Appendix A

Appendix A
Conversion Factors and Values

of the Gas Constant
Because standard reference books contain data in diverse units, we include Tables A.1 and
A.2 to aid in the conversion of values from one set of units to another. Those units having no
connection with the SI system are enclosed in parentheses. The following definitions are noted:
(ft)=≡ U.S. defined foot ≡ 0.3048 m

(in)=≡ U.S. defined inch ≡ 0.0254 m
(gal)=≡ U.S. liquid gallon ≡ 231 (in)3
(lbm)=≡ U.S. defined pound mass (avoirdupois)
=≡ 0.45359237 kg
(lbf)=≡ force to accelerate 1(lbm) by 32.1740 (ft)·s−2
(atm)=≡ standard atmospheric pressure ≡ 101,325 Pa
(psia)=≡ pounds force per square inch absolute pressure
(torr)=≡ pressure exerted by 1 mm mercury at 0°C and standard gravity
(cal)=≡ thermochemical calorie
(Btu)=≡ international steam table British thermal unit
(lb mole)=≡ mass in pounds mass with numerical value equal to the molar mass
(R)=≡ absolute temperature in Rankines
The conversion factors of Table A.1 are referred to a single basic or derived unit of the
SI system. Conversions between other pairs of units for a given quantity are made as in the
following example:

1 bar = 0.986923 (atm) = 750.061 (torr)
thus
750.061
1 (atm) = _________
= 760.00 (torr)
0.986923
648
APPENDIX A. Conversion Factors and Values of the Gas Constant 649
Table A.1: Conversion Factors
Quantity Conversion
Length 1   m  =  100 cm
   = 3.28084 (ft)= 39.3701 (in)
Mass 1   kg  =  103 g
= 2.20462(lbm)
Force 1 N = 1 kg·m·s−2
  
    =  105  (dyne)
= 0.224809(1bf)
Pressure 1 bar = 105kg·m−1·s−2 = 105N·m−2
= 105Pa = 102kPa
6 −2
  
  
  
  
   
    =  10 (dyne)·cm 

= 0.986923 (atm)
= 14.5038 (psia)
= 750.061 (torr)
Volume 1 m3 = 106cm3 = 103liters
  
   
    =   35.3147  (ft)3 
= 264.172 (gal)
Density 1 g·cm−3= 103kg·m−3

  
     
= 62.4278 (lb  m)(ft)−3
Energy 1 J = 1 kg·m2 ·s−2 = 1 N·m
= 1 m3 ·Pa = 10−5 m3 ·bar = 10 cm3·bar
= 9.86923 cm3·(atm)
    =   107(dyne)·cm = 10 7  (erg)
   
    
    
  
  
     
= 0.239006 (cal)
= 5.12197 × 10−3  (ft)3(psia) = 0.737562 (ft)(lb  f)
= 9.47831 × 10−4  (Btu) = 2.77778 × 10−7kW·h
Power 1 kW = 103W = 103kg·m2 ·s−3 = 103J·s−1

= 239.006 (cal)·s −1
   
  
    
   
    =  737.562 (ft)(l 
b  f)·s −1

= 0.947831 (Btu)·s−1
= 1.34102 (hp)
Table A.2: Values of the Universal Gas Constant
R = 8.314J·mol−1 ·K−1 = 8.314 m3 ·Pa·mol−1

·K−1

= 83.14cm3·bar·mol−1·K−1= 8314 cm3·kPa·mol−1·K−1
= 82.06cm3 ·(atm)·mol−1 ·K−1
= 62,356cm3 ·(torr)·mol−1 ·K−1

     
     
    
      
−1 −1 −1 −1
= 1.987(cal)·mol ·K = 1.986(Btu)(lb mole) (R)
= 0.7302(ft) ( atm)(lb mol) (R) = 10.73 (ft) ( psia)(lb mol) (R)
3 −1 −1 3 −1 −1
= 1545(ft)(lbf)(lb mol)−1
(R)−1

Appendix B
Properties of Pure Species
Table B.1 Characteristic Properties of Pure Species

