EE 262

Electrical Machines 1
Module- 6
Yasser O. Assolami, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Taibah University, Yanbu Campus
Year 2023 G, 1444 H / Third Term
ysolami@taibahu.edu.sa
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 1
 Module 6: Per Unit System

Content

• Why PU is important in power systems?

• What is PU system?
• Analysis and some numerical examples

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 2

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
Three phase Power System

Bus Bus Bus

Bus 2 3 4
1 T1 T2
220 kV TL1
#1 #2 #2 #1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Vab1 Vab2 X=48.4 ohm Vab2 Vab1 UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472
66.5MVA
90MVA 10.45kV
#1 #2 #2 #1
22 kV 18.5%
18% 50MVA
22/220 kV
40MVA M
220/11 kV
10% Dr. A.M. Gaouda
G UAEU, ELEC472 6%

57 MVA,
T3 110 kV TL2 T4 0.6 pf lag.

#1 #2 #2 #1
Vab1 Vab2
65.43 ohm Vab2 Vab1

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 #2 #1

40MVA 40MVA
22/110 kV Bus Bus 110/11 kV
6.4% 5 6 8%
3
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System Bus
Bus Bus Bus
2 3 4
1 T1 T2
220 kV TL1
#1 #2 #2 #1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Vab1 Vab2
X=48.4 ohm Vab2 Vab1 UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472
66.5MVA
90MVA 10.45kV
#1 #2 #2 #1 18.5%
22 kV
18% 50MVA

Three phase Power System G

22/220 kV
10% Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472
40MVA
220/11 kV
6%
M

57 MVA,
T3 T4
0.6 pf
lag.
110 kV TL2
#1 #2 65.43 ohm #2 #1
Vab1 Vab2 Vab2 Vab1

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 #2 #1

40MVA 40MVA
22/110 kV Bus Bus 110/11 kV
6.4% 8%
5 6

1 T1 4
2 3 T2
220 kV Transmission Line 1
X=48.4 ohm
Single-line diagram M
representation G T3
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
UAEU, ELEC472
T4
110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm
5 6
Dr. A.M. Gaouda Load
UAEU, ELEC472

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag. 4

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
Single-Line Diagram of a Real Power System

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 5

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
• A key problem in analyzing power systems is the T
T.L.
T
large number of transformers. G M

➢ Analyzing interconnected three-phase power systems having T T.L. T.L. T

different voltage levels require huge transformation of all

impedances to a single voltage level. T T

NOTE:
Transformer equivalent circuit

G
as reflected into primary and
secondary sides.

Equivalent circuit referring

to the secondary
Equivalent circuit referring
to the primary

6
- Z multiplied by square turns ratio
- I divided by the turns ratio
- V multiplied by the turns ratio - Z divided by square turns ratio
Dr. Yasser O. Assolami - I multiplied by the turns ratio
- V divided by the turns ratio
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
Using Transformer ratio in analyzing this system requires large mathematical work.
Bus Bus Bus
1 2 4

50 MVA,
M 0.6 pf 100
lag. Bus MVA,
3 0.6 pf
T1 T2 lag.
220 kV TL1
#1 #2 #2 #1 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
Vab1 Vab2
X=48.4 ohm Vab2 Vab1 UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472
66.5MVA
90MVA 10.45kV
#1 #2 #2 #1 18%
22 kV
8% 50MVA
22/220 kV M 10MVA
40MVA G
220/11 kV
10% 220kV
Dr. A.M. Gaouda
G UAEU, ELEC472
10%
6%

57 MVA,
T3 T4 0.6 pf
110 kV TL2 lag.
#1 #2 65.43 ohm #2 #1
Vab1 Vab2 Vab2 Vab1

#1 #2 Dr. A.M. Gaouda #2 #1

UAEU, ELEC472

#1 #2 #2 #1

40MVA 40MVA
22/110 kV Bus Bus 110/11 kV
6.4% 8%
5 6
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 7
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
• This large mathematical work can be avoided by utilizing the per unit
system. Various physical quantities such as power, voltage, current and
impedance are expressed as a decimal fraction of base quantities.

• The numerical per unit value of any quantity is its ratio to a chosen base
quantity of the same dimension. Thus, a per unit quantity is a normalized
quantity with respect to the chosen base value.

• The per unit value of a quantity is thus defined as:

actual quantity
quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity
Four base quantities must be considered: power, voltage, current and impedance base
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 8
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
• The per unit method of power system analysis offers distinct advantages
over the use of actual ampere, volts and ohms.

