Unit Matrix

UNIT 2: The Blueprint of life

Key Concept: Relationship
Related Concept: Patterns and models
Global Concept: Globalization and sustainability
SOI: The relationships and patterns identified amongst organisms provide evidence that
allows the natural world to be classified using human-made systems.

ATL skill: Thinking skills

ATL cluster: Transfer skills
Strand: Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations
Criterion A: Knowing and Understanding , Criterion B: Inquiring and Designing
ATL skill: Self Management
ATL cluster: Reflection Skills
Strand: Consider ethical, cultural and environmental implications
Criterion D: Reflecting the impact of the sciences , Criterion C: Processing and
evaluating
 CELL
TheFundamental Unit
Of Life
What is Cell?

Cell is the basic Structural and functional

unit of living organisms.

In other words, cells make up living things

and carry out activities that keep a living
thing alive.
Cell
A ll k n own l ivin g t h in g s a re
1 made up of one or more cells.

Theory A ll l ivin g c ells a rise f ro m

2 p re - exist in g c e lls by
d ivisio n .
Cell theory is a collection of ideas
and conclusions from many
different scientists over time that 3 Th e c e ll i s t h e b a sic u n it o f
structure and functi on in
describes cells and how cells
operate. all l ivin g o rga n isms.
 Cell Theory Timeline

1674
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Observed living cell

1665 1883
Robert Hooke Robert Brown
Discovered cell Discovered nucleus
 Cell Theory Timeline

1835 1839
Felix Dujardin J. E. Purkinje
Discovered fluid Named fluid content of
content of cell cell as
protoplasm

1838
Matthias Schleiden
Proposed all plants are
made up of cells
 Cell Theory Timeline

1845
Carl Heinrich Braun
Proposed cell is the basic
unit of life

1839 1855
Theodor Schwann Rudolf Virchow
Proposed all animals Proposed all cells arise
are made up of from pre-existing cells
cells
 Unicellular Organisms
An organism that is made up of only one cell is called
as unicellular organism.

Euglena Paramecium Yeast

 Multicellular Organisms
An organism that is made up of more than one cell is called as
multicellular organism.

Plants Animals Fungus

Multicellular Organisms Under Microscope

Leaf cells Muscle cells

Size of • Smallest cell

Cells
• Mycoplasma
• Size: 0.1 µm

Cells vary in size.

Most cells are very small

(microscopic), some may be
very large (macroscopic).
• Largest cell
The unit used to measure size • Ostrich egg
of a cell is micrometer.
• Size: 18 cm
1 µm = 1 / 1 0 00
m i l l i mete r
 Size of Cells in Humans

Smallest Largest cell Longest

cell Sperm Ovum cell cell Nerve
cell Size: Size: 120 cell Size: 1
5 µm µm m
 Human RBCs are circular

Shape of
biconcave for easy passage
through human capillaries.

Cells
Cells vary in shape. Nerve cells are branched to
conduct impulses from one
Variation depends mainly upon point to another.
the function of cells.

Some cells like Euglena and

Amoeba can change their shape,
but most cells have a fixed shape.
Human WBCs can change
their shape to engulf the
microorganisms that enter
the body.
Structure Compound
Of Cell microscope
Magnification 2000X

The detailed structure of a cell has

been studied under compound
microscope and electron microscope.

Certain structures can be seen only

under an electron microscope.
Electron
The structure of a cell as seen under microscope
an electron microscope is called
ultrastructure. Magnification
500000X
Animal Cell
12
11 1
10

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body 9

3. Vesicle
4. Plasma membrane 8
5. Mitochondria
6. Cytoskeleton
7. Centriole
8. Lysosome 2

9. Cytoplasm 7 3
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
11. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 4
12. Nucleolus 6
5
 12
Plant Cell 10
11
1

1. Nucleus
2. Golgi body
9
3. Vesicle 2
4. Lysosome
5. Plasma membrane
8 3
6. Mitochondria
7. Chloroplast
8. Cell wall
4
9. Vacuole
10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5
11. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 7

12. Nucleolus 6
Bacterial 9
10

Cell 8

1. Capsule
7
2. Cell wall
3. Plasma membrane 6
1
4. Cytoplasm
5. Flagellum
6. Food granule 2
7. Plasmid (DNA)
3
8. Ribosomes 4
5
9. Nucleoid
10.
Pili
 1. Plasma Membrane
Structure 2. Nucleus

