Complex Numbers and Exponentials

Complex Numbers and Exponentials
A complex number is nothing more than a point in the xyplane. The sum and product of two complex numbers (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) is dened by (x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) respectively. It is conventional to use the notation x + iy (or in electrical engineering country x + jy) to stand for the complex number (x, y). In other words, it is conventional to write x in place of (x, 0) and i in place of (0, 1). In this notation, The sum and product of two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 is given by z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 ) z1 z2 = x1 x2 y1 y2 + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) Addition and multiplication of complex numbers obey the familiar algebraic rules z1 + z 2 = z 2 + z 1 z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 0 + z 1 = z1 z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 z1 z2 = z 2 z1 z1 (z2 z3 ) = (z1 z2 )z3 1z1 = z1 (z1 + z2 )z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3
The negative of any complex number z = x + iy is dened by z = x + (y)i, and obeys z + (z) = 0. The inverse of any complex number z = x + iy, other than 0, is dened by
1 z x x2 +y 2
y i x2 +y 2
and obeys 1 z = 1. The complex number i has the special property z
i2 = (0 + 1i)(0 + 1i) = (0 0 1 1) + i(0 1 + 1 0) = 1 The absolute value, or modulus, |z| of z = x + iy is given by |z| = x2 + y 2 = z z
where z = x iy is called the complex conjugate of z . It is just the distance between z and 1
the origin. We have |z1 z2 | = = = = (x1 x2 y1 y2 )2 + (x1 y2 + x2 y1 )2

2 2 2 2 x2 x2 2x1 x2 y1 y2 + y1 y2 + x2 y2 + 2x1 y2 x2 y1 + x2 y1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 x2 + y 1 y 2 + x 2 y 2 + x 2 y 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 (x2 + y1 )(x2 + y2 ) 1 2
= |z1 ||z2 | and z 1 = for all complex numbers z1 , z2 and z = 0 . z |z|2
The Complex Exponential

Denition and Basic Properties. For any complex number z = x + iy the exponential ez , is dened by ex+iy = ex cos y + iex sin y For any two complex numbers z1 and z2 ez1 ez2 = ex1 (cos y1 + i sin y1 )ex2 (cos y2 + i sin y2 ) = ex1 +x2 (cos y1 + i sin y1 )(cos y2 + i sin y2 ) = ex1 +x2 {(cos y1 cos y2 sin y1 sin y2 ) + i(cos y1 sin y2 + cos y2 sin y1 )} = ex1 +x2 {cos(y1 + y2 ) + i sin(y1 + y2 )} = e(x1 +x2 )+i(y1 +y2 ) = ez1 +z2 so that the familiar multiplication formula also applies to complex exponentials. For any complex number a = + i and real number t eat = et+it = et [cos(t) + i sin(t)] 2
so that the derivative with respect to t

d at dt e
= et [cos(t) + i sin(t)] + et [ sin(t) + i cos(t)] = ( + i)et [cos(t) + i sin(t)] = aeat
is also the familiar one. Relationship with sin and cos. When is a real number ei = cos + i sin ei = cos i sin are complex numbers of modulus one. Solving for cos and sin (by adding and subtracting the two equations) cos = 1 (ei + ei ) 2 sin =
1 (ei 2i
ei )
These formulae make it easy derive trig identities. For example cos cos = 1 (ei + ei )(ei + ei ) 4
1 = 4 (ei(+) + ei() + ei(+) + ei(+) ) 1 = 4 (ei(+) + ei(+) + ei() + ei(+) )
1 2
cos( + ) + cos( )
Polar Coordinates. Let z = x + iy be any complex number. Writing x and y in polar coordinates in the usual way gives y x + iy = r cos + ir sin = rei x 3 r
x + iy = rei
In particular y
i=(0,1)
1 = 1 =
ei0 ei
= e2i =
5
e2ki
1
for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2,
(1,0)=1
= e3i = e(1+2k)i
3 1
1=(1,0)
2
i=(0,1)
i = ei/2 = e 2 i = e( 2 +2k)i i = ei/2 = e 2 i = e( 2 +2k)i
The polar coordinate representation makes it easy to nd square roots, third roots and so on. Fix any positive integer n. The nth roots of unity are, by denition, all solutions z of zn = 1 Writing z = rei r n eni = 1e0i The polar coordinates (r, ) and (r , ) represent the same point in the xyplane if and only if r = r and = + 2k for some integer k. So z n = 1 if and only if r n = 1, i.e. r = 1, and n = 2k for some integer k. The nth roots of unity are all complex numbers e2i n with k integer. There are precisely n distinct nth roots of unity because e2i n = e2i n if and only if
k 2 n 2i k = 2 kk is an integer multiple of 2. That is, if and only if k k is an integer n n
k k k
multiple of n. The are n distinct nth roots of unity are y e 1 , e2i n , e2i n , e2i n , , e2i
1 2 3 n1 n 3 2 2i 6
e2i 6
1=e
0 2i 6
e2i 6 =1
x e2i 6
4
e2i 6

Complex Numbers and Exponentials

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Complex Numbers and Exponentials

and obeys 1 z = 1. The complex number i has the special property z

the origin. We have |z1 z2 | = = = = (x1 x2 y1 y2 )2 + (x1 y2 + x2 y1 )2

= |z1 ||z2 | and z 1 = for all complex numbers z1 , z2 and z = 0 . z |z|2

The Complex Exponential

so that the derivative with respect to t

= et [cos(t) + i sin(t)] + et [ sin(t) + i cos(t)] = ( + i)et [cos(t) + i sin(t)] = aeat

for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2, for k = 0, 1, 2,

i = ei/2 = e 2 i = e( 2 +2k)i i = ei/2 = e 2 i = e( 2 +2k)i

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