Problem Set #2

Solve/Evaluate the following:

3 + 2𝑖
1.
2 + 5𝑖

3 + 4𝑖
2.
1 − 6𝑖

1+𝑖 𝑖
3. +
𝑖 1−𝑖

(2 + 𝑖)(1 − 2𝑖)
4.
3−𝑖

𝑖
5.
(1 + 𝑖)
NOTE: The inverse z-1 is not defined when z = 0.

 z = 0 means x2 + y2 = 0 which is not

permitted

EXERCISE #3

1. Show that a.) Re(iz) = -Im z

b.) Im(iz) = Re z

2. Show that (1 + z) 2 = 1 + 2z + z2
where z = x+iy
 SOLUTIONS:
1. Show that a.) Re(iz) = -Im z
b.) Im(iz) = Re z
where z = x+ iy
a.) Re(iz) = Re [ i(x+iy)] b.) Im ( iz )
= Im [ i( x+ iy) ]
= Re [ -y + xi ] = -y
= Im [ -y + ix ]
= -y = Im ( x – iy)
= x
= - Im ( x + iy) = x = Re [ x + iy
]
= - Im ( z ) = Re [ z ]
SOLUTION
2. Show that (1 + z) 2 = 1 + 2z + z2
where z = x + iy

2
(1 + z) 2 = 1 + (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

= (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2

= 1 + (2𝑥 + 2𝑖𝑦) + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦

= 1 + 2 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + [𝑥 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ]

= 𝟏 + 𝟐𝐳 + 𝐳 𝟐
 EXERCISE #3

3. Verify that each of the two numbers z = 1  i

satisfies the equation z 2 − 2 z + 2 = 0

4. Prove that multiplication is commutative.

SOLUTIONS
3. Verify that each of the two numbers z = 1  i
satisfies the equation z 2 − 2 z + 2 = 0

[𝑧 − (1 + 𝑖)][𝑧 − (1 − 𝑖)]
= 𝑧 2 − (1 + 𝑖)𝑧 − (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + (1 + 𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)

= 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 − 𝑧𝑖 − 𝑧 + 𝑧𝑖 + 1 − (−1) + 𝑖 − 𝑖

= 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 2

(1 + 𝑖)2 − 2(1 + 𝑖) + 2 = 0 (1 − 𝑖)2 − 2(1 − 𝑖) + 2 = 0

1 + 2𝑖 − 1 − 2 − 2𝑖 + 2 = 0 (1 − 2𝑖 − 1) − 2 + 2𝑖 + 2 = 0
0=0 0=0
 SOLUTION
4. Prove that multiplication is commutative.

𝑖𝑓 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 & 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑧1

𝐳𝟏 𝐳𝟐 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑖𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑦1 𝑦2

= 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑦1

= (𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥1 ) + (𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑦1 )

= (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )(𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 ) = 𝐳𝟐 𝐳𝟏

 Problem Set #3

5. Verify: a. the associative law for addition

b. The distributive law

The Associative Laws The Distributive Law

(z1+ z2) + z3= z1 + ( z2 + z3) z(z1+ z2)= zz1 + zz2
(z1z2)z3 = z1(z2z3)

6. Use the associative law for addition and the

distributive law to show that
z(z1 + z2 + z3 ) = z z1 + z z2 + zz3
 Verify the Distributive Law z(z1+ z2)= zz1 + zz2

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐳𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐

𝐳 𝐳𝟏 + 𝐳𝟐 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 [ 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ]

= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 [ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ]

= 𝑥 [ 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ]

= 𝑥𝑥1 + x𝑥2 + (𝑖𝑦𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑖𝑥𝑦2 ) − (𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 )

= 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑦𝑦1 ) + 𝑖(𝑦𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑦1 + [ x𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑖(𝑦𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑦2 )]

= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 + [ 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 = [𝐳𝒛𝟏 + 𝐳𝒛𝟐 ]

 COMPLEX NUMBERS
Complex Numbers can be defined as ordered pairs (x , y) or (
a , b) of real numbers that are to be interpreted as
(x + iy) or (a +bi) as points in the complex plane, with
rectangular coordinates x & y, just as real numbers. X are
thought of as points on the real line.

The set of real numbers includes the real numbers as subset

thus ( x, 0)

Complex numbers of the form ( 0 , y) corresponds to points

on the y-axis abd are called pure imaginary numbers.

The complex number system is a natural extension of the

real number system
 Graphical representation of
complex number
Any nonzero complex number z = x + iy is associated with the
directed line segment, or vector , from the origin to the point
(x,y) that represents z in the complex plane.
 Graphical representation of
complex number
According to the definition of the sum of two complex numbers
z1 = x2 + iy2 , the number z1 + z2 corresponds to the point
( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ).

It also corresponds to a vector with those coordinates as its

components. Hence z1 + z2 may be obtained vectorially as shown
below:
y
z2 (z1+ z2) = ( z2 + z1)
z1 z1

z2
x
 Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number z

 For any nonzero complex number z = (x,y), there is a number

z -1 such that z z -1 = 1 which is called the multiplicative
inverse
 To find for the multiplicative inverse we seek real numbers
u and v, expressed in terms of x and y, such that
(x,y)(u,v) = (1,0) of linear simultaneous equations; yields the
unique solution 𝑥 −y
𝑢= 2 v= 2
𝑥 + 𝑦2 x + y2
 So the multiplicative inverse of z = (x,y) is:

Show how they 𝑥 −𝑦

𝑧 −1 = 2 , 2 𝑧≠0
arrived to this 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2
2
 MODULUS or ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
The vector interpretation of complex numbers is especially
helpful in extending the concept of absolute values of real
numbers to the complex plane.

