"

CC DCC CC
 "

CC DE CC
* Capacitor : Device used to store
energy I charge
.

t
+ +
t t t
t
t
t t t
t t
metal parallel
+ t
sphere - - - plates
+ t
-

+
- -

Electrical
*
symbol :

* Capacitance : Ratio of charge stored on

any single plate and potential difference across the plates .

C =
Ii
>
charge stored on
any single plate cc)
-

Vi - > P d . across plates (V)

capacitance

Unit : Farad (F1 NOTE : MF → 10-3

V

F- A Q : Define the
- Farad 11 Farad .
MF → 10-6

Ahs : C = F IF = Tf na k

lV
>
Capacitance will be IF when a
p d of IV is
.
applied across capacitor and a
charge of IC is stored on
any

single plate .

*
charge stored in a capacitor :

+ Q
-
Q
> Work
- -

t
+
workC
E
- -

t t
-
a
-

+ t

n E

> >

e.
e-

electrons are stored on the plate ,

giving it a -
ve charge .

• each electron repels another electron on the other plate giving it

,
a tire
charge .

repel IE numerical value of both

equal only the signs
.
since Ie- will
only hence
charge on plate is , are

opposite .

Total stored capacitor to C a) = o

charge in a = - -

FACT:

but not
F. A. O capacitors store
energy charge Explain why
-
-
.
.

Ans: . Both plates have equal but opposite charge hence total charge stored is zero .

• Work must be done to keep the plates apart This work is stored in the
.
form of energy .

NOTE :
since both plates have opposite charges they attract
,
each other Therefore work
. is done to keep

plates apart .
 ):
*
Insulating Medium (Dielectric
>
Insulating Medium(Dielectric) :
Paper wood etc
,
to keep the 2 plates apart .

* Swiss Roll
d
configuration :

the other plate and

Roll one plate into a
cylinder Roll .
place in between This is done
. so that

2 the capacitor takes up less space on PCB (Printed circuit board) .

Swiss Roll configuration

→ dielectric in b/w

①
* Factors
Affecting capacitance :

- -
I .
Area of plates 2. Distance b/w plates
d L

Greater the area of plates . Lesser the distance b/w the plates more
,

more
charge can be stored the effort needed(work done) to keep plates
capacitance x Area of plates apart hence more energy stored .
,

Capacitance a distance

capacitance a E
d
Relative permetivity of free space (depends dielectric used)
> on
type of
Area of plate
capacitance Ej A'
→
=

d. → distance b/w plates

*
Charging of a capacitor :

✓ Assumption: capacitor is initially uncharged .

µ
500 MF

( OV

t Vc IV Il MA

maximum I taken ( p do I) As
O O Max: > NOTE : since
p . d b/w
battery and capacitor is maximum so .
.

-
capacitor charges p d.
decreases so current taken in also decreases .

} decreases

• TO f
*
Voltage across capacitor vs Time Graph:
Van
/O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
•

(VB)

>
t

Graph for current :

*
charging
In

• >
t

F. Capacitor fully charged

F. A. Q: calculate charge transferred b/w ti and tz .

In

FACT : Area under graph =Ixt=Q

:
i
i
l
l

l
l
l
l
st
l
- ;
t, tz

Area of 1 box x No of boxes = Q

.
transferred b/w ti and tz .

NOTE : Boxes should be of

equal and nominal size Not .
too
big not
,
too small A box which is either
-
half or more

than half should be counted as I box .

*
Experiment to Measure capacitance of a capacitor :

Tet resistance of variable resistor to maximum at start (Prevents .

u
capacitor from charging too quickly) .

Rd btw
As capacitor charges voltage across capacitor increases
^
•
,
-

ma

capacitor and battery will decrease - Current in circuit decreases .

QYMC
-

Ilm A CIMF
Hs VIV . However ,
we decrease resistance of variable resistor gradually .

o 60 O O O
current in circuit increases .

10 60 600 12 500 •
Therefore current remains constant
,
.

20 Go 1200 2.4 500

30 Go 1800 3.6 Soo

40 Go 2400 4-8 500

*
Charge vs
Voltage across capacitor Graph :

QIMC n Qx V

>
Yr

Gradient
Raise §
= = =C

Area Under Graph = Rise x Run = QV Work done

Energy stored in capacitor
= =

Area = C- = IQV (D)

Q -
-
CV

Area E- ICVZ -

a
✓ = c-

Area = C- = IF
FACT: capacitor Energy dissipated by
Energy stored in a = a capacitor .

