LO 16

Using the Gas Laws to explain the principles of SCUBA diving

Made by : Ali Hassan Ali (facilitation vice)
 Table of Content
01 Gas 02 Natural law 03 Pressure

04 Atmosphere 05 Barometers 06 Boyle’s Law

07 Charles’s Law 08 Absolute Zero 09 Kinetic Theory of Matter

10 Idea Gas
What is a gas
As we know previously, all of our surroundings are either matters or
energy, and energy has a lot of types as: (heat energy, kinetic, potential,
chemical, electric, etc..), and also we’ve studied before that a matter is
defined as any substance that has a mass and occupies a space, and it
is classified into: solid, liquid, and gas (according to the state).

Solid liquid gas

What is a gas
Briefly, its properties are:

• A gas can assume the shape of its

container.
• It has large intermolecular spaces and
free spaces so it is compressible.
• Particles in gases are well separated
with no regular arrangement, and
they vibrate and move freely.
Volume
A kind of comparison that should be considered is the volume of gases
with respect to liquids and solids, when a solid or a liquid substance is
converted into a gas its volume increases by factor of about 800.
For an example:
1 g. of liquid oxygen at its boiling point has a volume of 0.894 ml., while
the gaseous state (normal), at its boiling point too has a volume of 700
ml.
pressure
When we talk about pressure then we are talking about the result of
dividing the force exerted by any matter by the area of the surrounding
that receive that force

And when we talk about gases’

pressure a very well known
example is the atmospheric
pressure (1.013× 105 pas), or
the air that we fill the car tires
with, and more and more.
One of most essential relations that we should consider is the relation between
gases’ volume and their pressure, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional
1
to its pressure ( V𝑜𝑙 ∝ ) As by increasing the pressure in a gas the
𝑝
intermolecular spaces among its particles decreases, so its volume decrease. For
example: when putting the same amount of a gas in two cylinders and starting
to make a force (pressure) on this gas by a piston, by increasing this pressure
the volume occupied by this gas decreases until it becomes liquid

By decreasing By increasing
pressure pressure

Volume Volume
increases decreases
This relation was discovered by the Irish natural philosopher Robert Boyle
that has stated that pressure and volume of any gas are inversely
proportional and expressed that by comparing the same gas with different
pressures by the equation 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
As when the volume
decreases, the particles will
collide more frequently with
the walls of the container.
Each time they collide with
the walls they exert
a force on them. More
collisions mean more force,
so the pressure will increase.
Charles's law
It was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles that for a given mass of an ideal
gas with constant pressure (P), its volume is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature. Saying “if the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas,
at constant pressure (P), is directly proportional to its temperature (T)”.
We can express it by:

