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TITLE : Introduction to Test and Measurement Equipment:

(Oscilloscope / Function Generator/multimeter/Power Supply)

LAB NUMBER : 1

INSTRUCTOR :

: _________________________________________
SUBMITTED BY __
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REG NO :
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Electrical Engineering Department

Lab 1 Rubric
Taxonomy level P1

Objectives Excellent Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

>80%-100% >60%-80% >40%-60% 0-40%
Successfully Successfully Successfully completes Successfully completes Cannot complete
performs completes experiment experiment procedures with experiment procedures tasks and standard
experiment procedures minimal supervision with moderate procedures.
without independently supervision
supervision
2
Test Usage tools, Familiarity with the tools & Use tool ,equipment Tool, equipment
Equipment equipment with a equipment with some capability usage with limited
usage high degree of competence
capability competency
4
Lab Report Well-presented Tidy report and answered In-complete report, Untidy report,
3 report, correct all questions, submitted majority answers are Majority answers
answers to all lab timely. right, timely wrong and late
report questions, submission submission of lab
submitted in-time report

Wrap-up Winded up all Winded up all equipment Student needed a Student needed
1 equipment efficiently. efficiently. Returned all reminder to clean-up several reminders
Returned all materials materials appropriately and and return materials. or teacher
appropriately and responsibly. Left test and intervention to
responsibly. Left test measurement equipment in return material. Do
and measurement orderly manner not take care of
equipment in orderly materials.
manner

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Lab Safety Rules

If proper procedures are followed, the electrical lab is a perfectly safe place in which to
work. There are some basic rules:

1. No food or drink is allowed in lab at any time. Liquids are of particular danger as
they are ordinarily conductive. While the circuitry used in lab is normally of no
shock hazard, some of the test equipment may have very high internal voltages
that could be lethal (in excess of 10,000 volts). Spilling a bottle of water or soda
onto such equipment could leave the experimenter in the receiving end of a severe
shock. Similarly, items such as books and jackets should not be left on top of the
test equipment as it could cause overheating.

2. Each lab bench is self-contained. All test equipment is arrayed along the top shelf.
Beneath this shelf at the back of the work area is a power strip. All test equipment
for this bench should be plugged into this strip. None of this equipment should be
plugged into any other strip. In the event of an emergency, all test equipment may
be powered off through circuit breaker switch. Further, the benches are controlled
by dedicated circuit breakers outside the lab. Next to this main door, two fire
extinguishers are available for electrical fires. Located at the top of the fire
extinguisher is a safety kit. This contains bandages, cleaning swaps and the like
for small cuts and the like. For serious injury, the Security Office will be
contacted.

3. Make sure all lab benches should always be left in a secure mode after completing
the experiment. This means that the power to each piece of test equipment should
be turned off, the bench itself should be turned off, all AC and DC power and
signal sources should be turned down to zero, and all other equipment and
components properly stowed with lab stools pushed under the bench.

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Purpose:
To use the oscilloscope and function generator to calculate, obtain, and measure the
amplitudes and durations (periods) of various voltage signals

Apparatus:
Oscilloscope
Function Generator
Power supply
Multimeter

Introduction
Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is the most important instrument available to the practicing technician
or engineer. It permits the visual display of a voltage signal that can reveal a range of
information of the operating characteristics of a circuit or system that is not available
with a standard multimeter. At first glance the instrument may appear complex and
difficult to master. Be assured, however, that once the function of each section of the
oscilloscope is explained and understood and the system is used throughout a set of
experiments, your expertise with this important tool will develop quite rapidly. In
addition to the display of a signal, it can also be used to measure the average value, rms
value, frequency, and period of a sinusoidal or non sinu-soidal signal. The screen is
divided into centimeter divisions in the vertical and horizontal directions. The vertical
sensitivity is provided (or set) in volts/div., while the horizontal scale is provided (or set)
in t time (s/div.). If a particular signal occupies 6 vertical divisions and the vertical
sensitivity is 5mV/div., the magnitude of the signal can be determined from the following
equation:

Amplitude of signal voltage = voltage sensitivity (V/div.) x deflection (div.)

Vs = (5 mV/div.) (6 div.) = 30 mV (1.1)

If one cycle of the same signal occupies 8 divisions on the horizontal scale with a
horizontal sensitivity of 5 us/div., the period and frequency of the signal can be
determined using the following equations:

Period of signal voltage = horizontal sensitivity (s/div.) x deflection (div.)

