University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar

CE-117: Engineering Mechanics

MODULE 1:
Introduction to Engineering Mechanics
(Fundamental concepts)

Prof. Dr. Mohammad Javed & Engr. Mudassir Iqbal

mjaved@uetpeshawar.edu.pk mudassiriqbal@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
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 COURSE OBJECTIVE

This course aims at enabling the students of

engineering to analyze various systems of forces and
thereby be able to calculate the magnitude of these
forces on various systems in statics and dynamics.
 COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Weeks
No:
Course Outcomes (CO)
1 1-6
Understand the concept of forces and determine the
resultant of various types of coplanar force systems
2
Understand the concept of Free Body diagram and 7-11
analyze co-planar systems under static equilibrium
3
Equilibrium Analysis of multi forces pin jointed frames 12-14

4
Apply the concept of centroid & Centre of gravity to 15-17
determine moment of inertia.
 COURSE OULINES
WEEK Hrs TOPIC Quizzes

Concepts of measurement of mass, force, time and space, system of units,

1 3 Fundamental & Derived units, conversion of units. General principles of
statics, Vector addition, subtraction and products.

2 3 Laws of triangle, parallelogram and polygon of forces . Resolution of

force into rectangular and non-rectangular components.

3 3 Resultant of Concurrent force system, Moment

Quiz 1.One
4 3 Moment (contd.),Couple week after
completing
‘Moment’
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 COURSE OULINES
WEEK Hrs TOPIC Quizzes

Resolution of a Couple into Force-Couple system. Resultant of

5 3 a Force-Couple system. Resultant of Parallel force system,
Resultant of Non-Parallel, Non-Concurrent force system

6 3 Resultant of Non-Parallel, Non-Concurrent force system

(contd.)

7 3 General conditions of equilibrium. Equilibrium of Co-planar Quiz 2.One

force systems. Concept of Free Body Diagram (FBD) week after
completing
‘Resultant’
8 3 Equilibrium of Concurrent force systems.

9 Mid Term Exam

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 COURSE OULINES

WEEK Hrs TOPIC Quizzes

Equilibrium of Parallel force systems. Equilibrium of

10 6 Non-parallel, No-Concurrent force systems.

11 6 Equilibrium of Non-parallel, No-Concurrent force Quiz 3. One week after

systems (contd) completing ‘Equilibrium’

12-13 3 Types of structures. Constraints and Statically

determinacy.
14 3 Equilibrium analysis of Multi forces pin jointed frames.
Internal forces in statically determinate i) Trusses (by
method of joints and method of sections) and ii)
Beams.

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 COURSE OULINES

WEEK Hrs TOPIC Quizzes

15 3 Dry Friction in flat and curved surfaces

16 3 Geometric Properties of Plane areas

17 3 Work. Energy. Work- Energy Principle. Conservative and non- Quiz 4.One week
conservative forces. Conservation of Mechanical Energies. after completing
‘Geometric
Properties’
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Final Term examination

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 RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Kinematics of Rigid Body: Introduction, Plane Motion of Rigid Body,
Velocity and
Text Books:
Engineering Mechanics by J.L. Meriam and L.G. Crazge, McGraw Hill.

Reference Books:
1. Engineering Mechanics by R.C. Hibbler, Prentice-Hall.
2. Engineering Mechanics by F.L.Singer, Harper and Row
 STUDENT RESPONSIBILTY

 You are responsible for the materials presented in the class (even if not in
book)

 Look over the sections that will be covered in class before coming to class

 Please read both the book and the class notes before coming to office at
notified hours.

 Student shall ensure their presence in all the lectures as per schedule.

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 Marks Distribution
• Successive Accumulative Assessment 25%
• Mid term 25%
• Final term (from full course) 50%

Successive Accumulative Assessment Distribution:

• Quizzes 10 (Total 4 quizzes, each quiz will be taken in first 20

minutes of class )
• Assignments 10
• Class Performance 05

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 Assignment & Exam policy

• Assignment policy:
The assignments are due 01 week after they are assigned, and should be done
in a neat and orderly fashion.
• Late submission will not be accepted.
• No rearrangement of Quiz or Assignment

• Examination policy:
Failure to take the mid-term examination or the final examination will result
in a failing grade for the course.
Mid Term or Final term paper will not be rearranged for any student.

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 Lecture’s Objectives

• To discuss fundamental concepts used in Engineering Mechanics

• To discuss system of units used in Engineering
 Introduction to Mechanics

• Mechanics is the branch of Science which deals with the effect of forces
on bodies.

• Figure 1: What is the effect of 2kg mass (Force ?)

on attached cables (Body) ?
Figure 1
• Figure 2: What is the effect of 800 N reaction
(Force) on Tendon (Body)?