Listed here for various chemical species are values for the molar mass (molecular weight),
acentric factor ω, critical temperature Tc, critical pressure Pc, critical compressibility
factor Zc, critical molar volume Vc, and normal boiling point Tn. Abstracted from Project 801,
DIPPR®, Design Institute for Physical Property Data of the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, they are reproduced with permission. The current full version of this database
includes values for 34 constant properties and 15 temperature-dependent thermodynamic and
transport properties for 2278 chemical species, and new species are added regularly.
Table B.2 Constants for the Antoine Equation for Vapor Pressures of Pure Species
Table B.1: Characteristic Properties of Pure Species
Molar Vc
mass ω Tc/K Pc/bar Zc cm3·mol−1 Tn/K
Methane 16.043 0.012 190.6 45.99 0.286 98.6 111.4
Ethane 30.070 0.100 305.3 48.72 0.279 145.5 184.6
Propane 44.097 0.152 369.8 42.48 0.276 200.0 231.1
n-Butane 58.123 0.200 425.1 37.96 0.274 255. 272.7
n-Pentane 72.150 0.252 469.7 33.70 0.270 313. 309.2
n-Hexane 86.177 0.301 507.6 30.25 0.266 371. 341.9
n-Heptane 100.204 0.350 540.2 27.40 0.261 428. 371.6
n-Octane 114.231 0.400 568.7 24.90 0.256 486. 398.8
n-Nonane 128.258 0.444 594.6 22.90 0.252 544. 424.0
n-Decane 142.285 0.492 617.7 21.10 0.247 600. 447.3
Isobutane 58.123 0.181 408.1 36.48 0.282 262.7 261.4
Isooctane 114.231 0.302 544.0 25.68 0.266 468. 372.4
650
APPENDIX B. Properties of Pure Species 651
Table B.1 (Continued)
Molar Vc
Cyclopentane 70.134 0.196 511.8 45.02 0.273 258. 322.4
Cyclohexane 84.161 0.210 553.6 40.73 0.273 308. 353.9
Methylcyclopentane 84.161 0.230 532.8 37.85 0.272 319. 345.0
Methylcyclohexane 98.188 0.235 572.2 34.71 0.269 368. 374.1
Ethylene 28.054 0.087 282.3 50.40 0.281 131. 169.4
Propylene 42.081 0.140 365.6 46.65 0.289 188.4 225.5
1-Butene 56.108 0.191 420.0 40.43 0.277 239.3 266.9
cis-2-Butene 56.108 0.205 435.6 42.43 0.273 233.8 276.9
trans-2-Butene 56.108 0.218 428.6 41.00 0.275 237.7 274.0
1-Hexene 84.161 0.280 504.0 31.40 0.265 354. 336.3
Isobutylene 56.108 0.194 417.9 40.00 0.275 238.9 266.3
1,3-Butadiene 54.092 0.190 425.2 42.77 0.267 220.4 268.7
Cyclohexene 82.145 0.212 560.4 43.50 0.272 291. 356.1
Acetylene 26.038 0.187 308.3 61.39 0.271 113. 189.4
Benzene 78.114 0.210 562.2 48.98 0.271 259. 353.2
Toluene 92.141 0.262 591.8 41.06 0.264 316. 383.8
Ethylbenzene 106.167 0.303 617.2 36.06 0.263 374. 409.4
Cumene 120.194 0.326 631.1 32.09 0.261 427. 425.6
o-Xylene 106.167 0.310 630.3 37.34 0.263 369. 417.6
m-Xylene 106.167 0.326 617.1 35.36 0.259 376. 412.3
p-Xylene 106.167 0.322 616.2 35.11 0.260 379. 411.5
Styrene 104.152 0.297 636.0 38.40 0.256 352. 418.3
Naphthalene 128.174 0.302 748.4 40.51 0.269 413. 491.2
Biphenyl 154.211 0.365 789.3 38.50 0.295 502. 528.2
Formaldehyde 30.026 0.282 408.0 65.90 0.223 115. 254.1
Acetaldehyde 44.053 0.291 466.0 55.50 0.221 154. 294.0
Methyl acetate 74.079 0.331 506.6 47.50 0.257 228. 330.1
Ethyl acetate 88.106 0.366 523.3 38.80 0.255 286. 350.2
Acetone 58.080 0.307 508.2 47.01 0.233 209. 329.4
Methyl ethyl ketone 72.107 0.323 535.5 41.50 0.249 267. 352.8
Diethyl ether 74.123 0.281 466.7 36.40 0.263 280. 307.6
Methyl t-butyl ether 88.150 0.266 497.1 34.30 0.273 329. 328.4
Methanol 32.042 0.564 512.6 80.97 0.224 118. 337.9
Ethanol 46.069 0.645 513.9 61.48 0.240 167. 351.4
1-Propanol 60.096 0.622 536.8 51.75 0.254 219. 370.4
1-Butanol 74.123 0.594 563.1 44.23 0.260 275. 390.8
1-Hexanol 102.177 0.579 611.4 35.10 0.263 381. 430.6
2-Propanol 60.096 0.668 508.3 47.62 0.248 220. 355.4
Phenol 94.113 0.444 694.3 61.30 0.243 229. 455.0
652 APPENDIX B. Properties of Pure Species
Molar Vc
Ethylene glycol 62.068 0.487 719.7 77.00 0.246 191.0 470.5
Acetic acid 60.053 0.467 592.0 57.86 0.211 179.7 391.1
n-Butyric acid 88.106 0.681 615.7 40.64 0.232 291.7 436.4
Benzoic acid 122.123 0.603 751.0 44.70 0.246 344. 522.4
Acetonitrile 41.053 0.338 545.5 48.30 0.184 173. 354.8
Methylamine 31.057 0.281 430.1 74.60 0.321 154. 266.8
Ethylamine 45.084 0.285 456.2 56.20 0.307 207. 289.7
Nitromethane 61.040 0.348 588.2 63.10 0.223 173. 374.4
Carbon tetrachloride 153.822 0.193 556.4 45.60 0.272 276. 349.8
Chloroform 119.377 0.222 536.4 54.72 0.293 239. 334.3
Dichloromethane 84.932 0.199 510.0 60.80 0.265 185. 312.9
Methyl chloride 50.488 0.153 416.3 66.80 0.276 143. 249.1
Ethyl chloride 64.514 0.190 460.4 52.70 0.275 200. 285.4
Chlorobenzene 112.558 0.250 632.4 45.20 0.265 308. 404.9
Tetrafluoroethane 102.030 0.327 374.2 40.60 0.258 198.0 247.1
Argon 39.948 0.000 150.9 48.98 0.291 74.6 87.3
Krypton 83.800 0.000 209.4 55.02 0.288 91.2 119.8
Xenon 131.30 0.000 289.7 58.40 0.286 118.0 165.0
Helium 4 4.003 −0.390 5.2 2.28 0.302 57.3 4.2
Hydrogen 2.016 −0.216 33.19 13.13 0.305 64.1 20.4
Oxygen 31.999 0.022 154.6 50.43 0.288 73.4 90.2
Nitrogen 28.014 0.038 126.2 34.00 0.289 89.2 77.3
Air† 28.851 0.035 132.2 37.45 0.289 84.8
Chlorine 70.905 0.069 417.2 77.10 0.265 124. 239.1
Carbon monoxide 28.010 0.048 132.9 34.99 0.299 93.4 81.7
Carbon dioxide 44.010 0.224 304.2 73.83 0.274 94.0
Carbon disulfide 76.143 0.111 552.0 79.00 0.275 160. 319.4
Hydrogen sulfide 34.082 0.094 373.5 89.63 0.284 98.5 212.8
Sulfur dioxide 64.065 0.245 430.8 78.84 0.269 122. 263.1
Sulfur trioxide 80.064 0.424 490.9 82.10 0.255 127. 317.9
Nitric oxide (NO) 30.006 0.583 180.2 64.80 0.251 58.0 121.4
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 44.013 0.141 309.6 72.45 0.274 97.4 184.7
Hydrogen chloride 36.461 0.132 324.7 83.10 0.249 81. 188.2
Hydrogen cyanide 27.026 0.410 456.7 53.90 0.197 139. 298.9
Water 18.015 0.345 647.1 220.55 0.229 55.9 373.2
Ammonia 17.031 0.253 405.7 112.80 0.242 72.5 239.7
Nitric acid 63.013 0.714 520.0 68.90 0.231 145. 356.2
Sulfuric acid 98.080 ... 924.0 64.00 0.147 177. 610.0
† Pseudoparameters for y  N2= 0.79 and y  O2 = 0.21. See Eqs. (6.78)–(6.80).
APPENDIX B. Properties of Pure Species 653
Table B.2: Constants for the Antoine Equation for Vapor Pressures of Pure Species
B
ln Psat∕ kPa = A − ______

t ∕ °C + C
Latent heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point (ΔHn), and normal boiling point (tn)
Parameters for Antoine Eqn. Temp. Range ΔH

