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    Effective Stress and Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity

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    Angel Tantay
    The document discusses effective stress in soil. It defines effective stress as the stress transmitted through grain-to-grain contact points in saturated soil, excluding the neutral stress carried by porewater. Karl Terzaghi first recognized the importance of effective stress. Effective stress is useful for determining soil engineering behavior, such as settlement, shear strength, and shear failure potential. The concepts of total stress, porewater pressure, and their relationship to calculate effective stress are also explained through examples.

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    Effective Stress and Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity

    Uploaded by

    Angel Tantay
    8 views4 pages
    The document discusses effective stress in soil. It defines effective stress as the stress transmitted through grain-to-grain contact points in saturated soil, excluding the neutral stress carried by porewater. Karl Terzaghi first recognized the importance of effective stress. Effective stress is useful for determining soil engineering behavior, such as settlement, shear strength, and shear failure potential. The concepts of total stress, porewater pressure, and their relationship to calculate effective stress are also explained through examples.

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    Effective stress and equivalent hydraulic conductivity (1)

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    The document discusses effective stress in soil. It defines effective stress as the stress transmitted through grain-to-grain contact points in saturated soil, excluding the neutral stress carried by porewater. Karl Terzaghi first recognized the importance of effective stress. Effective stress is useful for determining soil engineering behavior, such as settlement, shear strength, and shear failure potential. The concepts of total stress, porewater pressure, and their relationship to calculate effective stress are also explained through examples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views4 pages

    Effective Stress and Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity

    Uploaded by

    Angel Tantay
    The document discusses effective stress in soil. It defines effective stress as the stress transmitted through grain-to-grain contact points in saturated soil, excluding the neutral stress carried by porewater. Karl Terzaghi first recognized the importance of effective stress. Effective stress is useful for determining soil engineering behavior, such as settlement, shear strength, and shear failure potential. The concepts of total stress, porewater pressure, and their relationship to calculate effective stress are also explained through examples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Effective Stress in Soil: Development, Importance and Principles

    When a building is constructed, its weight is transmitted to the ground through its foundation, thus inducing
    stress in the underlying strata. These induced stresses might cause problems such as excessive settlement or
    shear failure.

    Stresses in Sub-soil
    Stresses in sub-soil are caused by:

    1. Self-weight soil
    2. Structural load on soil

    Stresses developed in saturated soil are:

    1. Effective stress – Karl Terzaghi was the first to recognize the importance of effective stress. It is the stress
    transmitted through grain to grain at the point of contact through soil mass. It is also known as inter-
    granular stress. When soil mass is loaded. The load is transferred to the soil gains through their point of
    contact. If at the point of contact, the applied load is greater than the resistance of the grains, then
    there will be compression in the soil mass. This load per unit area of soil mass that is responsible for
    deformation of the soil mass is termed as effective stress.
    Effective stress cannot be measured in the field by any instrument. It can only be
    calculated after measuring total stress and pore pressure. Thus effective stress is not a physical
    parameter, but is only very useful mathematical concept for determination of engineering behavior of
    soil.

    2. Neutral stress – It is the stress or pressure transmitted through the pore fluid. It is also termed as pore
    pressure. In saturated soil, pores of the soil mass are filled with water. When the saturated soil mass is
    loaded, the load is not transmitted through the grains. The load is transferred to the pore water. As
    water is incompressible, a pressure is developed in the pore water. This pressure is called pore pressure
    or pore water pressure. Pore pressure does not have any measurable influence on the mechanical
    property of the soil like void ratio, shear strength etc. This pressure or stress is called neutral stress.

    3. Total stress – Total stress is equal to the sum of the effective stress and the neutral stress.

    Importance of effective stress in engineering problems:

    The effective stress plays an important role in:

    1. Settlement in soil – The phenomenon of gradual reduction in volume of soil due to expulsion of water from
    soil pores is called consolidation or compression or settlement of soil.

    2. Shear strength of soil


    Many geotechnical problems require an assessment of shear strength including:

    A. Structural foundations – Load from structure is transferred to ground through foundation. This produces
    shear stress and compressive stress. If shear stress produced is more than the shear strength of soil,
    shear failure occurs which cause the structure to collapse.

    B. Earth slopes - On a sloping ground, gravity produces shear stresses in the soil. If these stresses exceed
    the shear strength, land slide occurs.

    C. Highway pavements – Wheel loads, from vehicles are transferred through pavement to ground. These
    loads produce shear stress which causes shear failure.
    EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPTS
    Case 1. Effective stress at point A

    Submerged unit weight/effective unit weight or buoyant unit weight = ɣsat - ɣw


    Total stress at A ( σA ) = ɣdryh1 + ɣsath2
    Pore water pressure ( µ ) = ɣwh2
    Effective stress at A = total stress – pore water pressure

    Case 2. Effective stress at point A

    Total stress at A ( σA ) = ɣwh1 + ɣsath2


    Pore water pressure ( µ ) = ɣw(h1+h2)
    Effective stress at A = total stress – pore water pressure

    Case 3. Effective stress at point A

    Total stress at A ( σA ) = ɣsat(h1+h2)


    Pore water pressure ( µ ) = ɣw(h1+h2)
    Effective stress at A = total stress – pore water pressure
    Stress distribution on soils

    1. Vertical pressure below a loaded surface area ( uniform load ) by approximate method using 2:1 slope

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