𝑉∝𝑇
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Avogadro's law
It was given this name referring to its hypothesizer ( Amedeo Avogadro)
in 1812, he said that with comparing two gasses have the same volume
will have the same number of molecules if they’re at the same
temperature and pressure. Giving it the following mathematical
formula:
𝑉∝𝑛
Or
𝑉
=𝑘
𝑛
Gay-Lussac's law
Gay Lussac the French chemist has hypothesized his pressure law in
1809 that was a great discovery that time. It tells that The pressure
exerted by a gas (with a given mass and kept at a fixed volume) varies
directly with the absolute temperature of the gas.
And we can usually express it as:
𝑃
=𝑘
𝑇
Or
𝑃∝𝑇
Atmosphere
When we talk about atmosphere, we’re talking about some kind of
shield that protect most of the planets from different harmful emissions
and something like that. But, let’s be specific.
Hovering around our Earth something that we call “The Atmosphere”. It
is considered a homogenous mixture that consists of many gasses with
specific concentrations. It is a nitrogenous solution that has 78% of
Nitrogen gas (N2), and for the solute: it contains about 21% of Oxygen
gas (O2), and very small amount of other gasses like (Carbon dioxide
gas, Argon, Water vapor, and more and more). Also it contains some
kind of substance that scientists call “Aerosols” including, dust, ash from
volcanoes, salt from sea spray, spores, pollen, etc.…
It grows thinner when we rise
up (by increasing the altitude).
Actually, there is no precise
height we know that there is
the end of our atmosphere and
the starting of the space
vacuum, but it starts to be very
very thin for heights between
100-120 km, and for many
purposes we can consider this
region the boundary between the atmosphere and the space. However, there
are some traces of the atmospheric gasses are small amounts, but they are
measurable (out of this atmospheric region).
Layers of atmosphere
Troposphere: this is the layer where we live and where clouds exist and
all weather phenomena occur (the lowest stage (layer)).
Stratosphere: there is where the presence of jet streams and the
Ozone layer, so jets and airplanes fly in this layer which is the next stage
after Troposphere.
Mesosphere: this is the coldest layer (temperatures reach the lowest
there), as there are no enough molecules to absorb the heat energy.
Also the sky’s color there is black as there is no light refraction (due to
the absence of molecules).
Thermosphere: this is the
widest layer, which absorb
most of the harmful radiations
(as: Ultra Violet radiations
(UVr)) from the sun.
Exosphere: the thinnest layer
of the atmosphere which is
considered the boundary
between the atmosphere and
the space vacuum.
Barometers
Barometers are classified into two types which are: mercury barometer,
and aneroid barometer.
Firstly, let’s talk about “Mercury Barometers”:-
Mercury barometers are used to measure the
atmospheric pressure by measuring the change 76 cmHg
in the column height of the mercury in the tube,
knowing that the standard pressure which is
1.013×105 Pas. Converting it to the barometer’s
scale it will be 76 cmHg (the height of the
mercury column)
And this value (76 cmHg) of course changes according to many factors (factors
affecting atmospheric pressure), as when moving above the sea level by
increasing this altitude the atmospheric pressure decreases so the height of
the mercury column decreases. As a conclusion from this, we can calculate
the height of a mountain for example using Barometers, and more and more.
Aneroid barometer

An evacuated capsule deflects

with changes in atmospheric
pressure. Amount of deflection is
coupled to and indicating needle.
Absolute Zero
Scientists have called the temperature at which a thermodynamic
system has the least energy “The absolute zero”. Means that the
matter reaches to 0 k° which is -273.5℃. But actually, the humanity
have reached this temperature one or two times only by using the laser
technique to slow down the speed of motion of particles, hence
decreasing the temperature
Kinetic theory of matter
From past centuries scientists have made a thing that is called the law. Laws
are some kind of mathematical relation between some variables that helps
the humanity to know more and more about their nature and its
characteristics, but still this is not precise enough. We need some kind of
models, an assumption in order to understand more precise picture about
nature in our minds and that what scientists have called “theories” Models
range in complexity from simple to extremely sophisticated. Simple models
are used to forecast approximate behavior, while more advanced models are
used to account for observed quantitative activity more precisely. Just to
keep in mind, a model can never be proven to be completely accurate. By its
very nature, any model is an approximation, and it is possible to fail at a
point.
One of the best examples on a theory is the “Kinetic Molecular Theory
(KMT)” that gives a model about the surrounding matters in order to
understand the chemistry of our life.

Zumdahl | chapter 5.6 | page 215 | The kinetic molecular theory of gasses.
All gases are represented using the Kinetic Theory of Matter's
assumptions (as mentioned previously), which state that all matter is
made up of particles (atoms or molecules), that there are spaces
between them, and that attractive forces become stronger as the
particles converge. Particles are in a constant state of random motion,
colliding with one another and the walls of the container in which they
are contained. Each particle has a kinetic energy that is solely determined
by temperature. When the particles of a gas are so far apart that they do
not exert any attractive forces on one another, the gas is said to be ideal.
There is no such thing as a truly ideal gas in real life, but gases behave
close to ideally at high temperatures and low pressures (conditions in
which individual particles move very quickly and are very far apart from
one another, with almost no interaction); this is why the Ideal Gas Law is
such a useful approximation.
The ideal gas law
The Ideal gas law suits for ideal gasses, and it is a good approximation
of the behavior of various gases under many conditions.
It is considered a combination between Boyle's law, Charles's
law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law, which always expressed in
the chemical equation:
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
• P is pressure
• V is volume
• n is the amount of substance
• T is the time
• R is the ideal gas constant
Hope You Good Luck!
STEM Fayoum Chemistry Club