The modulus, or absolute value, of a complex number z = x + iy

is defined as the nonnegative real number 2
x +y
2

Thus, the modulus, or absolute value, of a complex variable

z = x + iy is given by:

z =x +y  z = x +y
2 2 2 2 2
 MODULUS or ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
If z1, z2, z3,…zn are complex numbers, the
following properties hold:
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐳𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐

1. z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

z1 z1
2. = z2  0
The Triangle z2 z2
Inequality
3. z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2

4. z1 − z 2  z1 − z 2
 MODULUS or ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
Geometrically, the number |z| is the distance between the point
(x,y) and the origin, or the length of the vector representing z.

𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐳𝟏 = 𝐱 𝟏 + 𝐢𝐲𝟏 𝐳𝟐 = 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐢𝐲𝟐

y
Note: The
statement
|z1| < |z2| means
that the point
z2 (x1,y1) z1 is closer to
z1 the origin than
x
the point z2 is.
-z2
 MODULUS or ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER

Prove property #1 and #3

If z1, z2, z3,…zn are complex numbers, the

following properties hold:

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

1. z1 z 2 = z1 z 2

3. z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2
Prove property #1 1. The Absolute Value of the product
of two complex numbers is equal to
the product of their absolute values

1. z1 z 2 = z1 z 2 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2

= ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 + iy 2 ) = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 )

= ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) 2 + ( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) 2

= ( x1 x2 ) 2 − 2( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + ( y1 y2 ) 2 + ( x1 y2 ) 2 + 2( x1 y2 x 2 y1 ) + ( x2 y1 ) 2

= ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 ) 2 + ( x1 y2 ) 2 + ( x2 y1 ) 2

= ( x1 + y1 )( x2 + y2 )
2 2 2 2
= ( x1 ) 2 ( x2 + y2 ) + ( y1 ) 2 ( x2 + y2 )
2 2 2 2

= ( x1 + y1 ) ( x2 + y2 )
2 2 2 2
= z1 z 2
 Prove property #3

The Triangle Inequality

Pr ove : 3. z1 + z 2  z1 + z 2

(x1,y1)

Z1+Z2
z1
(x2,y2)
x
 3. Pr 𝑜 𝑣𝑒: 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , we need to show that:

(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2 ≤ 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2

Squaring both sides,

(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )2
≤ 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 + 2 (𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 )(𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 ) + (𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 )

this will be true if 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ≤ (𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 )(𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 )

or if squaring again 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2𝑦 2
this is true if: 2𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑦1 𝑦2 ≤ 𝑦1 2 1 2

Which is actually: (𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 )2 ≥ 0

 Exercises
1 3
1. 𝐼𝑓 𝑧1 = 2 + 𝑖 𝑧2 = 3 − 2𝑖 𝑧3 = − + 𝑖
2 2
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝑎. ) 2𝑧1 − 3𝑧2

2𝑧2 + 𝑧1 − 5 − 𝑖
𝑏. )
2𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + 3 − 𝑖

2. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑥 2 − 1 + 2𝑖𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙

answer : 1𝑎. ) 89 1𝑏. ) 1 2.) 𝑥 2 + 1

 Complex Conjugates

Definition: The conjugate 𝑧 of a complex

number z = [x,y], 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = [𝑥, −𝑦]
 Properties of Complex Conjugates

Theorem: The conjugate 1. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

of the sum, difference,
product, and quotient of 2. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
two complex numbers is
equal respectively to the 3. 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 . 𝑧2
sum, difference, product
and quotient of their
conjugates, that is for 𝑧1 𝑧1
4. =
every z1, z2, ε C we have 𝑧2 𝑧2

❖ Prove these Properties

 Complex Conjugates
❖ Property no. 1 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
The sum of the conjugates of two complex numbers is
equal to the conjugate of their sum

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ,

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑖 𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 +𝑥2 ) + 𝑖 (𝑦1 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) − i ( y1 + y2 ) = ( x1 − iy1 ) + ( x2 − iy2 )
𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
 EXERCISE:

1. Show that z1 − z 2 = z1 − z 2
The conjugate of the difference of two complex
numbers is equal to the difference of their
conjugates

2. Show that z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2
The conjugate of the product of two complex
numbers is equal to the product of their
conjugates
EXERCISE:

1. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
The conjugate of the difference of two complex
numbers is equal to the difference of their conjugates

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ,

𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 − (𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )

= 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 −𝑦2 )

=) 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) − 𝑖(𝑦1 −𝑦2

=) 𝑥1 − 𝑖𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 −𝑖𝑦2

= 𝐳𝟏 − 𝐳𝟐
 Seatwork

1 3 4
3. ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑧 = − + 𝑖 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝑧
2 2

4. ) 𝐼𝑓 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖, 𝑧2 = 2 − 2𝑖,
𝑧1 𝑧2 + 𝑖
𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒:
𝑧1 𝑧2 − 𝑖

answer : 1 3
3. ) − −𝑖 4. ) 1
2 2
Other properties (Lemma), For
any z, z1, z2  C,
i − i
1.) z = z 6.) e =e
z
2.) z = z 7.) z −1
= 2
z

= zz
2
3.) z

1
4.) Re z = ( z + z )
2
1
5.) Im z = ( z − z)
2i
 Complex conjugates

• Note that

we call the quantity cc the mod ulus of the

complex number c and and write c = cc
2
 Quiz #1
Next meeting

❖ Algebra of Complex numbers

❖ Absolute Value of complex

numbers
❖ Conjugates of Complex
numbers