Of Cell
3. Cytoplasm

A. Cytosol
B. Cell
If we study a cell under a microscope, Organelles
we would come across three features a) Endoplasmic reticulum
in almost every cell: plasma membrane, b) Golgi body
nucleus and cytoplasm. c) Lysosomes
All activities inside the cell and d) Vacuoles
interactions of the cell with its e) Mitochondria
environment are possible due
to these features. f) Plastids
g) Centrosome
h) Cytoskeleton
Plasma Membrane • Extremely delicate, thin , elastic,
living and semi-permeable membrane
• Made up of two layers of lipid
Carbohydrates molecules
in which protein molecules are
floating
• Thickness varies from 75-110 A˚
• Can be observed under an electron
microscope only
Functions:
• Maintains shape & size of the cell
• Protects internal contents of the cell
• Regulates entry and exit of substances
Proteins in and out of the cell
Lipids
• Maintains homeostasis
 Cell wall • Non-living and outermost covering of a
cell (plants & bacteria)
• Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible
Pectin Cellulose
• Made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and
pectin
• May be thin or thick, multilayered
structure
• Thickness varies from 50-1000 A˚
Functions:
• Provides definite shape, strength &
rigidity
• Prevents drying up(desiccation) of cells

Plasma membrane • Helps in controlling cell expansion

Hemicellulose
• Protects cell from external pathogens
 Nucleus
• Dense spherical body located near
the centre of the cell
Nucleus
• Diameter varies from 10-25 µm
• Present in all the cells except red blood
cells and sieve tube cells
• Well developed in plant and animal
cells
• Undeveloped in bacteria and blue-
green algae (cyanobacteria)
• Most of the cells are uninucleated (having
only one nucleus)
• Few types of cells have more than one
nucleus (skeletal muscle cells)
 Nucleus
• Nucleus has a double layered covering
Nuclear called nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
pores
• Nuclear membrane has pores of diameter
about 80-100 nm
• Colourless dense sap present inside the
nucleus known as nucleoplasm
• Nucleoplasm contains round shaped
nucleolus and network of chromatin fibres
• Fibres are composed of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
protein histone
Chromatin
• These fibres condense to form
Nuclear chromosomes
envelope Nucleoplasm
during cell division
 Nucleus
Gene DNA • Chromosomes contain stretches of
DNA called genes
• Genes transfer the hereditary
information
from one generation to the next
Chromatin
Functions:
• Control all the cell activities like
metabolism, protein synthesis, growth and
Histone cell division
• Nucleolus synthesizes ribonucleic acid
(RNA) to constitute ribosomes
Chromatin fibre • Store hereditary information in genes

Chromosome
Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material formed by 80 % of
water
Organelles • Present between the plasma membrane
and the nucleus
• Contains a clear liquid portion called
cytosol and various particles
• Particles are proteins, carbohydrates,
nucleic acids, lipids and inorganic
ions
• Also contains many organelles with
distinct structure and function
• Some of these organelles are visible
only under an electron microscope
Cytoplasm • Granular and dense in animal cells and
thin in plant cells
 Endoplasmic • Network of tubular and vesicular structures
which are interconnected with one another
Reticulum • Some parts are connected to the nuclear
membrane, while others are connected to
the cell membrane
• Two types: smooth(lacks ribosomes) and
rough(studded with ribosomes)

Functions:
• Gives internal support to the cytoplasm
• RER synthesize secretory proteins
and membrane proteins
Rough ER
• SER synthesize lipids for cell
membrane
Smooth ER
• In liver cells SER detoxify drugs &
Ribosomes poisons
• In muscle cells SER store calcium
 Golgi body • Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Formed by stacks of 5-8 membranous sacs
Incoming • Sacs are usually flattened and are called
Cis face transport the cisternae
Cisternae vesicle
• Has two ends: cis face situated near the
Lumen endoplasmic reticulum and trans face
situated near the cell membrane

Functions:
• Modifies, sorts and packs materials
synthesized in the cell
• Delivers synthesized materials to various
targets inside the cell and outside the cell
Outgoing • Produces vacuoles and secretory vesicles
Newly Trans face
forming • Forms plasma membrane and lysosomes
vesicle transport
vesicle
 Nucleus
Smooth ER

