Closing The Horizon

LAB EXERCISE NO.
12 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
PROBLEM: CLOSING THE HORIZON
OBJECTIVE: To learn how to measure horizontal angles with a theodolite or an engineer’s

transit.
DATE: August 6, 2013
WEATHER CONDITION: Fair weather
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED:
 Students playing soccer

 Lack of Instrument Used
REMARKS: This activity was a bit late since we are one of those groups that are not scheduled
to do the activity. But we did not waste any time. While the other groups are
doing the activity, we are observing them on how would it be done. As a result,
we did very well and we finished it much faster than they did. But we always
make it a point to take it accurately.
Group Members Designation
Romeo S. Coronejo II Tapeman/Leveller/ Photographer

Shane Magtagῆob Marker/Rod Holder/ Recorder
Charlon G. Caadlawon Tapeman/Leveller/Rod Holder
Orlandave O. Datiles Rod Holder/Recorder/Leveller
Jonnalyn Cevantes Tape woman/Rod Holder/Recorder
Joshua Magtangob Asst. Man/Leveller/marker
Angelica Tatualia Asst. Woman/Leveller
Deborah Tenerife Rod Holder/Leveller/Marker
LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE
A. INSTRUMENT & ACCESSORIES : Repeating theodolite or engineer’s transit, range

poles, chaining pins and pegs.
B. PROCEDURE:
1. Set up and level the theodolite (or transit) at a convenient point and call this point O.
2. Using pegs or chaining pins, establish points A, B, C, and D around the vicinity of the
instrument. Each point should be about 50 meters away from the instrument and a
range pole held or set up behind each.
3. In measuring the first angle AOB (or Ѳ1), release the upper and lower motion clamps
and adjust the horizontal scales by turning instrument on its spindle until the circle
reading and index mark is zero.
4. Tighten the clamps and turn the upper motion tangent screw until the index reading is
exactly zero. Release the lower motion and sight the telescope approximately to point
A (telescope in direct position) by first sighting over the top of the telescope to get
near the point and then sight directly through the telescope.
5. Tighten the lower clamp screw and set the line of sight precisely on point A using the
lower tangent screw. Point A should appear at the intersection of the horizontal and
vertical cross hairs. At this stage the optical line of sight is on line between O and A
and the theodolite’s reading microscope (or transit vernier) is set to zero on the
horizontal scale.
6. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope toward B, then clamp the upper
motion and turn the uppertangent screw until the line of sight is directed exactly on
point B.
7. View the reading microscope of the theodolite (or vernier A of the transit) and read
the horizontal angle to determine the value of angle AOB and record this as its
measured value.
8. To measure the other three angles (BOC,COD,and DOA), repeat the same steps
performed in measuring the first angle AOB.
9. Tabulate observed values accordingly.
OVERVIEW OF THE ANGLES MEASURED:
A B C
ѲAB ѲBC
G ѲCD D
ѲGA
ѲFG O
ѲDE
ѲEF
C. COMPUTATIONS:
1. The sum of the observed horizontal angles about point O is equal to the sum of the
angles AOB, BOC, COD, and DOA) or
SUM = Ѳ1 + Ѳ2 + Ѳ3 + Ѳ4
2. The horizon closure or error in the observation is equal to 360° minus the sum
determined in C(1) or
e= 360° - SUM
The horizon closure may be a positive or negativevalue depending on the value of
SUM.
3. To determine the adjusted value of each angle observed, a correction is applied. The
correction is determined by dividing the horizon closure by n, the total number of
angles observed, and it may also be a positive or negative value.
4. The correction is added algebraically to the observed value to determine the adjusted
value of the observed angle.
ANGLE OBSERVED CORRECTION ADJUSTED

VALUE VALUE
ѲAB 33° 0’ 57” 33° 0’ 32.27”
ѲBC 41° 25’ 48” 41° 25’ 23.57”
ѲCD 60° 53’ 26” 60° 53’ 1.57”
ѲDE 40° 41’ 50“ - 0°0’24.43” 40° 41’ 25.57”
ѲEF 65° 57’ 14” 65° 56’ 49.57”
ѲFG 61° 35’ 10” 61° 34’ 45.57”
ѲGA 56° 22’ 44” 56° 22’ 19.57”
AS MEASURED, ANGLES WERE:

ѲAB = 33° 0’ 57”
ѲBC = 41° 25’ 48”
ѲCD = 60° 53’ 26” FOR ERROR:
ѲDE = 40° 41’ 50“
ѲEF = 65° 57’ 14” e = 360°- SUM
ѲFG = 61° 35’ 10”
= 360° - 360°2’51”
ѲGA = 56° 22’ 44”
= -2’ 51”
APPLYING CORRECTION: CORRECTION APPLIED TO EACH

ANGLE:
For the SUM:
C = e/n ; n=7
SUM = ѲAB + ѲBC + ѲCD + ѲDE +
ѲEF + ѲFG + ѲGA = -2’51”/7
= 33° 0’ 57” + 41° 25’ 48”+ 60° = - 0°0’24.43”

53’ 26” + 40° 41’ 50“ + 65° 57’ 14” +
61° 35’ 10” + 56° 22’ 44”
= 360°2’51”
D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS:

1. Closing the horizon is the process of measuring the angles around a point to obtain a
check on their sum, which should equal to 360 degrees. The method provides an easy
way for a beginner to test instrument readings and pointings.
2. The measurement of horizontal angles by theodolite or the engineer’s transit is but a
similar process. It involves using the clamp and tangent screw, aiming at the left-hand
point, reading the horizontal circle, aiming at the right-hand point and reading the
circle.
3. If the horizontal circle reading and index mark are not set to zero, the difference
between the initial reading and the final reading is the angle through which the line of
sight was turned.
4. In order that tangent screws will not need to be turned through more than one or two
revolutions, reasonably close settings should be made by hand when pointing the
telescope to any point.
5. To detect and remove parallax when reading the transit vernier, always have the eye
directly over the coincinding graduation on the horizontal circle.
6. When using the transit, the B vernier should also be read to check the reading made
on the vernier A. The difference between the two vernier readings should equal to
180 degrees.
7. The plate bubbles of the instrument should always be centered before an angle is
measured.
8. Permissible values of misclosure will determine wether the laboratory exercise must
be repeated. This will be defined by the lab instructor.

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LAB EXERCISE NO.

PROBLEM: CLOSING THE HORIZON

OBJECTIVE: To learn how to measure horizontal angles with a theodolite or an engineer’s

DATE: August 6, 2013

WEATHER CONDITION: Fair weather

 Students playing soccer

Romeo S. Coronejo II Tapeman/Leveller/ Photographer

LAB EXERCISE OUTLINE

A. INSTRUMENT & ACCESSORIES : Repeating theodolite or engineer’s transit, range

OVERVIEW OF THE ANGLES MEASURED:

ANGLE OBSERVED CORRECTION ADJUSTED

AS MEASURED, ANGLES WERE:

APPLYING CORRECTION: CORRECTION APPLIED TO EACH

= 33° 0’ 57” + 41° 25’ 48”+ 60° = - 0°0’24.43”

D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS:

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