Lesson 20
Lesson 20
Lesson 20
Undefined Terms
Undefined terms are terms that have not been previously categorically determined.
These terms are required to establish the definition of other terms. Otherwise, the system
will be confined to a cyclic inquiry “What is the meaning of…”
Geometry, as a mathematical system, is founded by the following undefined terms:
1. Points
2. Lines
3. Planes
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These undefined terms are used as bases for defining other geometric terms.
A point can be viewed as something having specific position but without
dimension, magnitude, or direction.
Illustrative Examples:
The following real-world objects illustrate a point:
1. Tip of a pen
2. Corner of a bond paper
3. Tip of a hair strand
4. Intersection of two strings
Recall that a dot is used to represent a point, and a point is denoted by a capital letter.
For instance, the two points below are named point G and point N.
G N
A line is a one-dimensional figure composed of infinite number of points. It has
unspecified length but without width nor thickness. In geometry, a line will always be a
straight line that extends infinitely in two opposite directions.
In denoting a line, two of its named points are used.
´ .
The line below is line GN, written in symbol as GN
l
G N
´ can also be called line l.
Moreover, GN
Illustrative Examples:
The following real-world objects illustrate a line:
1. A straight string
2. Edge of a bond paper
3. A strand of hair
4. Intersection of a ceiling and a wall
A plane is usually represented by a flat surface where infinite number of lines can
lie. It has unspecified width and length, but without thickness. Consequently, the plane
extends indefinitely in all directions.
A parallelogram is usually used to represent a plane. In denoting a plane, a capital
letter or an uppercase Greek letter is used. The planes below are planes P and Α (Greek
letter alpha), respectively.
G M B
I
A C
P A
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Plane P can also be named as plane GMA, and plane Α can also be named plane
IBC.
Illustrative Examples:
The following real-world objects illustrate a plane:
1. A white board
2. Screen of an iPad
3. Flooring of a room
4. A sheet of paper
Postulate, Theorem, and Corollary
A postulate is a statement which is accepted as true without proof. Postulates are
important in studying geometry and other mathematical systems. These statements
can be used as reasons in proving some mathematical statements.
A theorem is a statement that can be proven. Once a theorem is proven, it can also
be used as a reason in proving other statements.
A corollary is a theorem that is direct consequence of another theorem.
Lemma is a theorem used as a steppingstone to prove later the others.
Here are the postulates on the relationships among points, lines, and planes:
Points-Existing Postulate
Space contains at least four noncoplanar points.
Every plane contains at least three noncollinear points.
Every line contains at least two points.
Straight-Line Postulate
Two points are contained in one and only one line.
(Two points determine a line.) See figure on the right. X Y
Plane Postulate M
Three noncollinear points are contained in one and only one plane. BSee figure
O
at
(Three noncollinear points determine a plane.) See figure on the right. the right.
Y
Flat-Plane Postulate
M
If two points are in a plane, then the line containing See figure at
the points is in the same plane. See figure on the right. P
the right.
X v
Line-Intersection Postulate
If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point. l
See figure on the right.
Plane-Intersection Postulate Kv
m
If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
See figure below.
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TRIANGLE CONGRUENCE
Congruence means having the same shape and size, and it is denoted by ≅ . The top
part of the symbol, , is the sign for similarity and indicates the same shape.
The bottom part, ¿, is the sign of equality and indicates the same size.
Two closed figures are congruent if their corresponding sides and angles are
congruent. Two triangles are congruent if all three pairs of corresponding sides and all
three pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
The sides of two triangles with the same number of hash marks are congruent.
Angles with the same number of arcs are congruent as well.
Congruent corresponding sides: Congruent corresponding angles:
AB ≅ XY ∠ A≅∠ X
BC ≅ YZ ∠ B ≅∠Y
CA ≅ ZX ∠C ≅∠Z
There are postulates and theorems that can be used to prove that two triangles are
congruent.
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate
If three sides of a triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent. (See figure below.)
