Non-Newtonian Fluids

Non-Newtonian Flow
Goals
• Describe key differences between a Newtonian and
non-Newtonian fluid

• Identify examples of Bingham plastics (BP) and power

law (PL) fluids

• Write basic equations describing shear stress and

velocities of non-Newtonian fluids

• Calculate frictional losses in a non-Newtonian flow

system
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluid
du z
t rz = - µ
dr
Non-Newtonian Fluid
du z
t rz = -h
dr
η is the apparent viscosity and is not constant for
non-Newtonian fluids.
 η - Apparent Viscosity
The shear rate dependence of η categorizes
non-Newtonian fluids into several types.
Power Law Fluids:
Ø Pseudoplastic – η (viscosity) decreases as shear rate
increases (shear rate thinning)
Ø Dilatant – η (viscosity) increases as shear rate increases
(shear rate thickening)

Bingham Plastics:
Ø η depends on a critical shear stress (t0) and then
becomes constant
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Bingham Plastic: sludge, paint, blood, ketchup

Pseudoplastic: latex, paper pulp, clay solns.

Newtonian

Dilatant: quicksand
 Modeling Power Law Fluids
Oswald - de Waele
n
æ du z ö é æ du z ö ù æ du z ö
n -1

t rz = K ç - ÷ = êK ç ÷ ú ç- ÷
è dr ø êë è dr ø úû è dr ø

where:
K = flow consistency index
n = flow behavior index µ eff

Note: Most non-Newtonian fluids are pseudoplastic n<1.

 Modeling Bingham Plastics

du z
t rz < t 0 =0 Rigid
dr

du z
t rz ³ t 0 t rz = - µ ¥ ±t 0
dr
 Frictional Losses
Non-Newtonian Fluids

Recall:
2
LV
hf = 4 f
D 2

Applies to any type of fluid under any flow conditions

 Laminar Flow

Mechanical Energy Balance

Dp DaV 2
+ + g D z + h f = Wˆ
r 2
0 0 0
 MEB (contd)

Combining:

1 æ D ö 2 æ Dp ö
f = ç ÷ 2 çç - ÷÷
4 è L øV è r ø
 Momentum Balance
m! (b 2V2 - b1V1 ) = p1S1 - p2 S2 - Fw - Fg
0
0

2p rLt rz = p r (- Dp )
2

L
- Dp = 2 t rz
r
 Power Law Fluid
n
æ du z ö
t rz = K ç - ÷
è dr ø
1n
du z æ 1 Dp ö 1 n
= -ç - ÷ r
dr è 2 KL ø
Boundary Condition
r=R uz = 0
Velocity Profile of Power Law Fluid
Circular Conduit

Upon Integration and Applying BC

1n
æ 1 Dp ö æ n ö é ù
n +1 n +1
uz = ç - ÷ ç ÷ê R n
-r n
ú
è 2 KL ø è n + 1 ø ë û
 Power Law (contd)
Need bulk average velocity

1 1
V = ò u dS =
S S pR 2 ò (2p ru ) dr
z

1n n +1
é 1 Dp ù æ n ö
V = ê- ú ç ÷ R n

ë 2 K L û è 3n + 1 ø
Power Law Results (Laminar Flow)
n
n+2 æ 3n + 1 ö n
2 ç ÷ LK V
Dp = - è n ø
n +1
D
↑ Hagen-Poiseuille (laminar Flow) for Power Law Fluid ↑
Recall

1 æ D öæ 2 ö Dp
f = - ç ÷ç 2 ÷
4 è L øè V ø r
 Power Law Fluid Behavior
Power Law Reynolds Number and Kinetic Energy Correction

n
æ n ö V D r
2-n n
3- n
RePL = 2 ç ÷
è 3n + 1 ø K

Re PL ,critical = 2100
(4n + 2)(5n + 3)
3(3n + 1)
2

3(3n + 1) 2
a=
(2n + 1)(5n + 3)
Laminar Flow Friction Factor
Power Law Fluid
n
æ 3n + 1 ö
n +1
2 ç ÷ K
è n ø
f =
V 2-n D n r

16
f =
RePL
Turbulent Flow Friction Factor
Power Law Fluid (Smooth Pipe)
 Power Law Fluid Example
A coal slurry is to be transported by horizontal pipeline. It has been
determined that the slurry may be described by the power law model
with a flow index of 0.4, an apparent viscosity of 50 cP at a shear rate
of 100 /s, and a density of 90 lb/ft3. What horsepower would be
required to pump the slurry at a rate of 900 GPM through an 8 in.
Schedule 40 pipe that is 50 miles long ?