• It eliminates the need to conversion of the voltages, currents and

impedances across every transformer in the circuit.
➢ Transformers turns ratio “a” can be removed from analysis. This removes a common
source of mistakes. Network analysis is greatly simplified since all impedances of a given
equivalent circuit can directly be added together regardless of the system voltages.
• The need to transform from three-phase to single-phase quantities and vice
versa is avoided with the uses of per unit quantities
➢ Hence, there is less confusion in handling and manipulating the various parameters in three
phase-phase systems
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 9
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit System
• Usually, the impedance of an electrical apparatus is given in percent or
per unit by its manufacturer based on its nameplate ratings (e.g., its
rated volt-amperes and rated voltage).
• Differences in operating characteristics of many electrical apparatus
can be estimated by a comparison of their constants expressed in per
units.
• The use of per-unit quantities is more convenient in calculations
involving digital computers.

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 10

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1 Φ
1. Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltage
bases are related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line
to neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion on affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 11
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 3 Φ
Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f VA base, and use line to
line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3f VA base for the entire system,
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB.
Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base

VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN ) 2 VB2, LN
ZB = = =
S B3f 3S 1Bf S 1Bf

Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase!

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 12
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 1 – Per Unit
Consider a transmission line with an impedance Z= 3.346+j77.299 ohm. Assume
that Base MAV is 100 and Base kV is 735. What is the pu impedance.

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 13

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 1 – Per Unit
Consider a transmission line with an impedance Z= 3.346+j77.299 ohm. Assume
that Base MAV is 100 and Base kV is 735. What is the pu impedance.

Solution: Z Z  | S Base |
Z p .u. = = p.u.
Z Base 2
| V Base |

Z  | MVA, S Base | Z | 100 | −4

Z p .u. = p.u. =  = ( Z  ) * (1.85108 10 )
2 2
| kV , VBase | | 735 |

NOTE
The impedance could be
presented in
pu or %
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 0.2 pu  → 20% 14
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 2 – Per Unit
10 𝑘𝑉𝐴, 2200/220 𝑉, 60 𝐻𝑧 1 −phase transformer delivers rated power at rated voltage.
The transformer equivalent impedance is 10.4 + 𝑗 31.3 when referred to the high-voltage
side and its exciting current is 0.25 𝐴 when measured on the high-voltage side. Taking the
transformer rating as base,
a) Determine the base values of voltages, currents, and impedances for both high-voltage
and low-voltage sides.
b) Express the exciting current in per-unit form for both high-voltage and low-voltage
sides.
c) Obtain the equivalent circuit in per-unit form.
d) Find the full-load copper loss in per-unit form.
e) Determine the per-unit voltage regulation (using the per-unit equivalent circuit from
part c) when the transformer delivers 75% full load at 0.6 lagging power factor.
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 15
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 2 - Solution – Per Unit

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 𝑘𝑉𝐴, 𝑉𝑏𝐻 = 2200 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐿 = 220 𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 10

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 16

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 2 - Solution – Per Unit

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 17

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 2 - Solution – Per Unit

The per-unit values of the equivalent impedances referred to the high and low-
voltage sides are the same. The per-unit equivalent circuit is shown below

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 18

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example 2 - Solution – Per Unit

𝑉1 = 1.0486∠0.9°

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 19

 Module 6: Per Unit System
• The physical values (or system values) and per-unit values are
related by the following relationships:

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 20

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Change of Base
• In general, the per-unit impedance of a power apparatus is given
based on its own volt-ampere and voltage ratings and consequently
based on its own impedance base.
• When such an apparatus is used in a system that has its own bases, it
becomes necessary to refer all the given per-unit values to the system
base values.
30kVA
240/480V
X eq = 0 . 10 pu

Source

G
Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472
40kVA
240/480V
X eq = 0 . 20 pu

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 21

 Module 6: Per Unit System
Change of Base
• If ( Z p.u. )old an impedance in per unit on a given old base

• and ( I Base ) old the base current in kiloamperes

30kVA
(VBase ) old the base voltage in kilovolts 240/480V
Xeq = 0. 10 pu

• It is sometimes required to obtain the per unit value Source

G
referred to a new base set. Dr. A.M. Gaouda

• The conversion expression is obtained as: UAEU, ELEC472 40kVA

240/480V
Xeq =0. 20 pu
| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2
( Z p.u. ) new = ( Z p.u. ) old . 2
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new | NOTE:
Select the Vbase and
• If the volt bases are the same, then Sbase for the system in
| ( SBase ) new | this network.
( Z p.u. ) new = ( Z p.u. ) old p.u.
6/7/2023
| ( SBase ) old |
Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 22
 Module 6: Per Unit System
Example: What are the Voltage and Power bases?

Make sure that the base voltages in the system zones are related by the turns
ratios of the intervening transformers.
1 4
T1 2 3 T2
220 kV Transmission Line 1
X=48.4 ohm
How many
zones do we G M
T3 T4
have in this 110 kV Transmission Line 2
system? X= 65.43 ohm

5 6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.
MVA Voltage X

G 90 22 kV 18 %
T1 50 22/220 kV 10 %
T2 40 220/11 kV 06 %
T3 40 22/110 kV 6.4 %
T4 40 110/11 kV 08 %

M 66.5 10.45kV kV 18.5 %

6/7/2023 23
 Module 6: Per Unit System
The base voltages in the system zones are related by
Solution: the turns ratios of the transformers.

