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    Complex Number Overview

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    Phuongtrinhvotyducabel Pham
    The document provides an overview of complex numbers including: 1) Representing complex numbers in rectangular (x + jy) and polar (|z|ejθ) forms. 2) Defining operations like addition, multiplication, conjugates and magnitudes of complex numbers. 3) Introducing Euler's identity and using it to transform between rectangular and polar forms. 4) Giving examples of complex sinusoidal signals and extracting their real, imaginary, magnitude and phase components.

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    Complex Number Overview

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    Phuongtrinhvotyducabel Pham
    8 views5 pages
    The document provides an overview of complex numbers including: 1) Representing complex numbers in rectangular (x + jy) and polar (|z|ejθ) forms. 2) Defining operations like addition, multiplication, conjugates and magnitudes of complex numbers. 3) Introducing Euler's identity and using it to transform between rectangular and polar forms. 4) Giving examples of complex sinusoidal signals and extracting their real, imaginary, magnitude and phase components.

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    The document provides an overview of complex numbers including: 1) Representing complex numbers in rectangular (x + jy) and polar (|z|ejθ) forms. 2) Defining operations like addition, multiplication, conjugates and magnitudes of complex numbers. 3) Introducing Euler's identity and using it to transform between rectangular and polar forms. 4) Giving examples of complex sinusoidal signals and extracting their real, imaginary, magnitude and phase components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views5 pages

    Complex Number Overview

    Uploaded by

    Phuongtrinhvotyducabel Pham
    The document provides an overview of complex numbers including: 1) Representing complex numbers in rectangular (x + jy) and polar (|z|ejθ) forms. 2) Defining operations like addition, multiplication, conjugates and magnitudes of complex numbers. 3) Introducing Euler's identity and using it to transform between rectangular and polar forms. 4) Giving examples of complex sinusoidal signals and extracting their real, imaginary, magnitude and phase components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    ECE301, Complex Numbers Overview

    x + jy (rectangular) Representation
    Consider
    √ a complex number z1 = x1 + jy1 , where x1 , y1 ∈ R and
    j = −1. We define the ”real part” of z as <{z 1 } = x1 , and the
    ”imaginary part” of z1 as ={z1 } = y1 .
    Now define another complex number z2 = x2 + jy2 similarly. We have
    then that

    z1 + z2 = (x1 + jy1 ) + (x2 + jy2 )


    = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + y2 ),
    and z1 z2 = (x1 + jy1 )(x2 + jy2 )
    = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + j(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ),

    so that <{z1 + z2 } = x1 + x2 , ={z1 + z2 } = y1 + y2 ; and <{z1 z2 } =


    x1 x2 − y1 y2 , ={z1 z2 } = x1 y2 + x2 y1 .

    Magnitude of Complex Number


    For a complex number z = x + jy, we define the magnitude, |z|, as
    follows:
    p
    |z| = x2 + y 2 .

    The magnitude can be thought of as the distance a complex number


    z lies from the origin of the complex plane.

    Complex Conjugate
    For a complex number z = x + jy, we define its conjugate, z ∗ , as
    follows:

    z ∗ = x − jy.

    It follows, then, that zz ∗ = x2 + y 2 = |z|2 , and (z ∗ )∗ = z We may


    also reduce fractions of complex numbers by using the conjugate. Let

    1
    z1 = x1 + jy1 and z2 = x2 + jy2 . Then
     
    z1 z1 z2∗ z1 z2∗ (x1 + jy1 )(x2 − jy2 ) (x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + j(x2 y1 − x1 y2 )
    = = = 2 2 =
    z2 z2 z2∗ |z2 | x2 + y 2 x22 + y22

    Euler’s Identity
    Euler’s identity states the following

    ejθ = cos(θ) + j sin(θ).

    It follows from this and trigonometric identities cos(−θ) = cos(θ) and


    sin(−θ) = − sin(θ), that:

    ejθ + e−jθ
    cos(θ) = ,
    2
    ejθ − e−jθ
    and sin(θ) =
    2j

    Note that for all phase angles θ, |ejθ | = cos2 (θ) + sin2 (θ) = 1.

    |z|ej∠z (polar) Representation


    Let complex number z1 = x1 + jy1 . It follows from Euler’s identity
    that z1 = |z1 |ejθ1 , where θ1 = ∠z1 = tan−1 (y1 /x1 ).
    We can thus represent a complex number z 1 in terms of a real and
    imaginary component (rectangular coordinates), or in terms of a mag-
    nitude, |z1 |, and a phase angle ∠z1 (polar coordinates).

    (Note that <{z1 } = |z1 | cos(θ1 ) and ={z1 } = |z1 | sin(θ1 ) define the
    inverse transformation back to rectangular coordinates.)
    Let z2 = |z2 |ejθ2 , and z1 defined as above. We have then that

    z1 + z2 = (|z1 | cos(θ1 ) + |z2 | cos(θ2 )) + j(|z1 | sin(θ1 ) + |z2 | sin(θ2 ))


    z1 z2 = |z1 ||z2 |ejθ1 θ2 ,

    so that
    p
    |z1 + z2 | = (|z1 | cos(θ1 ) + |z2 | cos(θ2 ))2 + (|z1 | sin(θ1 ) + |z2 | sin(θ2 ))2 ,
     
    −1 |z1 | cos(θ1 ) + |z2 | cos(θ2 )
    ∠(z1 + z2 ) = tan ;
    |z1 | sin(θ1 ) + |z2 | sin(θ2 )
    |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |,
    ∠(z1 z2 ) = ∠z1 + ∠z2
    4

    3.5

    z1 = | z1| e
    jθ
    3

    2.5
    Imaginary

    2
    | z1|

    1.5

    0.5

    θ
    0
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
    Real

    Visualization of complex number z1 on complex plane

    In general, it is easier to add complex numbers in rectangular coordi-


    nates, and multiply them in polar coordinates.
    Note also that if z1 = |z1 |ejθ1 = |z1 | cos θ1 + j|z1 | sin θ1 , then

    z1∗ = |z1 | cos θ1 − j|z1 | sin θ1 = |z1 |e−jθ1 .

    Some Complex Signals


    Consider the following signals: x1 (t) = ej2πt , x2 (t) = e(−2+j10π)t . For
    x1 (t), we find its real and imaginary, magnitude and phase (all func-
    tions of t):

    <{x1 (t)} = cos(2πt)


    ={x1 (t)} = sin(2πt)
    |x1 (t)| = 1
    ∠x1 (t) = 2πt.
    ℜ{ x1( t)}
    ℑ{ x1( t)}
    1
    1

    0.5 0.5

    0 0

    −0.5 −0.5

    −1 −1
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

    | x ( t)| ∠ x ( t)
    1 1
    2 14

    12
    1.5
    10

    8
    1
    6

    4
    0.5
    2

    0 0
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

    Plots of complex signal x1 (t) = ej2πt

    Similarly for x2 (t), we have

    <{x2 (t)} = e−2t cos(10πt)


    ={x2 (t)} = e−2t sin(10πt)
    |x1 (t)| = e−2t
    ∠x1 (t) = 10πt.
    ℜ{ x ( t)} ℑ{ x ( t)}
    2 2
    1 1

    0.5 0.5

    0 0

    −0.5 −0.5

    −1 −1
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

    | x2( t)| ∠ x2( t)


    1 35

    30
    0.8
    25
    0.6 20

    0.4 15

    10
    0.2
    5

    0 0
    0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

    Plots of complex signal x2 (t) = e(−2+j10π)t

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