P = 1atm P = 1atm

L = 50 miles
 n
æ ¶V ö æ ¶V ö
t rz = K ç ÷ = µ eff ç ÷
è ¶r ø è ¶r ø

1- 0.4
æ 100 ö kg
K = 50cP ç ÷ = 0.792
è s ø m s1.6

æ 900 gal ö æ 1 ft ö æ 1 min ö æ ö æ m ö

3
~ 1 m
V =ç ÷ * çç ÷÷ * ç ÷ * çç ÷ *
2 ÷ ç
ç ÷
÷ = 1 .759
è min ø è 7.48 gal ø è 60 s ø è 0.3474 ft ø è 3.281 ft ø s

é 0.4 æ kg öæ mö ù
1.6

0.4 ê (0.202 m ) ç1442

3 ֍
1.759 ÷ ú
æ 0 . 4 ö è m øè sø ú
RE N = 2(3-0.4 ) çç ÷÷ ê = 7273
è 3 * ( 0 . 4) + 1 ø ê kg ú
ê 0.792 1.6 ú
ë m s û
Friction Factor (Power Law Fluid)
 DP DaV 2 gDZ
Wp = + + + hf
r 2gc gc

2
æ L öV
Wp = h f = 4 f ç ÷
è Dø 2

f = 0.0048 Fig 5.11

2
æ mö
ç1.760 ÷
æ 80460 m ö è sø m2
W p = h f = 4(0.0048)ç ÷ = 11,845 2
è 0 .202m ø 2 s

m
( ) æ kg ö kg
•
m = 1.759 * 0.0323 m 2 * ç1442 3 ÷ = 81.9
s è m ø s

kg æ m2 ö
81.9 çç11,845 2 ÷÷
s è s ø
Power = = 970.1 kW = 1300 Hp
1000
Bingham Plastics
Bingham plastics exhibit
Newtonian behavior after
the shear stress exceeds
to. For flow in circular
conduits Bingham
plastics behave in an
interesting fashion.
 Bingham Plastics
Unsheared Core

t0
r £ rc u z = uc = (R - rc )2

2µ ¥ rc
Sheared Annular Region

( R - r ) ét rz æ r ö ù
r > rc uz = ê2 ç 1+ ÷ -t 0ú
µ¥ ë è Rø û
Laminar Bingham Plastic Flow
16 é He He 4 ù
f = ê1 + - 3 7ú
(Non-linear)
Re BP ë 6 Re BP 3 f (Re BP ) û

D rt 0
2
He = Hedstrom Number
µ 2
¥

DrV
Re BP =
µ¥
Turbulent Bingham Plastic Flow
-0.193
f = 10 Re BP
a

(
a = -1.378 1 + 0.146e - 2.9 x10-5 He
)
Drilling Rig Fundamentals
 Bingham Plastic Example
Drilling mud has to be pumped down into an oil well that is 8000 ft
deep. The mud is to be pumped at a rate of 50 GPM to the bottom of
the well and back to the surface through a pipe having an effective
diameter of 4 in. The pressure at the bottom of the well is 4500 psi.
What pump head is required to pump the mud to the bottom of the drill
string ? The drilling mud has the properties of a Bingham plastic with a
yield stress of 100 dyn/cm2, a limiting (plastic) viscosity of 35 cP, and a
density of 1.2 g/cm3.
P = 14.7 psi

L = 8000 ft

P = 4500 psi
 4
D= ft = 0.3333 ft Area = 0.0873 ft 2
12

gal æ min ö æ ft 3 ö æ 1 ö ft
V = 50 *ç ÷ * çç ÷÷ * çç ÷ = 1.276
2 ÷
min è 60 s ø è 7.48 gal ø è 0.0873 ft ø s

lbm lb
r = 1.2 * 62.4 3
= 74.88 m3
ft ft

æ lb ö
ç 6.7197 ´ 10 - 4 m ÷
ft s ÷ lb
µ = 35 cP * ç = 0.0235 m
ç cP ÷ ft s
ç ÷
è ø

æ ft ö æ lb ö
0.3333 ft * ç1.276 ÷ * çç 74.88 m ÷÷
è sø è ft 3 ø
N RE = = 1355
lbm
0.0235
ft s

dyn g
t o = 100 2
= 100 2
cm s cm
 2
æ æ 2.54 cm ö ö æ g ö æ 100 g ö
ç 4in ç ÷ ÷ * ç1.2 3 ÷ * ç 2 ÷
è in ø ø è cm ø è s cm ø
N HE =è 2
= 1.01 ´10 5
æ g ö
ç 0.35 ÷
è cms ø

f = 0.14

DaV 2 gDZ
DP
Wp = + + + hf
r 2gc gc

lb f æ 144 in 2 ö æ 2 ö
(4500 - 14.7 ) 2 çç 2 ÷÷ ç æ ft ö ÷
ft lb f 4 * 0.14 * (8000 ft ) ç è ç 1. 276 ÷ ÷
in è ft ø sø
Wp = - 8000 + ç ÷
lbm lb 0 . 3333 ft æ
ç ç 32.2 ft lbm ÷ ÷ ö
74.88 3 m
ft ç 2 * ç lb s 2 ÷ ÷
è è f øø

ft lb f
Wp = (8626 - 8000 + 339) = 965
lbm
 16 é He He 4 ù
f = ê1 + - 3 7ú
= 0.14
Re BP ë 6 Re BP 3 f (Re BP ) û