SOLUTION:
Statements Reasons
1. GO ≅ LD 1. Given
2. OL ≅ DG 2. Given
3. GL ≅ GL 3. Reflexive property
4. ∆ GOL ≅ ∆ LDG 4. SSS congruence postulate
SOLUTION:
Statements Reasons
1. AS and HT intersect at point M. 1. Given
M is the midpoint of AS and HT .
2. AM ≅ MS , TM ≅ MH 2. Definition of midpoint
3. ∠ AMT ≅ ∠ SMH 3. Vertical Angles Theorem
4. ∆ MAT ≅ ∆ MSH 4. SAS congruence postulate
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In the figure, you can see that∠ P ≅ ∠ X , PQ ≅ XY and ∠ Q ≅ ∠ Y . By ASA
congruence postulate, ∆ PQR ≅ ∆ XYZ .
Example 4: Refer to the figure below.
Given: ∠ M ≅ ∠ T , ∠ OUM ≅ ∠ NUT , and U is the midpoint of MT
Prove: ∆ OUM ≅ ∆ NUT
SOLUTION:
Statements Reasons
1. ∠ M ≅ ∠ T 1. Given
2. ∠ OUM ≅ ∠ NUT 2. Given
3. U is the midpoint of MT 3. Given
4. UM ≅ UT 4. Definition of midpoint
5. ∆ OUM ≅ ∆ NUT 5. ASA Congruence Postulate
B
SOLUTION: E
Statements Reasons
1. ∆ BLU is an isosceles triangle. 1. Given
2. BL ≅ LU 2. Definition of Isosceles Triangle
3. ∠ B ≅ ∠ U 3. Base angles of an isosceles triangle are ≅
4. ¿ ⊥ BU 4. Given
5. ∠ BEL and ∠ UEL are right angles. 5. Definition of perpendicularity
6. ∠ BEL ≅ ∠ UEL 6. Right angles are congruent
7. ∆ BLE ≅ ∆ ULE 7. SAA Postulate
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Inequalities in Triangle
Whenever two triangles are proven congruent, all their corresponding parts are
also congruent. This is the converse of the definition of congruent triangles. To remember
this easily, the abbreviation CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are
Congruent) is used.
Example 6: Refer to the figure at the right.
Given: AB ≅ XY ,∠ B ≅ ∠ Y , and BC ≅ YZ
Prove:∠ A ≅ ∠ X
SOLUTION:
Statements Reasons
1. AB ≅ XY 1. Given
2. ∠ B ≅ ∠ Y 2. Given
3. BC ≅ YZ 3. Given
4. ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ XYZ 4. SAS congruence postulate
5. ∠ A ≅ ∠ X 5. CPCTC
Rubric:
Clarity of Design – 20 pts.
Relevance – 20 pts.
Creativity – 15 pts.
Neatness- 5 pts.
Total – 60 pts.
Recall that a right triangle is a triangle in which one of its angles is a right angle.
The side of a right angle opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The remaining
two sides are called the legs.
hypotenuse
leg
90°
leg
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Inequalities in Triangle
A perpendicular bisector is a line that cuts a line segment into two equal parts at
90 ° . (See figure below)
90°
P J Q
There are other conditions for congruence between two triangles. These conditions
are stated in the following theorems. These theorems, however, are exclusively for right
triangles.
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
If a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then it is equidistant from the
endpoints of the segment.
A X
C B Z Y
A X
C B Z Y
C B Z Y
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Hypotenuse-Leg (H-L) Theorem
If the hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle are congruent to the corresponding
hypotenuse and a leg of another right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. (See
figure below.)
A X
C B Z Y
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NR ≅ TR Definition of midpoint
Given
SSS congruence postulate
Statement Reason
GN ≅ AT 1.
2. Given
R is the midpoint of GA 3.
RG ≅ RA 4.
∆ GNR ≅ ∆ ATR 5.
For numbers 6 – 10, refer to the figure below. Choose your answer inside the box.
Statement Reason
6. Given
OS bisects HE 7.
HU ≅ EU 8.
9. Vertical angle theorem
∆ OHU ≅ ∆ SEU 10.
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Inequalities in Triangle
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.
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