n
Name Formula A† B C °C kJ/mol tn/°C
Acetone C3H6O 14.3145 2756.22 228.060 −26—77 29.10 56.2
Acetic acid C2H4O2 15.0717 3580.80 224.650 24—142 23.70 117.9
Acetonitrile* C2H3N 14.8950 3413.10 250.523 −27—81 30.19 81.6
Benzene C6H6 13.7819 2726.81 217.572 6—104 30.72 80.0
iso-Butane C4H10 13.8254 2181.79 248.870 −83—7 21.30 −11.9
n-Butane C4H10 13.6608 2154.70 238.789 −73—19 22.44 −0.5
1-Butanol C4H10O 15.3144 3212.43 182.739 37—138 43.29 117.6
2-Butanol* C4H10O 15.1989 3026.03 186.500 25—120 40.75 99.5
iso-Butanol C4H10O 14.6047 2740.95 166.670 30—128 41.82 107.8
tert-Butanol C4H10O 14.8445 2658.29 177.650 10—101 39.07 82.3
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 14.0572 2914.23 232.148 −14—101 29.82 76.6
Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 13.8635 3174.78 211.700 29—159 35.19 131.7
1-Chlorobutane C4H9Cl 13.7965 2723.73 218.265 −17—79 30.39 78.5
Chloroform CHCl3 13.7324 2548.74 218.552 −23—84 29.24 61.1
Cyclohexane C6H12 13.6568 2723.44 220.618 9—105 29.97 80.7
Cyclopentane C5H10 13.9727 2653.90 234.510 −35—71 27.30 49.2
n-Decane C10H22 13.9748 3442.76 193.858 65—203 38.75 174.1
Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 13.9891 2463.93 223.240 −38—60 28.06 39.7
Diethyl ether C4H10O 14.0735 2511.29 231.200 −43—55 26.52 34.4
1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 15.0967 3579.78 240.337 20—105 34.16 101.3
n-Eicosane C20H42 14.4575 4680.46 132.100 208—379 57.49 343.6
Ethanol C2H6O 16.8958 3795.17 230.918 3—96 38.56 78.2
Ethylbenzene C8H10 13.9726 3259.93 212.300 33—163 35.57 136.2
Ethylene glycol* C2H6O2 15.7567 4187.46 178.650 100—222 50.73 197.3
n-Heptane C7H16 13.8622 2910.26 216.432 4—123 31.77 98.4
n-Hexane C6H14 13.8193 2696.04 224.317 −19—92 28.85 68.7
Methanol CH4O 16.5785 3638.27 239.500 −11—83 35.21 64.7
Methyl acetate C3H6O2 14.2456 2662.78 219.690 −23—78 30.32 56.9
Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 14.1334 2838.24 218.690 −8—103 31.30 79.6
Nitromethane* CH3NO2 14.7513 3331.70 227.600 56—146 33.99 101.2
n-Nonane C9H20 13.9854 3311.19 202.694 46—178 36.91 150.8
iso-Octane C8H18 13.6703 2896.31 220.767 2—125 30.79 99.2
n-Octane C8H18 13.9346 3123.13 209.635 26—152 34.41 125.6
n-Pentane C5H12 13.7667 2451.88 232.014 −45—58 25.79 36.0
Phenol C6H6O 14.4387 3507.80 175.400 80—208 46.18 181.8
1-Propanol C3H8O 16.1154 3483.67 205.807 20—116 41.44 97.2
2-Propanol C3H8O 16.6796 3640.20 219.610 8—100 39.85 82.2
654 APPENDIX B. Properties of Pure Species
Parameters for Antoine Eqn. Temp. Range ΔH

n
Name Formula A† B C °C kJ/mol tn/°C
Toluene C7H8 13.9320 3056.96 217.625 13—136 33.18 110.6
Water H2O 16.3872 3885.70 230.170 0—200 40.66 100.0
o-Xylene C8H10 14.0415 3358.79 212.041 40—172 36.24 144.4
m-Xylene C8H10 14.1387 3381.81 216.120 35—166 35.66 139.1
p-Xylene C8H10 14.0579 3331.45 214.627 35—166 35.67 138.3
Based primarily on data presented by B. E. Poling, J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, The Properties of Gases and
Liquids, 5th ed., App. A, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001.
*Antoine parameters adapted from J. Gmehling, U. Onken, and W. Arlt, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection,
Chemistry Data Series, vol. I, parts 1–8, DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main, 1974–1990.
†Antoine parameters A are adjusted to reproduce the listed values of t .
n
Appendix C
Heat Capacities and Property

Changes of Formation
Table C.1 Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State

Table C.2 Heat Capacities of Solids
Table C.3 Heat Capacities of Liquids
Table C.4 Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation at 298.15 K
Table C.5 Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation at 298.15 K for
Substances in Dilute Aqueous Solution at Zero Ionic Strength
655
656 APPENDIX C. Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation
Table C.1: Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State†

ig
P  / R = A + BT + CT2+ DT−2 for T (K) from 298 K to Tmax
Constants in equation C
ig
Chemical species Tmax CP 298∕ R A 103 B 106 C 10−5 D
Alkanes:
Methane CH4 1500 4.217 1.702 9.081 −2.164 ......
Ethane C2H6 1500 6.369 1.131 19.225 −5.561 ......
Propane C3H8 1500 9.011 1.213 28.785 −8.824 ......
n-Butane C4H10 1500 11.928 1.935 36.915 −11.402 ......
iso-Butane C4H10 1500 11.901 1.677 37.853 −11.945 ......
n-Pentane C5H12 1500 14.731 2.464 45.351 −14.111 ......
n-Hexane C6H14 1500 17.550 3.025 53.722 −16.791 ......
n-Heptane C7H16 1500 20.361 3.570 62.127 −19.486 ......
n-Octane C8H18 1500 23.174 4.108 70.567 −22.208 ......
1-Alkenes:
Ethylene C2H4 1500 5.325 1.424 14.394 −4.392 ......
Propylene C3H6 1500 7.792 1.637 22.706 −6.915 ......
1-Butene C4H8 1500 10.520 1.967 31.630 −9.873 ......
1-Pentene C5H10 1500 13.437 2.691 39.753 −12.447 ......
1-Hexene C6H12 1500 16.240 3.220 48.189 −15.157 ......
1-Heptene C7H14 1500 19.053 3.768 56.588 −17.847 ......
1-Octene C8H16 1500 21.868 4.324 64.960 −20.521 ......
Miscellaneous organics:
Acetaldehyde C2H4O 1000 6.506 1.693 17.978 −6.158 ......
Acetylene C2H2 1500 5.253 6.132 1.952 ...... −1.299
Benzene C6H6 1500 10.259 −0.206 39.064 −13.301 ......
1,3-Butadiene C4H6 1500 10.720 2.734 26.786 −8.882 ......
Cyclohexane C6H12 1500 13.121 −3.876 63.249 −20.928 ......
Ethanol C2H6O 1500 8.948 3.518 20.001 −6.002 ......
Ethylbenzene C8H10 1500 15.993 1.124 55.380 −18.476 ......
Ethylene oxide C2H4O 1000 5.784 −0.385 23.463 −9.296 ......
Formaldehyde CH2O 1500 4.191 2.264 7.022 −1.877 ......
Methanol CH4O 1500 5.547 2.211 12.216 −3.450 ......
Styrene C8H8 1500 15.534 2.050 50.192 −16.662 ......
Toluene C7H8 1500 12.922 0.290 47.052 −15.716 ......
Miscellaneous inorganics:
Air 2000 3.509 3.355 0.575 ...... −0.016
Ammonia NH3 1800 4.269 3.578 3.020 ...... −0.186
Bromine Br2 3000 4.337 4.493 0.056 ...... −0.154
Carbon monoxide CO 2500 3.507 3.376 0.557 ...... −0.031
Carbon dioxide CO2 2000 4.467 5.457 1.045 ...... −1.157
Carbon disulfide CS2 1800 5.532 6.311 0.805 ...... −0.906
Chlorine Cl2 3000 4.082 4.442 0.089 ...... −0.344
Hydrogen H2 3000 3.468 3.249 0.422 ...... 0.083
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 2300 4.114 3.931 1.490 ...... −0.232
Hydrogen chloride HCl 2000 3.512 3.156 0.623 ...... 0.151
Hydrogen cyanide HCN 2500 4.326 4.736 1.359 ...... −0.725
Nitrogen N2 2000 3.502 3.280 0.593 ...... 0.040
Nitrous oxide N2O 2000 4.646 5.328 1.214 ...... −0.928
Nitric oxide NO 2000 3.590 3.387 0.629 ...... 0.014
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 2000 4.447 4.982 1.195 ...... −0.792
Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 2000 9.198 11.660 2.257 ...... −2.787
Oxygen O2 2000 3.535 3.639 0.506 ...... −0.227
Sulfur dioxide SO2 2000 4.796 5.699 0.801 ...... −1.015
Sulfur trioxide SO3 2000 6.094 8.060 1.056 ...... −2.028
Water H2O 2000 4.038 3.470 1.450 ...... 0.121
†Selectedfrom H. M. Spencer, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 40, pp. 2152–2154, 1948; K. K. Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull.
584, 1960; L. B. Pankratz, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 672, 1982.
APPENDIX C. Heat Capacities and Property Changes of Formation 657
Table C.2: Heat Capacities of Solids†