Voltage bases must be determined for all sections of the network.

A common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side is selected.
The voltage levels that exist in the system are 11kV, 22kV, 110kV and 220kV. Select the voltage bases as:
VBase = 22kV VBase = 11kV
1 VBase = 220kV 4
T1 2 3 T2
220 kV Transmission Line 1
Dr. A.M. Gaouda X=48.4
UAEU, ELEC472
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
G M
T3 T4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
110 kV Transmission Line 2 UAEU, ELEC472

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472
X= 65.43
22/110 kV 110/11 kV
5 VBase = 110kV 6
Load
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag. 24
 Module 6: Per Unit System
For transformers and generator
| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase ) old |2
( Z p.u. ) new = ( Z p.u. ) old . 2
p.u.
| ( S Base ) old | | (VBase ) new |
Since the volt bases are the same for transformers and generator, then
VBase = 22kV VBase = 11kV | ( SBase ) new |
1 VBase = 220kV 4 ( Z p.u. ) new = ( Z p.u. ) old
T1 2
220 kV Transmission Line 1
3 T2 | ( SBase ) old |
Dr. A.M. Gaouda X=48.4
UAEU, ELEC472

100
X G = 0.18 = 0.20 pu
G M
T3 T4 Dr. A.M. Gaouda
110 kV Transmission Line 2
90
UAEU, ELEC472

Dr. A.M. Gaouda

UAEU, ELEC472
X= 65.43

5 6
VBase = 110kV 100
Load
X T 1 = 0.10 = 0.20 pu
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.
50
MVA Voltage X
100
G 90 22 kV 18 % X T 2 = 0.06 = 0.15 pu
40
T1 50 22/220 kV 10 %
100
T2 40 220/11 kV 06 % X T 3 = 0.064 = 0.16 pu
T3 40 22/110 kV 6.4 %
40
100
6/7/2023
T4 40 110/11 kV 08 %
Dr. Yasser O. Assolami
X T 4 = 0.08 = 0.20 pu 25
40
 Module 6: Per Unit System
For the motor

VBase = 11kV
MVA Voltage X
M 66.5 10.45kV 18.5 %
T2

M
| ( S Base ) new | | (VBase )old |2
( Z p.u. ) new = ( Z p.u. )old . p.u. T4
| ( S Base )old | | (VBase ) new | 2

2
100  10.45 
X M = 0.185   = 0.25 pu Load
66.5  11 
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 26

 Module 6: Per Unit System
For the Transmission Lines
2 VBase = 220kV 3 T2
T1
X Line 1 = 48.4 ohm 220 kV Transmission Line 1
X=48.4 ohm
X Line 2 = 65.43 ohm

T3 T4
Z 110 kV Transmission Line 2
Z p .u. = X= 65.43 ohm
Z Base
2 5 VBase = 110kV 6
| VBase |
| Z Base |=
| Sbase | Z  | MVA, S Base |
Z p .u. = p.u.
2
| kV , VBase |
48.4(100) 65.43(100)
X line1 = = 0.10 p.u. X line 2 =
2
= 0.54 p.u.
2 (110)
( 220)
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 27
 Module 6: Per Unit System
For the Load
Load = 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.
VBase = 11kV
4
Vf T2
S 3f = 3 (V LL )( I L ) = 3 (V LL )(
* *
)
(Z L )

V LL | V LL |2
= 3 (V LL )( ) =*
M
( 3Z L ) ZL * T4
| V L− L |2
Z Load = *
ohm
S L( 3 f )
Load
S = 5753.13 MVA VL− L = 10.45 kV
L ( 3f ) 57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.
(10.45) 2
Z Load = = 1.1495 + j1.53267ohm Z  | MVA, S Base |
57 − 53.13 Z p .u. =
| kV , VBase |2
p.u.

Z Load ( MVA, 100)

( Z Load ) pu = = 0.95 + j1.2667 p.u.
2
6/7/2023 ( kV , 11 ) Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 28
 Module 3: Per Unit System
1 4
T1 2 3 T2
220 kV Transmission Line 1
X=48.4 ohm
1. The per unit impedance
diagram of the system G M
T3 T4
is: 110 kV Transmission Line 2
X= 65.43 ohm

5 6
Load
57 MVA, 0.6 pf lag.

j0.20 j0.10 j0.15

j0.25
j0.16 j0.54 j0.20
j0.20
0.95
G M
j1.2667
6/7/2023 Dr. Yasser O. Assolami 29