T = (5 ps /div.) (8 div.) = 40 us (1.2)

and f=1/T => 1/40us => 25KHz

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Function Generator
The function generator is a voltage supply that typically provides a sinusoidal, square-
wave, and triangular voltage waveform for a range of frequencies and amplitudes. The
frequency and the amplitude of these voltage functions can be set by the proper dial
positions and their associated multipliers. For more precise settings of these parameters,
the oscilloscope is used.
Both the scope and the function generator are built to withstand some abuse, so do not be
afraid to try various combinations of dial settings to fully develop your abilities with this
laboratory experiment. If you are working in a group, every group member should be
involved in the experimental work. It is important to learn how to use the laboratory
equipment, such as the function generator and the oscilloscope, properly. Such acquired
skills are essential for the job of the electrical engineer and technician.

PROCEDURE

Part 1. The Oscilloscope

The instructor will provide a brief description of the various sections of the oscilloscope
and function generator. In your own words, describe the function and use of each of the
following controls or sections of the oscilloscope.
a. Focus of voltage trace:
b. Intensity of voltage trace:
c. Vertical and horizontal position controls:
d. Vertical sensitivity:
e. Horizontal sensitivity:
f. Vertical mode selection:
g. AC-GND-DC switch:
h. Beam finder:
i. Calibrate switches:
j. Internal sync:
k Trigger section:
l. External trigger input:
m. Input resistance and capacitance:
n. Probe:

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Part 2. The Function Generator

Setup
a. Turn on the oscilloscope and adjust the necessary controls to establish a clear, bright,
horizontal line across the center of the screen. Adjust the various controls to see their
effects on the display.
b. Connect the function generator to one vertical channel of the oscilloscope and set the
output of the generator to a 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform.
c. Set the vertical sensitivity of the scope to 1 V/div. and adjust the amplitude control of
the function generator to establish a 4 V peak-to-peak (p-p) sinusoidal waveform on the
screen.

Horizontal Sensitivity
d. Determine the period of the 1000 Hz sinusoidal waveform in milliseconds using the
equation T = 1/f Show all work for each part of the experiment. Be neat!
T (calculated) = ---------------

e. Set the horizontal sensitivity of the scope ta 0.2 ms/div. Using the results of Part 2(d),
predict and calculate the number of horizontal divisions required to properly display one
full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal.
Number of divisions (calculated) =-------------------

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below. How
does the result compare to the calculate the number of divisions?
Number of divisions (measured) =-------------------

f. Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 ms/div. without touching
any of the controls of the function generator. Using the results of Part 2(d), how many
horizontal divisions will now be required to display one full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?
Number of divisions (calculated) =-----------------

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below. How
does the result compare to the calculated number of divisions?
Number of divisions (measured) =-----------------

g. Change the horizontal sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 1 ms/div. without touching any
of the controls of the function generator. Using the results of Part 2(d), how many
horizontal divisions will now be required to display one full cycle of the 1000 Hz signal?
Number of divisions (calculated) =-----------------

Using the oscilloscope, measure the number of required divisions and insert below. How
does the result compare to the calculated number of divisions?
Number of divisions (measured) =-------------------

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h. What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal wave form as the horizontal
sensitivity was changed from 0.2 ms/div. to0.5 ms/div. and finally to 1ms/div.?

Did the frequency of the signal on the screen change with each horizontal sensitivity?
What conclusion can you draw from the results regarding the effect of the chosen
horizontal sensitivity on the signal output of the function generator?

i. Given a sinusoidal waveform on the screen, review the procedure to determine its
frequency. Develop a sequence of steps to calculate the frequency of a sinusoidal
waveform appearing on the screen of an oscilloscope.

Vertical Sensitivity.
j. Do not touch the controls of the function generator but set the sensitivity of the scope to
0.2 ms/div. and set the vertical sensitivity to 2 V/div. Using this latter sensitivity,
calculate the peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal waveform on the screen by first
counting the number of vertical divisions between peak values and multiplying by the
vertical sensitivity.
Peak-to-peak value (calculated) =-------------
k. Change the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope to 0.5 V/div. and repeat Part 2(j).
Peak-to-peak value (calculated) =-------------
l. What was the effect on the appearance of the sinusoidal waveform as the vertical
sensitivity was changed from 2V/div. to 0.5 V/div.?