Constants for the equation Cp∕R = A + BT + DT −2 for T (K) from 298 K to Tmax
ig
Chemical species Tmax CP  2 
98∕ R A 103 B 10−5 D
CaO 2000 5.058 6.104 0.443 −1.047
CaCO3 1200 9.848 12.572 2.637 −3.120
Ca(OH)2 700 11.217 9.597 5.435 ......
CaC2 720 7.508 8.254 1.429 −1.042
CaCl2 1055 8.762 8.646 1.530 −0.302
C (graphite) 2000 1.026 1.771 0.771 −0.867
Cu 1357 2.959 2.677 0.815 0.035
CuO 1400 5.087 5.780 0.973 −0.874
Fe(α) 1043 3.005 −0.111 6.111 1.150
Fe2O3 960 12.480 11.812 9.697 −1.976
Fe3O4 850 18.138 9.594 27.112 0.409
FeS 411 6.573 2.612 13.286 ......
I2 386.8 6.929 6.481 1.502 ......
LiCl 800 5.778 5.257 2.476 −0.193
NH4Cl 458 10.741 5.939 16.105 ......
Na 371 3.386 1.988 4.688 ......
NaCl 1073 6.111 5.526 1.963 ......
NaOH 566 7.177 0.121 16.316 1.948
NaHCO3 400 10.539 5.128 18.148 ......
S (rhombic) 368.3 3.748 4.114 −1.728 −0.783
SiO2 (quartz) 847 5.345 4.871 5.365 −1.001
†Selectedfrom K. K. Kelley, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull. 584, 1960; L. B. Pankratz, U.S. Bur. Mines Bull.
672, 1982.
Table C.3: Heat Capacities of Liquids†

Constants for the equation CP∕R = A + BT + CT 2 for T from 273.15 to 373.15 K
ig
Chemical species CP  2 
98∕ R A 103 B 106 C
Ammonia 9.718 22.626 −100.75 192.71
Aniline 23.070 15.819 29.03 −15.80
Benzene 16.157 −0.747 67.96 −37.78
1,3-Butadiene 14.779 22.711 −87.96 205.79
Carbon tetrachloride 15.751 21.155 −48.28 101.14
Chlorobenzene 18.240 11.278 32.86 −31.90
Chloroform 13.806 19.215 −42.89 83.01
Cyclohexane 18.737 −9.048 141.38 −161.62
Ethanol 13.444 33.866 −172.60 349.17
Ethylene oxide 10.590 21.039 −86.41 172.28
Methanol 9.798 13.431 −51.28 131.13
n-Propanol 16.921 41.653 −210.32 427.20
Sulfur trioxide 30.408 −2.930 137.08 −84.73
Toluene 18.611 15.133 6.79 16.35
Water 9.069 8.712 1.25 −0.18
†Based on correlations presented by J. W. Miller, Jr., G. R. Schorr, and C. L. Yaws, Chem. Eng.,
vol. 83(23), p. 129, 1976.
Table C.4: Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation

at 298.15 K†
Joules per mole of the substance formed
State H  f°298

Δ G  f°298
Δ
Chemical species (Note 2) (Note 1) (Note 1)
Alkanes:
Methane CH4 (g) −74,520 −50,460
Ethane C2H6 (g) −83,820 −31,855
Propane C3H8 (g) −104,680 −24,290
n-Butane C4H10 (g) −125,790 −16,570
n-Pentane C5H12 (g) −146,760 −8,650
n-Hexane C6H14 (g) −166,920 150
n-Heptane C7H16 (g) −187,780 8,260
n-Octane C8H18 (g) −208,750 16,260
1-Alkenes:
Ethylene C2H4 (g) 52,510 68,460
Propylene C3H6 (g) 19,710 62,205
1-Butene C4H8 (g) −540 70,340
1-Pentene C5H10 (g) −21,280 78,410
1-Hexene C6H12 (g) −41,950 86,830
1-Heptene C7H14 (g) −62,760
Miscellaneous organics:
Acetaldehyde C2H4O (g) −166,190 −128,860
Acetic acid C2H4O2 (l) −484,500 −389,900
Acetylene C2H2 (g) 227,480 209,970
Benzene C6H6 (g) 82,930 129,665
Benzene C6H6 (l) 49,080 124,520
1,3-Butadiene C4H6 (g) 109,240 149,795
Cyclohexane C6H12 (g) −123,140 31,920
Cyclohexane C6H12 (l) −156,230 26,850
1,2-Ethanediol C2H6O2 (l) −454,800 −323,080
Ethanol C2H6O (g) −235,100 −168,490
Ethanol C2H6O (l) −277,690 −174,780
Ethylbenzene C8H10 (g) 29,920 130,890
Ethylene oxide C2H4O (g) −52,630 −13,010
Formaldehyde CH2O (g) −108,570 −102,530
Methanol CH4O (g) −200,660 −161,960
Methanol CH4O (l) −238,660 −166,270
Methylcyclohexane C7H14 (g) −154,770 27,480
Methylcyclohexane C7H14 (l) −190,160 20,560
Styrene C8H8 (g) 147,360 213,900
Toluene C7H8 (g) 50,170 122,050
Toluene C7H8 (l) 12,180 113,630
Table C.4 (Continued)
State ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298

