Exp 1

EE 0807312- Electronics Lab Experiment#1
Circuit Construction and Measurements
1.1. Objective
1- To study and demonstrate the color coded resistance, kind of capacitors, and other
electronic devices.
2- Demonstrating electronic equipments (Bread board, DMM, Power supply, Oscilloscope,
and Function Generator).
3- Demonstrating DC and AC circuits.
1.2. Background
1.2.1 Powered Breadboard
The breadboard which will be used in the lab is shown in Figure (1.1). It has a triple-output
power supply:
*Fixed power output +5V @ 1.5A,
* Adjustable power output 0 to +16VDC @ 500mA,

* Adjustable power output 0 to -16VDC @ 500mA.
This breadboard has two main wiring sections, as shown in Figure (1.1).
Figure (1.1): Powered breadboard.
1.2.2 Oscilloscope.
An oscilloscope is easily the most useful instrument available for testing circuits because it allows
you to see the signals at different points in the circuit. The best way of investigating an electronic
system is to monitor signals at the input and output of each system block, checking that each block
is operating as expected and is correctly linked to the next. With a little practice, you will be able to
find and correct faults quickly and accurately. Many of the controls of the oscilloscope allow you
to change the vertical or horizontal scales of the (v-t) graph, so that you can display a clear picture
of the signal you want to investigate. 'Dual trace' oscilloscopes display two (v-t) graphs at the same
time, so that simultaneous signals from different parts of an electronic system can be compared.
Figures (1.2) shows an oscilloscope; Faced with an instrument like this, students typically respond
either by twiddling every knob and pressing every button in sight, or by adopting a glazed
expression. Neither approach is especially helpful. Following the systematic way will give you a
clear idea of what an oscilloscope is and what it can do. The function of oscilloscopes is extremely
simple: it draws a (V-t) graph, a graph of voltage against time, voltage on the vertical or Y-axis,
and time on the horizontal or X-axis. As you can see, the screen of this oscilloscope has 8 squares
or divisions on the vertical axis, and 10 squares or divisions on the horizontal axis. Usually, these
squares are 1 cm in each direction. Many of the controls of the oscilloscope allow you to change
the vertical or horizontal scales of the (V-t) graph, so that you can display a clear picture of the
signal you want to investigate. 'Dual trace' oscilloscopes display two (V-t) graphs at the same
time, so that simultaneous signals from different parts of an electronic system can be compared.
Figure (1.2): HAMEG HM 303-6 oscilloscope.
1.2.3. Function Generator

Figure (1.3): Front panel of a function generator.
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate
different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common
waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and sawtooth shapes. These
waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source)
Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function generator ICs.
Features and controls:
 The amplitude control on a function generator varies the voltage difference between the
high and low voltage of the output signal.
 The direct current (DC) offset control on a function generator varies the average voltage of
a signal relative to the ground.
 The frequency control of a function generator controls the rate at which output signal
oscillates. On some function generators, the frequency control is a combination of different
controls. One set of controls chooses the broad frequency range (order of magnitude) and
the other selects the precise frequency. This allows the function generator to handle the
enormous variation in frequency scale needed for signals.
 The duty cycle of a signal refers to the ratio of high voltage to low voltage time in a square
wave signal.
1.2.4. DMM (Digital Multimeter)

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronicmeasuring
instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include
features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. Multimeters may use analog or
digital circuits—analog multimeters (AMM) and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or
DVOM.) Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale
calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits,
but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being measured.
Figure(1.4): Digital multimeter.
1.2.5. Resistor Color Code

The resistor color code typically uses 4, 5 or 6 color bands. Figure. 1.5 shows the resistor color
code for the 4 and 5 color bands. For the 4 and 5 color bands, the first two bands indicate the
precision values while the third band indicates the power of ten applied (i.e. the number of zeroes
to add). The fourth band indicates the tolerance. For the five the first three bands indicate the
precision values while the Fourth band indicates the power of ten applied and the fifth band
indicates the tolerance.
Each color in the code represents a numeral. It starts with black and finishes with white, going
through the rainbow in between: 0 Black, 1 Brown, 2 Red, 3 Orange, 4 Yellow, 5 Green, 6 Blue, 7
Violet, 8 Gray and 9 White. For the tolerance, band: 5% Gold, 10% Silver and 20% none
Figure (1.5): Resistor color code.
For example, a four band resistor with the color code brown-red-orange-silver would
correspond to:
1 2 followed by 3 zeroes, or 12,000  = 12 k
It would have a tolerance of 10% of 12 k. This means that, the actual value of any
particular resistor with this code could be:
12000 ± 12000×(10 /100) = 12000 ± 1200 = 10,800 to 13,200. That is, 10.8 k to
13.2 k.
Quantities measured
 Voltage, alternating, and direct, in volts.

 Current, alternating, and direct, in amperes.
 Resistance in ohms.
1.3. Experimental Procedure:
(a) (b)
Figure (1-6)
1. Measure each resistance as you see in figure (1-6a) and compare your results with the color
coded reading, record your data in Table.1
2. Wire the circuits shown in figure (1-6b)
3. Using DMM, measure the voltage a cross R2 and total current( Itot), record your data in
Table.1
Parameters Measured value Expected value
R1
R2
VR2
Itot
Table (1)
4. Wire the following circuit in figure (1-7), R1 = 560Ω, R2 = 1kΩ
Figure (1-7)
5. Using the oscilloscope. Measure the voltage across the resistor R 2 and fill the values in
Table.2.
6. Measure the RMS voltage across V R1 by using DMM, using the value V R1 (rms) to
calculate VR1 (p-p), and I (p-p)
Parameters Measured value Expected value
VR2(p-p)
VR1(rms)
V R 1 ( p−p )=2 √ 2Vrms
I(p-p)
Table (2)

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EE 0807312- Electronics Lab Experiment#1

Circuit Construction and Measurements

*Fixed power output +5V @ 1.5A,

* Adjustable power output 0 to +16VDC @ 500mA,

Figure (1.1): Powered breadboard.

Figure (1.2): HAMEG HM 303-6 oscilloscope.

1.2.3. Function Generator

1.2.4. DMM (Digital Multimeter)

Figure(1.4): Digital multimeter.

1.2.5. Resistor Color Code

1 2 followed by 3 zeroes, or 12,000  = 12 k

 Voltage, alternating, and direct, in volts.

Parameters Measured value Expected value

Parameters Measured value Expected value

V R 1 ( p−p )=2 √ 2Vrms

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