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Circular motion

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elmira
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16 views

Circular motion

Uploaded by

elmira
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 16:

Circular motion

Elmira Farrokhizadeh
Circular motion
• Circular motion is described as a movement of an object while
rotating along a circular path.

Circular motion

Uniform circular Non_uniform


motion circular motion
Kinematics

• Kinematics is the study of particles motion


without considering the mass of particles
and the forces that cause movement.

• Important quantities:
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Distance and Displacement

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ≥ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
What is acceleration???
Question???
Which of the following are accelerating?

1. A car slowing down

2. A free-fall object momentarily stopped at its maximum height

3. A ball connected to a string, being swung in circles at a constant


speed

Answer: ALL are accelerating because acceleration is a change in


velocity = change in speed or a change in direction
CIRCULAR MOTION BASICS
Velocity is always tangent to path
Force and acceleration are always in the same direction, towards the
center of the circle
Question???
At the position shown, what is the direction of the centripetal force
acting on the airplane?
1. North
2. South
3. East
4. West

Answer: East
Circular motion Examples
Angular displacement
• The shortest angle between the initial and the final position for an
object in a circular motion around a fixed point is known as the
Angular Displacement.

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐
• 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

𝑠
•𝜃=
𝑟
Defining the radian
• One radian is defined as the angles subtended at the center of circle by
an arc of length equal to radius of the circle.
360°
• 1 radian=
2𝜋
2𝜋
• To convert degrees to radians: multiply by °
360

360°
• To convert radians to degrees: multiply by
2𝜋
Question???
If 𝜃 = 60° , what is the value of 𝜃 in radians?
2𝜋
Answer: 𝜃 = 60 ∗
𝜋 360
=
3
=1.05 rad

If 𝜃 = 0.75 𝑟𝑎𝑑, what is the value of 𝜃 in degree?


360
Answer: 𝜃 = 0.75 ∗
2𝜋
270
=
2𝜋

= 42.99 °
Steady speed, changing velocity
 We must consider the velocity of an object going round in a circle,
rather than its speed. Why???

 The velocity v of an object changes


direction as it moves along a circular
path.
Angular speed
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

Δ𝜃
𝜔=
Δ𝑡
A particularly useful example of the 𝜔 is when a single revolution is
considered. So, the equation can change to:

2𝜋
𝜔=
𝑇
Relation between speed and angular
speed
the speed of an object travelling around a circle depends on two
quantities:
1. Its angular speed 𝜔
2. Its distance from the center of the circle r.

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∗ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠


𝜈 =𝜔∗𝑟
Question???
A toy train travels around a circular track of radius 2.5m in a time of
40s. What is its speed?

Answer:
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔= → 𝜔=
𝑇 40

2𝜋
𝜈 =𝜔∗𝑟 → 𝜈= *2.5= 0.39 𝑚𝑠 −1
40
Centripetal forces
• How can an object accelerate and at the same time
have a steady speed?
• Newton’s first law states that an object remains at
rest or in a state of uniform velocity (at constant
speed in a straight line) unless it is acted on by an
external force.
• The force on the object is directed towards the
center of the circle.
• We describe each of these resultant forces as a
centripetal force.
• Centripetal forces is the force that is making
something travel along a circular path.
• These forces can be gravitational, electrostatic,
magnetic, frictional or whatever.
Acceleration at steady speed

The object is accelerating because its velocity


changes.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration of the object must be in the same


direction as the change in the velocity – towards
the center of the circle.
Calculating acceleration and force

We can use the force equation to calculate the speed that an object must
have to orbit the Earth under gravity.
where g = 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −1 is the acceleration of free fall close to the Earth’s
surface. The radius of its orbit is equal to the Earth’s radius, approximately
6400 km.
The origins of centripetal forces
3. An aircraft banking (Figure a). To change direction, the pilot tips the aircraft’s wings. The vertical
component of the lift force L on the wings balances the weight. The horizontal component of L
provides the centripetal force.
4. A stone being whirled in a horizontal circle on the end of a string – this arrangement is known as a
conical pendulum (Figure b). The vertical component of the tension T is equal to the weight of the
stone. The horizontal component of the tension provides the centripetal force for the circular
motion.
5. At the fairground (Figure c). As the cylinder spins, the floor drops away. Friction balances your
weight. The normal contact force of the wall provides the centripetal force. You feel as though you
are being pushed back against the wall; what you are feeling is the push of the wall on your back.

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