 = 0.342
path
S =(2X2.5/ 0.342
3. Depth of Defect
1st Leg
Depth(d) = Sound path ( s ) X
cosѲ
Example:
Sound Path (inches) = 0.5 "

D = s X cosѲ
➢ Cos 45 = 0.707
d =0.5 X 0.707 = 0.4 "

3. Depth of Defect
2nd Leg
Depth(d) = 2T – ( Sound path ( s ) X
cosѲ )
Example:
The thickness of the part is 1.0"
Sound Path (inches) = 1.5 "

D = 2T – (s X cosѲ)
➢ Cos 45 = 0.707
d =(2 X1) – (1.5X0.707) = 0.9"

Half skip Full skip
H SKIP = T tan H SKIP = 2T tan
Ѳ Ѳ
SUMMARY
16
Shape of some defects in UT
Lack of fusion Crack
Slag inclusion Porosity 17

UT Evaluation
WHAT IS THE EVALUATION?
In the evaluation we classify the defect to
accepted or rejected according to two
codes:
➢ ASME (Using DAC)
➢ AWS D1.1 (Using formula)
❖ To evaluate the defect according to ASME we
need to draw DAC (Distance Amplitude Curve).
We can draw DAC by using evaluation blocks:
➢ Non Piping Block
➢ Piping Block
24 Nov 1998 18
Evaluation Blocks
Non piping Block
➢ This block is used to
draw DAC by using
the notch in it
➢ We use angle probes
to draw DAC
❖ The practice on
device will show
the steps followed
to draw DAC by
using his block
24 Nov 1998 19
Evaluation Blocks
Piping Block

draw DAC by using
the notch in it
➢ We use angle probes
to draw DAC
draw DAC especially
in PAUT
24 Nov 1998 20
❖ To evaluate the defect according to AWS D1.1
we use the formula
D = a-b-c
Where:
D : the defect size
a : the value you reached to after changing in dB
b : Calibration dB
c : Attenuation factor
24 Nov 1998 21
Testing a weld with AWS D1.1
1. Determine if the weld under inspection is under a
static or cyclic load.
2. The "Y" should be placed on the edge of the weld.
This will be side "A"
with
3. Record the weld 4. Verify that the scanning
number on form area is free of dirt and
weld spatter.
5. Determine the part thickness, joint configuration
and face the inspection will be tested from
6. Perform a lamination scan obtaining at least two
backwall reflections
➢ If a lamination is located, measure it and record its

location and size on form D-11. Do not perform an
angle beam scan over the lamination
7. Select a transducer angle 8. Record the transducer

based on the joint angle on form
configuration and
material thickness
9. Calibrate a screen range 10. Locate the exit point of
needed to inspect the the transducer
part in a minimum of
two legs
11. If necessary, mark the 12. Verify the angle of the
location of the exit point transducer
on the transducer
13. Calibrate to a known 14. The signal amplitude
size discontinuity should be 80%
15. Record the reference level on form
Testing a weld with AWS
D1.1
16. Calculate the skip 17. Mark the skip distance
distance or the surface on the plate
distance for two legs
18. Adjust the scanning level based on the sound path distance
used to test the part. Use the appropriate table for static or
cyclically loaded nontubular loaded connections.
19. Scan the part using the recommended scanning
patterns
20. Any signal exceeding 21. Reduce the dB until the
the reference level shall signal is the same amplitude
be evaluated as the reference level
80%
22. Record the indication 23. Determine the sound
level on form path distance of the
discontinuity
80
%
24. Record the sound path 25. Record the face the on
of the discontinuity on form
form
26. Record the leg in which the discontinuity is located.
The sound path was 1.6". The length of the 1st leg is
1.8" This discontinuity is in the 1st leg
26. Calculate the attenuation factor.
Sound path (SP) - 1 x 2 = Attenuation factor
1.6 - 1= 0.6 0.6 x 2=1.2 rounded to 1.0
27. Calculate the indication rating on form
(a-b-c=d)
50-56-1=-7
D1.1
28. Calculate the surface distance from the exit point of
the transducer.
1.6(SP) x sin 70=1.5"
29. Calculate the depth of the discontinuity. This
discontinuity is in the 1st leg.
1.6(SP) x cos 70 = 0.55"
D1.1
30. Determine the length 31. Move the transducer
of the discontinuity parallel to the weld until
the signal is reduced to
half the maximized signal
amplitude
32. When the signal is 33. Measure the length of the
reduced to 50% of the discontinuity
reference level, mark the
plate from the center of
the transducer
D1.1
34. Record the length of the 35. Mark the location of the
discontinuity discontinuity
From AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria

Go to Table 6.2 or 6.3 for the accept/reject criteria of statically or
cyclically loaded nontubular connections. This is based on the
material thickness, indication rating and length of the discontinuity.
From Table 6.2
Class A Flaw - Any indication in this category shall be rejected
regardless of length.
Class B Flaw - Any indication in this category having a length
greater than 3/4" shall be rejected.
Class C Flaw - Any indication in this category having a length
greater than 2.0" shall be rejected.
Class D Flaw - Any indication in this category shall be accepted
regardless of length
36. The discontinuity had an indication rating of "5" and a length of
0.6". This would make a class "A" flaw and would be rejected
regardless of length
Testing a weld with ASME Code
Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC)

Acoustic signals from the same reflecting surface will
have different amplitudes at different distances from the
transducer. Distance amplitude correction (DAC) provides
a means of establishing a graphic reference level
sensitivity as a function of sweep distance on the A-scan
display.
What you will need ?
1. An ultrasonic machine.
2. A transducer of any size.
3. A frequency according to code and a cable.
4. A calibration block
Questions?
Thanks
24 Nov 1998 50

Lecture 18-UT

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Lecture 5

➢ Relative discontinuity size can

➢ Reflector depth can be

➢ Only the reflector depth in the

➢ A limitation to this display

We use two types of standard examination

➢ Enter the thickness of the part to the

➢ Half Skip Distance (H.S.D)

2nd leg : the sound path

The transducer angle is 70 degrees.

Sound Path x Sin of the angle.

2 x Sin 70 = 1.88 Inches

Transducer Angle (degrees)= 70

S = 2.5/ 0.342 =7.3

Transducer Angle (degrees)= 70

Part Thickness (inches)= 2.5"

Transducer Angle (degrees)= 45

Sound Path (inches) = 0.5 "

d =0.5 X 0.707 = 0.4 "

Sound Path (inches) = 1.5 "

d =(2 X1) – (1.5X0.707) = 0.9"

Lack of fusion Crack

Slag inclusion Porosity 17

➢ This block is used to

➢ If a lamination is located, measure it and record its

7. Select a transducer angle 8. Record the transducer

From AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria

Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC)

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