*
Capacitor combinations :

i. Series :

VI t V2 - t V3 -

g t
g
-

g
circuit current is
> , >
NOTE : In a series ,
same
everywhere voltage splits
, .

C, Cz C3
v Q
ace

( (
Q E Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

:

E Vi-
- t Vz t V3

⇐ I V = F NOTE : E=£oae since E is for the

o'
⇐ Et Et Es
=
whole circuit
.

Fear aft 's

*
Exit Ei's '
-

⇐ =L tf 's t
Total capacitance in series combination .
2. Parallel :

t E
Qz
-

>
NOTE : In a parallel circuit current divides
, ,
voltage remains constant .

C3

E
Q Qz t -

O
> > >
Cz

E
Q, t -

^Q v Q
,
Cl

( L

Q E Q

Law of Conservation of charge

:

I = Ii t Iz t Iz

QT = Qi t Q2 t 03

C= I a- CV

CTE = GE t CzE t GE

CTE =
E (Ci t Cz t C3)

4¥ =
C, t Cz t C3

CT = Ci t Cz t C3 → Total Capacitance in parallel combination .

FA Q # I :
- calculate total capacitance .

Q 2mF

R
- -

P 2 MF

2mF

Cpa = Cpt Ca

Cpa = 2 t 2
4mF 2mF
Cpa = 4

= Ipa Fr t
Pce R

F- f tf=

⇐ E =

CT = MF

FA Q # 2 :
- calculate total capacitance .

4mF 4mF
P O

5mF

cpta Tp =
CT = (pot CR

Ipa IT IT =
+
G- = 2+5

Ipo I = CT 7mF =

Cpa 2mF =
F. A.a # 3 : You are provided with 3 12mF capacitors What combination
.
will
give a total capacitance of
(a) 18mF
12mF 12mF

12mF

(b) 8mF 12mF

12mF
-

12MF

*
Discharging of a capacitor :

""" " " "" " " °" "

(t
•

= Discharges
charges

Ltu
In C

Charging (connected to 1) :

Vc n

• ,
t

Discharging(connected to 2)
• :

Vc ?

>
t
*
spherical capacitors :
+
+
t

t
capacitance of spherical capacitor
t
F. A Q :(as Derive
- -
formula for a .

r
t
Q t •

(= T +
t

For sphere : V=4÷EoF Q=4kEorV t

t
t

"
⇐
C=q
( = 4Th Eor

(b) Prove that car

4kEo is a constant hence car .

< >

3V
O' 12mF GV
F. A. Q #I
'

12mF
.

>
z

> -

QT Q2
X
>
X 12mF
3V

9V
Find :

(a)Total capacitance .

(zy = Cz t (x

(24=12+12

(2x -_ 24

⇐ = -
'
I .

c÷= # Yz t

'

=L
3V GV
24 12
(T = 8mF QT a,- QT
> > >

(b)
Voltage
QT
across X -
not VQT

(T =
TT QT QT
< I c
QT
- 9V
8 =
q

OT -

-
8×9

QT=72MC
Qx
(x - Tx
72
-

12 = Vx

72

Vx = T2

Vx=6V

(c) Voltage across 2

9-6

3V
(d)Charge on 1 plate of capacitor T .

⇐
(x =
Vx

⇐
I2 =
3

Qt = 12×3

Qt = 36 M C

8V
F A Q #2 :
. .
5mF
12V
A
l OM F
-

B l OMF
8V

20 V

Find
charge on l plate of capacitor A .

(AB = CA t CB = 5 t 10 = 15

⇐ cats Ec Fs to
=
t = t

⇐ I =

G- = 6mF
⇐
G- = VT
QT
6 = To

QT = I 20MC
&
Cc = Vc

12010
Vc =

Vc = 12V

VA = 20 12 -

VA = 8V
⇐
CA = VA
QI
5 =
8

QA 40 MC =

* Uses
of capacitors :

a. stores
energy
2 .

Smoothing of an AC wave

3. Time
delay circuits (capacitor takes time to charge)