Chemical species (Note 2) (Note 1) (Note 1)
Miscellaneous inorganics:
Ammonia NH3 (g) −46,110 −16,400
Ammonia NH3 (aq) −26,500
Calcium carbide CaC2 (s) −59,800 −64,900
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 (s) −1,206,920 −1,128,790
Calcium chloride CaCl2 (s) −795,800 −748,100
Calcium chloride CaCl2 (aq) −8,101,900
Calcium chloride CaCl2·6H2O (s) −2,607,900
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (s) −986,090 −898,490
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (aq) −868,070
Calcium oxide CaO (s) −635,090 −604,030
Carbon dioxide CO2 (g) −393,509 −394,359
Carbon monoxide CO (g) −110,525 −137,169
Hydrochloric acid HCl (g) −92,307 −95,299
Hydrogen cyanide HCN (g) 135,100 124,700
Hydrogen sulfide H2S (g) −20,630 −33,560
Iron oxide FeO (s) −272,000
Iron oxide (hematite) Fe2O3 (s) −824,200 −742,200
Iron oxide (magnetite) Fe3O4 (s) −1,118,400 −1,015,400
Iron sulfide (pyrite) FeS2 (s) −178,200 −166,900
Lithium chloride LiCl (s) −408,610
Lithium chloride LiCl·H2O (s) −712,580
Lithium chloride LiCl·2H2O (s) −1,012,650
Lithium chloride LiCl·3H2O (s) −1,311,300
Nitric acid HNO3 (l) −174,100 −80,710
Nitric acid HNO3 (aq) −111,250
Nitrogen oxides NO (g) 90,250 86,550
NO2 (g) 33,180 51,310
N2O (g) 82,050 104,200
N2O4 (g) 9,160 97,540
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 (s) −1,130,680 −1,044,440
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3·10H2O (s) −4,081,320
Sodium chloride NaCl (s) −411,153 −384,138
Sodium chloride NaCl (aq) −393,133
Sodium hydroxide NaOH (s) −425,609 −379,494
Sodium hydroxide NaOH (aq) −419,150
Sulfur dioxide SO2 (g) −296,830 −300,194
Sulfur trioxide SO3 (g) −395,720 −371,060
Sulfur trioxide SO3 (l) −441,040
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 (l) −813,989 −690,003
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 (aq) −744,530
Water H2O (g) −241,818 −228,572
Water H2O (l) −285,830 −237,129
†From TRC Thermodynamic Tables—Hydrocarbons, Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A & M Univ.
System, College Station, TX; “The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties,” J. Phys. and Chem.
Reference Data, vol. 11, supp. 2, 1982.
Notes
1. The standard property changes of formation ΔH  f°298 and ΔG  f°298 are the changes occur-
ring when 1 mol of the listed compound is formed from its elements with each substance
in its standard state at 298.15 K (25°C).
2. Standard states: (a) Gases (g): pure ideal gas at 1 bar and 25°C. (b) Liquids (l) and solids
(s): pure substance at 1 bar and 25°C. (c) Solutes in aqueous solution (aq): Hypothetical
ideal 1-molal solution of solute in water at 1 bar and 25°C.
Table C.5: Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation at 298.15 K for
Substances in Dilute Aqueous Solution at Zero Ionic Strength†
Joules per mole of the substance formed
Chemical species ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298
Acetaldehyde C2H4O −212.2 −139.0

Acetate C2H2O 2−  −486.0 −369.3
Acetic acid C2H3O2 −485.8 −396.5
Acetone C3H6O −221.7 −159.7
Adenosine C10H13N5O4 −621.3 −194.5
+
Adenosine cation C10H14N5O 4  −637.7 −214.3
3−
Adenosine 5′ diphosphate (ADP) C10H12N5O10P  2  −2626.5 −1906.1
2−
C10H13N5O10P 2  −2620.9 −1947.1
C10H14N5O10P  2−  −2638.5 −1972.0
Adenosine 5′ monophosphate (AMP) C10H12N5O10P2− −1635.4 −1040.5
C10H13N5O10P− −1630.0 −1078.9
C10H14N5O7P −1648.1 −1101.6
4−
Adenosine 5′ triphosphate (ATP) C10H12N5O13P  3  −3619.2 −2768.1
3−
C10H13N5O13P  3  −3612.9 −2811.5
2−
C10H14N5O13P  3  −3627.9 −2838.2
Alanine C3H7NO2 −554.8 −371.0
Ammonia NH3 −80.3 −26.5
+
Ammonium NH  4  −132.5 −79.3
D-arabinose C5H10O5 −1043.8 −742.2
L-asparagine C4H8N2O3 −766.1 −525.9
L-aspartate C4H7NO4 −943.4 −695.9
3−
Citrate C6H5O  7  −1515.1 −1162.7
2−
C6H6O  7  −1518.5 −1199.2
C6H7O  7−  −1520.9 −1226.3
Carbon dioxide CO2 −413.8 −386.0
−2
Carbonate CO  3  −677.1 −527.8
Bicarbonate CHO  3−  −692.0 −586.8
Carbonic acid CH2O3 −694.9 −606.3
Carbon monoxide CO −121.0 −119.9

Ethanol C2H6O −288.3 −181.6
Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 −482.0 −337.7
Formate CHO  2−  −425.6 −351.0
D-fructose C6H12O6 −1259.4 −915.5
D-fructose 6-phosphate C6H11O9P2− −2267.7* −1760.8
C6H12O9P− −2265.9* −1796.6
3−
D-fructose 1,6-biphosphate C6H11O12P  2  −3320.1* −2639.4
2−
C6H12O12P  2  −3318.3* −2673.9
2−
Fumarate C4H2O  4  −777.4 −601.9
C4H3O  4−  −774.5 −628.1
C4H4O4 −774.9 −645.8
D-galactose C6H12O6 −1255.2 −908.9
D-glucose C6H12O6 −1262.2 −915.9
D-glucose 6-phosphate C6H11O9P2− −2276.4 −1763.9
C6H12O9P− −2274.6 −1800.6
L-glutamate C5H8NO  4−  −979.9 −697.5
L-glutamine C5H10N2O3 −805.0 −528.0
Glycerol C3H8O3 −676.6 −497.5
Glycine C2H5NO2 −523.0 −379.9
Glycylglycine C4H8N2O3 −734.3 −520.2
Hydrogen H2 −4.2 17.6
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 −191.2 −134.0
Hydrogen ion (Note 2) H+ 0.0 0.0
Indole C8H7N 97.5 223.8
Lactate C3H5O  3−  −686.6 −516.7
Lactose C12H22O11 −2233.1 −1567.3
L-leucine C6H13NO2 −643.4 −352.3
Maltose C12H22O11 −2238.1 −1574.7
D-mannose C6H12O6 −1258.7 −910.0
Methane CH4 −89.0 −34.3
Methanol CH4O −245.9 −175.3
Methylammonium CH6N+ −124.9 −39.9
Nitrogen N2 −10.5 18.7
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (ox) NAD+ (Note 2) 0.0 0.0
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (red) NADH (Note 2) −31.9 22.7
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (ox) NADP+ (Note 2) 0.0 −835.2

Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (red) NADPH (Note 2) −29.2 −809.2
Oxygen O2 −11.7 16.4
2−
Oxalate C2O  4  −825.1 −673.9
2−
Hydrogen phosphate HPO  4  −1299.0 −1096.1
Dihydrogen phosphate H2PO  4−  −1302.6 −1137.3
2-propanol C3H8O −330.8 −185.2
4−
Pyrophosphate P2O  7  −2293.5 −1919.9
3−
HP2O  7  −2294.9 −1973.9
2−
H2P2O  7  −2295.4 −2012.2
H3P2O  7−  −2290.4 −2025.1
H4P2O7 −2281.2 −2029.9
Pyruvate C3H3O  3−  −596.2 −472.3
D-ribose C5H10O5 −1034.0 −738.8
D-ribose 5-phosphate C5H9O8P2− −2041.5 −1582.6
C5H10O8P− −2030.2 −1620.8
D-ribulose C5H10O5 −1023.0 −735.9
L-sorbose C6H12O6 −1263.3 −912.0
2
Succinate C4H4O  4−   −908.7 −690.4
C4H5O  4−  −908.8 −722.6
C4H6O4 −912.2 −746.6
Sucrose C12H22O11 −2199.9 −1564.7
L-tryptophan C11H12N2O2 −405.2 −114.7
Urea CH4N2O −317.7 −202.8
L-valine C5H11NO2 −612.0 −358.7
D-xylose C5H10O5 −1045.9 −750.5
D-xylulose C5H10O5 −1029.7 −746.2
*Estimated using data from R. N. Goldberg, Y. B. Tewari, and T. N. Bhat, Thermodynamics of Enzyme Catalyzed
Reactions, NIST Standard Reference Database 74, http://xpdb.nist.gov/enzyme_thermodynamics.
†From Robert A. Alberty, Thermodynamics of Biochemical Reactions, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, USA,
2003. Table 3.2, pp. 52–55 and Table 8.2, p. 151.
Notes
1. The standard property changes of formation ΔH  f°298and ΔG  f°298are the changes occurring
when 1 mol of the listed compound is formed from its elements with each substance in
its standard state at 298.15 K (25°C), except as noted in Note 2.
2. Conventions used in this table are that ΔG  f°298   = 0for H+ and for oxidized
  = ΔH  f°298
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD  ox )  . For the latter, and other NAD species, no
−
molecular formula is provided because their properties are computed relative to this
convention rather than relative to the elements in their standard states.
Appendix D
The Lee/Kesler
Generalized-Correlation Tables
The Lee/Kesler tables are adapted and published by permission from “A Generalized Ther-
modynamic Correlation Based on Three-Parameter Corresponding States,” by Byung Ik Lee
and Michael G. Kesler, AIChE J., 21, 510–527 (1975). The numbers printed in italic type are
liquid-phase properties.
TABLES
Tables D.1 – D.4 Correlation for the compressibility factor