Figure 2 13
 Introduction to Mechanics

• Figure 3: What is the effect of Force ‘F’

on rod (Body) of length ‘L’?

Figure 3
• Mechanics provide answer for such type of problems.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICS
Mechanics

Rigid Deformable Fluids

bodies bodies (Fluid Mechanics)
(Engineering (Solid Mechanics)
Mechanics)
Engineering Mechanics

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics
 RIGID BODY MECHANICS

Rigid body:
Anybody which doesn’t undergo deformation (change
in length or change in area or change in shape) under
the action of forces is said to be rigid body

Deformable body Rigid body

 RIGID BODY MECHANICS
For instance, consider the given figure. The calculation of the tension in the
cable which supports the boom of a mobile crane under load is essentially
unaffected by the small internal deformations in the structural members of
the boom.
For the purpose, then, of determining the
external forces which act on the boom, we
may treat it as a rigid body.

(Explanation on board)

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 RIGID BODY MECHANICS
• Statics deals primarily with the calculation of external forces which act on
rigid bodies in equilibrium. Determination of the internal deformations
belongs to the study of the mechanics of deformable bodies
(Mechanics of solids) , which you will study in next semester

• Actually solid bodies are never rigid; they deform under the action of
applied forces . In many cases this deformation is negligible compared to the
size of the body and the body is assumed to be rigid

Figure showing the trolley

as rigid body

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIGID BODY MECHANICS
• Statics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the forces
and their effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest.
or move with constant velocity (acceleration = 0 ?).

• Dynamics: It is that branch of Engineering Mechanics, which deals with the

forces and their effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion. The subject of
Dynamics may be further sub-divided into the following two branches : 1.
Kinetics, and 2. Kinematics.

• Kinematics: Kinematics is the branch of mechanics which deals with motion

parameters without considering the forces responsible for motion.
S= vit +1/2 at2
• Kinetics: Kinetics is the branch of mechanics which deals with motion
parameters as well as forces responsible for motion. Fi= ma
 DEFORMABLE BODY MECHANICS
• Deformable Body: Bodies in which
appreciable deformation is produced
under application of load.
• Deformable Body Mechanics
Deformable body mechanics deals
with how forces are distributed inside
bodies, and with the deformations caused by
these internal force distributions. These
internal force produce "stresses" in the body,
which could ultimately result in the failure of
the material itself.

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 DEFORMABLE BODY MECHANICS

• Principles of Rigid body mechanics often provide the beginning

steps in analysing these internal stresses, and resulting deformations.
These will be studied in courses called Mechanics of Solids (also
known as Strength of Materials or Mechanics of Materials).

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 FLUID MECHANICS

 The Mechanics of fluids is the branch of mechanics that deals with liquids or
gases.
 Fluids are commonly used in engineering applications. They can be classified
as incompressible, or compressible.
 While all real fluids are compressible to some degree, most liquids can be
analyzed as incompressible in many engineering applications.
 Applications of fluid mechanics abound, from hydraulics and general flow in
pipes to air flow in ducts to advanced applications in turbines and aerospace.
 The study of the mechanics of fluids will be studied in courses called Fluid
Mechanics, Hydraulics, and others
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 APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Engineering mechanics applies the principle of mechanics

to design, taking into account the effects of forces. It is
useful when it comes to analyzing stress, designing of
machine structures and hydraulics, etc.
 Definitions
Space: It is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are
described by linear and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system.
For three-dimensional problems, three independent coordinates are needed.
For two-dimensional problems, only two coordinates are required.

Two dimensional Coordinate system Three dimensional Coordinate system

Time: It is conceived as a succession of events. Although the principles of

statics are time independent, this quantity plays an important role in the study
of dynamics.
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 Definitions

Mass : The quantity of the matter possessed by a body is called mass.

 The mass of a body will not change unless the body is damaged and part of it
is physically separated.
 When a body is taken out in a space craft, the mass will not change but its
weight may change due to change in gravitational force. Even the body may
become weightless when gravitational force vanishes but the mass remain
the same.

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 Definitions
• Particle: A body with mass but with dimensions that can be neglected
• In the mathematical sense, a particle is a body whose dimensions are
considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass
concentrated at a point.

Size of earth is insignificant compared to

the size of its orbit. Earth can be modelled
as a particle when studying its orbital
motion
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 Force
Force may be defined as any action that tends to change the state of rest or
motion of a body to which it is applied.

• The action of a force is completely characterized

by
1. its magnitude,
2. direction of its action, and
3. Its point of application.