Lysosomes

Golgi Body
At Work
Rough ER

Golgi body

Plasma
Vesicles
membrane
 Lysosomes • Small, spherical, single membrane sac
• Found throughout the cytoplasm
• Filled with hydrolytic enzymes
Hydrolytic enzymes Membrane • Occur in most animal cells and in
few type of plant cells

Functions:
• Help in digesting of large
molecules
• Protect cell by destroying foreign
invaders like bacteria and
viruses
• Degradation of worn out
organelles
• In dead cells perform autolysis
Vacuoles • Single membrane sac filled with
liquid or sap (water, sugar and ions)
• In animal cells, vacuoles are temporary,
small in size and few in number
Tonoplast
• In plant cells, vacuoles are large and
more
in number
• May be contractile or non-contractile
Functions:
• Store various substances including waste
products
• Maintain osmotic pressure of the cell
Vacuole • Store food particles in amoeba cells
• Provide turgidity and rigidity to plant
cells
 Mitochondria • Small, rod shaped organelles bounded by
two membranes - inner and outer
• Outer membrane is smooth and encloses the
Ribosomes contents of mitochondria
Matrix • Inner membrane is folded in the form of shelf
like inward projections called cristae
Cristae • Inner cavity is filled with matrix which
contains many enzymes
• Contain their own DNA which are responsible
for many enzymatic actions
DNA
Functions:
• Synthesize energy rich compound ATP
Outer membrane • ATP molecules provide energy for the
Inner membrane vital activities of living cells
Plastids
Plastids are double membrane-bound
organelles found inside plants and
some algae.

They are responsible for activities

related to making and storing food.

They often contain different types of

pigments that can change the colour
of the cell.
 Carrot
Pigment: Carotene

Chromoplasts

Chromoplasts are plastids that Mango

produce and store pigments Pigment: Xanthophyll

They are responsible for

different colours found in leaves,
fruits, flowers and vegetables.

Tomato
Pigment: Lycopene
 Potato tubers
Food: Starch

Leucoplasts

Leucoplasts are colourless Maize grains

plastids that store foods. Food: Protein

They are found in storage organs

such as fruits, tubers and seeds.

Castor seeds
Food: Oil
 Chloroplasts • Double membrane-bound organelles found
mainly in plant cells
• Usually spherical or discoidal in shape
Outer
Inner
membrane • Shows two distinct regions-grana and stroma
membrane
• Grana are stacks of thylakoids (membrane-
bound, flattened discs)
Thylakoid
• Thylakoids contain chlorophyll
molecules which are responsible for
photosynthesis
• Stroma is a colourless dense fluid
Functions:
• Convert light energy into chemical
Stroma
energy in the form of food
Granum • Provide green colour to leaves, stems and
vegetables
 Centrosome
• Centrosome is the membrane bound organelle
Centrosome
present near the nucleus
matrix
• Consists of two structures called centrioles
• Centrioles are hollow, cylindrical structures
Microtubules
made of microtubules
• Centrioles are arranged at right angles to each
other

Functions:
Centrioles • Form spindle fibres which help in the movement
of chromosomes during cell division
• Help in the formation of cilia and flagella
 Cytoskeleton
• Formed by microtubules and microfilaments
Cell membrane
• Microtubules are hollow tubules made up of
protein called tubulin
• Microfilaments are rod shaped thin
filaments
made up of protein called actin
Functions:
• Determine the shape of the cell
• Give structural strength to the cell
• Responsible for cellular movements

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

1. Nucleus is undeveloped 1. Nucleus is well developed

2. Only one chromosome is present 2. More than one chromosomes are present

3. Membrane bound organelles are absent 3. Membrane bound organelles are present

4. Size ranges from 0.5-5 µm 4. Size ranges from 5-100 µm

5. Examples: Bacteria and blue green algae 5. Examples: All other organisms
Animal cell Plant cell

1. G e n erally s m a ll in s i ze 1. G e n erally la rge in s i ze

2. Ce ll wa ll i s a bs ent 2. Ce ll wa ll i s p resent

3. Plastids are absent 3. Plastids are present

4. Va c uo les a re s m a ller in s i 4. Va c uo les a re la rger in s i

ze and less in number ze and more in number

5. Centrioles are present 5. Centrioles are absent

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