General Biology Reviewer1st Grading
General Biology Reviewer1st Grading
General Biology Reviewer1st Grading
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
• Refers to different pathways and processes a
cell must move substances in, out, and
around itself.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Relies on the expense of cell energy
(Adenosine triphosphate or ATP)
- Move molecules against their concentration
gradient to maintain internal conditions.
(according to energy)
• Primary active transport – ion pumps;
intentional and uphill mode of transport;
directly uses energy from ATP phosphorylation
• Secondary active transport – due to the
difference in energy from the phosphorylation
of energy
- Potassium ions from outside the cell to
inside as the protein reverts its shape due to
the loss of the phosphate group.
(according to direction)
• Coupled/Cotransport – one protein shuttles
two different molecules across the
membrane in the same direction
(SYMPORTER).
• Counter-transport – one transporter moves two
different molecules across the membrane in
different directions (UNIPORT AND
ANTIPORT).
BULK/VASCULAR TRANSPORT
• Endocytosis – process by which cells
take in substances from outside the cell
by engulfing them in a vesicle
• Pinocytosis (cell drinking) – takes in
fluid and solutes
• Phagocytosis (cell eating) – takes in
larger substances (bacteria)
• Receptor mediated – used to capture a
specific target molecule
• Exocytosis – cells release particles from
within the cell into extracellular space.