Tables D.5 – D.8 Correlation for the residual enthalpy
Tables D.9 – D.12 Correlation for the residual entropy
Table D.13 – D.16 Correlation for the fugacity coefficient
663
664 APPENDIX D. The Lee/Kesler Generalized-Correlation Tables
Table D.1: Values of Z0
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 0.0029 0.0145 0.0290 0.0579 0.1158 0.1737 0.2315 0.2892
0.35 0.0026 0.0130 0.0261 0.0522 0.1043 0.1564 0.2084 0.2604
0.40 0.0024 0.0119 0.0239 0.0477 0.0953 0.1429 0.1904 0.2379
0.45 0.0022 0.0110 0.0221 0.0442 0.0882 0.1322 0.1762 0.2200
0.50 0.0021 0.0103 0.0207 0.0413 0.0825 0.1236 0.1647 0.2056
0.55 0.9804 0.0098 0.0195 0.0390 0.0778 0.1166 0.1553 0.1939
0.60 0.9849 0.0093 0.0186 0.0371 0.0741 0.1109 0.1476 0.1842
0.65 0.9881 0.9377 0.0178 0.0356 0.0710 0.1063 0.1415 0.1765
0.70 0.9904 0.9504 0.8958 0.0344 0.0687 0.1027 0.1366 0.1703
0.75 0.9922 0.9598 0.9165 0.0336 0.0670 0.1001 0.1330 0.1656
0.80 0.9935 0.9669 0.9319 0.8539 0.0661 0.0985 0.1307 0.1626
0.85 0.9946 0.9725 0.9436 0.8810 0.0661 0.0983 0.1301 0.1614
0.90 0.9954 0.9768 0.9528 0.9015 0.7800 0.1006 0.1321 0.1630
0.93 0.9959 0.9790 0.9573 0.9115 0.8059 0.6635 0.1359 0.1664
0.95 0.9961 0.9803 0.9600 0.9174 0.8206 0.6967 0.1410 0.1705
0.97 0.9963 0.9815 0.9625 0.9227 0.8338 0.7240 0.5580 0.1779
0.98 0.9965 0.9821 0.9637 0.9253 0.8398 0.7360 0.5887 0.1844
0.99 0.9966 0.9826 0.9648 0.9277 0.8455 0.7471 0.6138 0.1959
1.00 0.9967 0.9832 0.9659 0.9300 0.8509 0.7574 0.6355 0.2901
1.01 0.9968 0.9837 0.9669 0.9322 0.8561 0.7671 0.6542 0.4648
1.02 0.9969 0.9842 0.9679 0.9343 0.8610 0.7761 0.6710 0.5146
1.05 0.9971 0.9855 0.9707 0.9401 0.8743 0.8002 0.7130 0.6026
1.10 0.9975 0.9874 0.9747 0.9485 0.8930 0.8323 0.7649 0.6880
1.15 0.9978 0.9891 0.9780 0.9554 0.9081 0.8576 0.8032 0.7443
1.20 0.9981 0.9904 0.9808 0.9611 0.9205 0.8779 0.8330 0.7858
1.30 0.9985 0.9926 0.9852 0.9702 0.9396 0.9083 0.8764 0.8438
1.40 0.9988 0.9942 0.9884 0.9768 0.9534 0.9298 0.9062 0.8827
1.50 0.9991 0.9954 0.9909 0.9818 0.9636 0.9456 0.9278 0.9103
1.60 0.9993 0.9964 0.9928 0.9856 0.9714 0.9575 0.9439 0.9308
1.70 0.9994 0.9971 0.9943 0.9886 0.9775 0.9667 0.9563 0.9463
1.80 0.9995 0.9977 0.9955 0.9910 0.9823 0.9739 0.9659 0.9583
1.90 0.9996 0.9982 0.9964 0.9929 0.9861 0.9796 0.9735 0.9678
2.00 0.9997 0.9986 0.9972 0.9944 0.9892 0.9842 0.9796 0.9754
2.20 0.9998 0.9992 0.9983 0.9967 0.9937 0.9910 0.9886 0.9865
2.40 0.9999 0.9996 0.9991 0.9983 0.9969 0.9957 0.9948 0.9941
2.60 1.0000 0.9998 0.9997 0.9994 0.9991 0.9990 0.9990 0.9993
2.80 1.0000 1.0000 1.0001 1.0002 1.0007 1.0013 1.0021 1.0031
3.00 1.0000 1.0002 1.0004 1.0008 1.0018 1.0030 1.0043 1.0057
3.50 1.0001 1.0004 1.0008 1.0017 1.0035 1.0055 1.0075 1.0097
4.00 1.0001 1.0005 1.0010 1.0021 1.0043 1.0066 1.0090 1.0115
APPENDIX D. The Lee/Kesler Generalized-Correlation Tables 665
Table D.2: Values of Z 1
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 −0.0008 −0.0040 −0.0081 −0.0161 −0.0323 −0.0484 −0.0645 −0.0806
0.35 −0.0009 −0.0046 −0.0093 −0.0185 −0.0370 −0.0554 −0.0738 −0.0921
0.40 −0.0010 −0.0048 −0.0095 −0.0190 −0.0380 −0.0570 −0.0758 −0.0946
0.45 −0.0009 −0.0047 −0.0094 −0.0187 −0.0374 −0.0560 −0.0745 −0.0929
0.50 −0.0009 −0.0045 −0.0090 −0.0181 −0.0360 −0.0539 −0.0716 −0.0893
0.55 −0.0314 −0.0043 −0.0086 −0.0172 −0.0343 −0.0513 −0.0682 −0.0849
0.60 −0.0205 −0.0041 −0.0082 −0.0164 −0.0326 −0.0487 −0.0646 −0.0803
0.65 −0.0137 −0.0772 −0.0078 −0.0156 −0.0309 −0.0461 −0.0611 −0.0759
0.70 −0.0093 −0.0507 −0.1161 −0.0148 −0.0294 −0.0438 −0.0579 −0.0718
0.75 −0.0064 −0.0339 −0.0744 −0.0143 −0.0282 −0.0417 −0.0550 −0.0681
0.80 −0.0044 −0.0228 −0.0487 −0.1160 −0.0272 −0.0401 −0.0526 −0.0648
0.85 −0.0029 −0.0152 −0.0319 −0.0715 −0.0268 −0.0391 −0.0509 −0.0622
0.90 −0.0019 −0.0099 −0.0205 −0.0442 −0.1118 −0.0396 −0.0503 −0.0604
0.93 −0.0015 −0.0075 −0.0154 −0.0326 −0.0763 −0.1662 −0.0514 −0.0602
0.95 −0.0012 −0.0062 −0.0126 −0.0262 −0.0589 −0.1110 −0.0540 −0.0607
0.97 −0.0010 −0.0050 −0.0101 −0.0208 −0.0450 −0.0770 −0.1647 −0.0623
0.98 −0.0009 −0.0044 −0.0090 −0.0184 −0.0390 −0.0641 −0.1100 −0.0641
0.99 −0.0008 −0.0039 −0.0079 −0.0161 −0.0335 −0.0531 −0.0796 −0.0680
1.00 −0.0007 −0.0034 −0.0069 −0.0140 −0.0285 −0.0435 −0.0588 −0.0879
1.01 −0.0006 −0.0030 −0.0060 −0.0120 −0.0240 −0.0351 −0.0429 −0.0223
1.02 −0.0005 −0.0026 −0.0051 −0.0102 −0.0198 −0.0277 −0.0303 −0.0062
1.05 −0.0003 −0.0015 −0.0029 −0.0054 −0.0092 −0.0097 −0.0032 0.0220
1.10 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0007 0.0038 0.0106 0.0236 0.0476
1.15 0.0002 0.0011 0.0023 0.0052 0.0127 0.0237 0.0396 0.0625
1.20 0.0004 0.0019 0.0039 0.0084 0.0190 0.0326 0.0499 0.0719
1.30 0.0006 0.0030 0.0061 0.0125 0.0267 0.0429 0.0612 0.0819
1.40 0.0007 0.0036 0.0072 0.0147 0.0306 0.0477 0.0661 0.0857
1.50 0.0008 0.0039 0.0078 0.0158 0.0323 0.0497 0.0677 0.0864
1.60 0.0008 0.0040 0.0080 0.0162 0.0330 0.0501 0.0677 0.0855
1.70 0.0008 0.0040 0.0081 0.0163 0.0329 0.0497 0.0667 0.0838
1.80 0.0008 0.0040 0.0081 0.0162 0.0325 0.0488 0.0652 0.0814
1.90 0.0008 0.0040 0.0079 0.0159 0.0318 0.0477 0.0635 0.0792
2.00 0.0008 0.0039 0.0078 0.0155 0.0310 0.0464 0.0617 0.0767