(Explanation on Board )

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 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
• Engineering mechanics is formulated on the basis of Newton’s three laws of
motion, the validity of which is based on experimental observation. These
laws apply to the motion of a particle as measured from a nonaccelerating
reference frame.
• First Law: Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion
unless or until some external force acts on it.
• A football will remain at rest
unless acted upon by unbalanced force

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 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
• Second Law: A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences
an acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude
that is directly proportional to the force.
• If F is applied to a particle of mass m , this law may be expressed
mathematically as F = ma

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 Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
Third Law: The forces of action and reaction between bodies in
contact are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and
collinear (same line of action).

Examples of Newton third law of motion

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 Classification of Force

For the application of such forces

contact between the surfaces is
Body Force not essential. e.g., gravitational
force, magnetic force etc.
Force
For the application of this type of
force contact between the
Surface Force surfaces is necessary i.e. friction
force, Reaction force of the roller
and hinge support

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Classification of Force

Examples of Body Forces

Examples of Surface Forces 32

 Classification of Force

Concentrated
Force
Force
Distributed
Force

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 Classification of Force

1. Concentrated force concentrated

forces exerted at point or location

Concentrated forces, P1, P 2

2. Distributed force What are other concentrated forces ?
A force applied along a length or over
an area. The distribution can be uniform
or non-uniform.

Distributed forces 34
 External and Internal Effects of a force
External force
For the bracket of Fig. 2/1 the effects of P external
to the bracket are the reactive forces (not shown)
exerted on the bracket by the foundation and
bolts because of the action of P.
 Forces external to a body can be either applied
forces or reactive forces.

Applied force

What are the other

external effects ? 35
 External and Internal Effects of a force
Internal force
The effects of P internal to the bracket are the
resulting internal forces and deformations
distributed throughout the material of the bracket.

 The relation between internal forces and

internal deformations depends on the material
properties of the body and is studied in strength
of material (Mechanics of Solids or Mechanics of
materials)

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Classification of Force system

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Classification of Coplanar Force system

TYPES OF FORCES & FORCE SYSTEM

collinear forces concurrent forces

Parallel forces Non-concurrent & non-parallel forces

 Principle of Transmissibility

“A force may be applied at any point on its given line of action without
altering the resultant effects of the force external to the rigid body on which it
acts “

What are the external effects

on the given body ?

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 Units of Measurement
• In mechanics we use four fundamental quantities called fundamental
mechanical dimensions. These are length, mass, force, and time.
• Although there are a number of different systems of units major systems of
units are
1. The International System of Units (SI units)
2. U.S. Customary Units
• SI Units. The International System of units, abbreviated SI is a modern
version of the metric system which has received worldwide recognition.
• SI system defines length in meters (m), time in seconds (s),and mass in
kilograms (kg).
• The unit of force, called a newton (N), is derived from F = ma. Thus, 1
newton is equal to a force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 (N = kg .m/s2) .
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 Units of Measurement
• U.S. Customary. In the U.S. Customary system of units (FPS) length is
measured in feet (ft), time in seconds (sec), and force in pounds (lb).
• The unit of mass, called a slug , is derived from F = ma . Hence,
• 1 slug is equal to the amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s2 when acted
upon by a force of 1 lb (slug = lb.s2/ft) .

Sec.

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 Units of Measurement

 In U.S. units the pound is also used on occasion as a unit of mass,.

 When distinction between the two units is necessary, the force unit is
frequently written as lbf and the mass unit as lbm
 Also, in the U.S. units (some time also called FPS system of units),
following relations are used
 1 ft = 12 in. (inches), 1 yard (yd)= 3 ft, 1 mile (mi)= 1760 yd= 5280 ft ,
 1 kilo-pound (kip)= 1000 lb ; 1 ton = 2000 lb ; 1 tonne = 1000 kg*=
2205 lb

* In the MKS (meter, kilogram, second) gravitational system, which has been used for many years in non-
English-speaking countries, the kilogram, like the pound, has been used both as a unit of force and as a unit
of mass. 42
 Conversion of Units
• Following table provides a set of direct conversion factors between FPS
and SI units for the basic quantities.

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 Conversion of Units
• The standard value for gravitational acceleration g is its value at sea level
and at a 45o latitude.
• In the two systems these values are g=9.80665 m/s2 and g=32.1740 ft/sec2
in SI and FPS respectively.
• The approximate values of 9.81 m/s2 and 32.2 ft/sec2, respectively, are
sufficiently accurate for the vast majority of engineering calculations.

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 Prefixes
• When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units used
to define its size may be modified by using a prefix. Some of the prefixes
used in the SI system are shown in Table below

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 Problems

• Example 1

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 Problems

• Problem 2

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 Home Assignment 1

1.1
Ans:24.6 m/s
1. 2

Ans: 101 kPa

1.3

Ans:

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 Problems For Practice

1.4

Ans:

1. 5

Ans: 98.1 N, 4.9mN, 44.1 kN

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Any Question??

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