Did the peak-to-peak voltage of the sinusoidal signal change with each vertical
sensitivity? What conclusion can you draw from the results regarding the effect of
changing the vertical sensitivity on the output signal of the function generator?

m. Can the peak or peak-to-peak output voltage of a function generator be set without the
aid of an auxiliary instrument such as an oscilloscope or DMM? Explain.

Part 3. Exercises
a. Make all the necessary adjustments to clearly display a 5000-Hz 6Vp-p sinusoidal
signal on the oscilloscope. Establish the zero volt line at the center of the screen.
Record the chosen sensitivities:
Vertical sensitivity =------------------------
Horizontal sensitivity =---------------------
Draw the waveform on Fig. 1.1, carefully noting the required number of horizontal and
vertical divisions. Add vertical and horizontal dimensions to the waveform using the
chosen sensitivities listed above.

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Calculate the period of the waveform on the screen using the number of horizontal
divisions for a full cycle as shown.
T (calculated) =----------------
--

b. Repeat Part 3(a) for a 200-Hz 0.8 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform on Fig.1.2.
Vertical sensitivity =----------
--
Horizontal sensitivity =-------
-
T (calculated) =---------------

c. Repeat Part 3(a) for a 100-kHz 4 Vp-p square wave on fig. 1.3. Note that a square
wave is called for.
Vertical sensitivity =----------
--
Horizontal sensitivity =-------
--

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T (calculated) =----------------

Part 4. Effect of DC Levels

a. Reestablish the l--kHz 4 Vp-p sinusoidal waveform on the screen. Calculate the
effective value of the sinusoidal waveform.
Vrms (calculated) =-----------
--
b. Disconnect the function generator from the scope and measure thee effective (rms)
value of the output of the function generator using the digital meter.
Vrms, (measured)= –----------

c. Determine the magnitude of the percent difference between the calculated and
measured levels using the following equation:

%Difference =---------------------

d. Reconnect the function generator to the scope with the l-kHz 4Vp-p signal and switch
the AC-GND-DC coupling switch of the vertical channel to GND. What is the effect?

Why? How can this scope function be used?

e. Now move the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to the AC position. What is the effect on
the screen display? Why?

f. Finally, move the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to the DC position. What is the effect
on the screen display (if any)? Why?

g. Construct the input of Vi; of Fig. 1.4 by placing a D cell in series with the output of the
function generator. Be sure the ground of the oscilloscope is connected directly to the
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ground of the function generator. Measure and record the actual battery voltage using the
DC mode of the DMM.
DC level (measured) =-----------------

Fig 1.4

h. Apply the input voltage u; of Fig. 1.4 to one channel of the oscilloscope with the AC-
GND-DC coupling switch in the GND position and set the resulting horizontal line (zero
reference level) in the middle of the screen. Then move the AC-GND-DC coupling
switch to the AC position and make a rough sketch of the waveform on Fig. 1.5, clearly
showing the zero reference line and the number of vertical and horizontal divisions.
Using the chosen sensitivities, label the magnitudes of the various horizontal and- vertical
grid lines.

i. Switch the position of the AC-GND-DC coupling switch to the DC mode and make a
rough sketch of the resulting waveform on Fig.1.6, including the detail requested in
Part 4(h).

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Did the vertical shift of the sinusoidal waveform equal the DC voltage of the battery?
Is the shape of the sinusoidal waveform changed by moving the AC-GND-DC coupling
switch through the various positions?

j. Reverse the polarity of the battery of Fig. 1.4 and repeat Parts 4(h) and (i). Observe the
effect on the waveform in the AC and DC modes-and comment below.

Part 5. Problems
1. Given v = 20sin2000t, determine
a. ω b. f c. T d. Peak value e. Peak-to-peak value
f. Effective value g. DC level

2. Given V= 8 x 10-3 sin 2π4O0Ot, determine

a. f b. ω c. T d. Peak value e. Peak-to-peak value

f. Effective value g. DC level

3. Given Vrms. = 1.2 V and a frequency of 400 Hz, determine the mathematical
expression for the sinusoidal voltage as a function of time.

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