2.20 0.0007 0.0037 0.0074 0.0147 0.0293 0.0437 0.0579 0.0719
2.40 0.0007 0.0035 0.0070 0.0139 0.0276 0.0411 0.0544 0.0675
2.60 0.0007 0.0033 0.0066 0.0131 0.0260 0.0387 0.0512 0.0634
2.80 0.0006 0.0031 0.0062 0.0124 0.0245 0.0365 0.0483 0.0598
3.00 0.0006 0.0029 0.0059 0.0117 0.0232 0.0345 0.0456 0.0565
3.50 0.0005 0.0026 0.0052 0.0103 0.0204 0.0303 0.0401 0.0497
4.00 0.0005 0.0023 0.0046 0.0091 0.0182 0.0270 0.0357 0.0443
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 0.2892 0.3479 0.4335 0.5775 0.8648 1.4366 2.0048 2.8507
0.35 0.2604 0.3123 0.3901 0.5195 0.7775 1.2902 1.7987 2.5539
0.40 0.2379 0.2853 0.3563 0.4744 0.7095 1.1758 1.6373 2.3211
0.45 0.2200 0.2638 0.3294 0.4384 0.6551 1.0841 1.5077 2.1338
0.50 0.2056 0.2465 0.3077 0.4092 0.6110 1.0094 1.4017 1.9801
0.55 0.1939 0.2323 0.2899 0.3853 0.5747 0.9475 1.3137 1.8520
0.60 0.1842 0.2207 0.2753 0.3657 0.5446 0.8959 1.2398 1.7440
0.65 0.1765 0.2113 0.2634 0.3495 0.5197 0.8526 1.1773 1.6519
0.70 0.1703 0.2038 0.2538 0.3364 0.4991 0.8161 1.1341 1.5729
0.75 0.1656 0.1981 0.2464 0.3260 0.4823 0.7854 1.0787 1.5047
0.80 0.1626 0.1942 0.2411 0.3182 0.4690 0.7598 1.0400 1.4456
0.85 0.1614 0.1924 0.2382 0.3132 0.4591 0.7388 1.0071 1.3943
0.90 0.1630 0.1935 0.2383 0.3114 0.4527 0.7220 0.9793 1.3496
0.93 0.1664 0.1963 0.2405 0.3122 0.4507 0.7138 0.9648 1.3257
0.95 0.1705 0.1998 0.2432 0.3138 0.4501 0.7092 0.9561 1.3108
0.97 0.1779 0.2055 0.2474 0.3164 0.4504 0.7052 0.9480 1.2968
0.98 0.1844 0.2097 0.2503 0.3182 0.4508 0.7035 0.9442 1.2901
0.99 0.1959 0.2154 0.2538 0.3204 0.4514 0.7018 0.9406 1.2835
1.00 0.2901 0.2237 0.2583 0.3229 0.4522 0.7004 0.9372 1.2772
1.01 0.4648 0.2370 0.2640 0.3260 0.4533 0.6991 0.9339 1.2710
1.02 0.5146 0.2629 0.2715 0.3297 0.4547 0.6980 0.9307 1.2650
1.05 0.6026 0.4437 0.3131 0.3452 0.4604 0.6956 0.9222 1.2481
1.10 0.6880 0.5984 0.4580 0.3953 0.4770 0.6950 0.9110 1.2232
1.15 0.7443 0.6803 0.5798 0.4760 0.5042 0.6987 0.9033 1.2021
1.20 0.7858 0.7363 0.6605 0.5605 0.5425 0.7069 0.8990 1.1844
1.30 0.8438 0.8111 0.7624 0.6908 0.6344 0.7358 0.8998 1.1580
1.40 0.8827 0.8595 0.8256 0.7753 0.7202 0.7761 0.9112 1.1419
1.50 0.9103 0.8933 0.8689 0.8328 0.7887 0.8200 0.9297 1.1339
1.60 0.9308 0.9180 0.9000 0.8738 0.8410 0.8617 0.9518 1.1320
1.70 0.9463 0.9367 0.9234 0.9043 0.8809 0.8984 0.9745 1.1343
1.80 0.9583 0.9511 0.9413 0.9275 0.9118 0.9297 0.9961 1.1391
1.90 0.9678 0.9624 0.9552 0.9456 0.9359 0.9557 1.0157 1.1452
2.00 0.9754 0.9715 0.9664 0.9599 0.9550 0.9772 1.0328 1.1516
2.20 0.9856 0.9847 0.9826 0.9806 0.9827 1.0094 1.0600 1.1635
2.40 0.9941 0.9936 0.9935 0.9945 1.0011 1.0313 1.0793 1.1728
2.60 0.9993 0.9998 1.0010 1.0040 1.0137 1.0463 1.0926 1.1792
2.80 1.0031 1.0042 1.0063 1.0106 1.0223 1.0565 1.1016 1.1830
3.00 1.0057 1.0074 1.0101 1.0153 1.0284 1.0635 1.1075 1.1848
3.50 1.0097 1.0120 1.0156 1.0221 1.0368 1.0723 1.1138 1.1834
4.00 1.0115 1.0140 1.0179 1.0249 1.0401 1.0747 1.1136 1.1773
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 −0.0806 −0.0966 −0.1207 −0.1608 −0.2407 −0.3996 −0.5572 −0.7915
0.35 −0.0921 −0.1105 −0.1379 −0.1834 −0.2738 −0.4523 −0.6279 −0.8863
0.40 −0.0946 −0.1134 −0.1414 −0.1879 −0.2799 −0.4603 −0.6365 −0.8936
0.45 −0.0929 −0.1113 −0.1387 −0.1840 −0.2734 −0.4475 −0.6162 −0.8608
0.50 −0.0893 −0.1069 −0.1330 −0.1762 −0.2611 −0.4253 −0.5831 −0.8099
0.55 −0.0849 −0.1015 −0.1263 −0.1669 −0.2465 −0.3991 −0.5446 −0.7521
0.60 −0.0803 −0.0960 −0.1192 −0.1572 −0.2312 −0.3718 −0.5047 −0.6928
0.65 −0.0759 −0.0906 −0.1122 −0.1476 −0.2160 −0.3447 −0.4653 −0.6346
0.70 −0.0718 −0.0855 −0.1057 −0.1385 −0.2013 −0.3184 −0.4270 −0.5785
0.75 −0.0681 −0.0808 −0.0996 −0.1298 −0.1872 −0.2929 −0.3901 −0.5250
0.80 −0.0648 −0.0767 −0.0940 −0.1217 −0.1736 −0.2682 −0.3545 −0.4740
0.85 −0.0622 −0.0731 −0.0888 −0.1138 −0.1602 −0.2439 −0.3201 −0.4254
0.90 −0.0604 −0.0701 −0.0840 −0.1059 −0.1463 −0.2195 −0.2862 −0.3788
0.93 −0.0602 −0.0687 −0.0810 −0.1007 −0.1374 −0.2045 −0.2661 −0.3516
0.95 −0.0607 −0.0678 −0.0788 −0.0967 −0.1310 −0.1943 −0.2526 −0.3339
0.97 −0.0623 −0.0669 −0.0759 −0.0921 −0.1240 −0.1837 −0.2391 −0.3163
0.98 −0.0641 −0.0661 −0.0740 −0.0893 −0.1202 −0.1783 −0.2322 −0.3075
0.99 −0.0680 −0.0646 −0.0715 −0.0861 −0.1162 −0.1728 −0.2254 −0.2989
1.00 −0.0879 −0.0609 −0.0678 −0.0824 −0.1118 −0.1672 −0.2185 −0.2902
1.01 −0.0223 −0.0473 −0.0621 −0.0778 −0.1072 −0.1615 −0.2116 −0.2816
1.02 −0.0062 −0.0227 −0.0524 −0.0722 −0.1021 −0.1556 −0.2047 −0.2731
1.05 0.0220 0.1059 0.0451 −0.0432 −0.0838 −0.1370 −0.1835 −0.2476
1.10 0.0476 0.0897 0.1630 0.0698 −0.0373 −0.1021 −0.1469 −0.2056
1.15 0.0625 0.0943 0.1548 0.1667 0.0332 −0.0611 −0.1084 −0.1642
1.20 0.0719 0.0991 0.1477 0.1990 0.1095 −0.0141 −0.0678 −0.1231
1.30 0.0819 0.1048 0.1420 0.1991 0.2079 0.0875 0.0176 −0.0423
1.40 0.0857 0.1063 0.1383 0.1894 0.2397 0.1737 0.1008 0.0350
1.50 0.0854 0.1055 0.1345 0.1806 0.2433 0.2309 0.1717 0.1058
1.60 0.0855 0.1035 0.1303 0.1729 0.2381 0.2631 0.2255 0.1673
1.70 0.0838 0.1008 0.1259 0.1658 0.2305 0.2788 0.2628 0.2179
1.80 0.0816 0.0978 0.1216 0.1593 0.2224 0.2846 0.2871 0.2576
1.90 0.0792 0.0947 0.1173 0.1532 0.2144 0.2848 0.3017 0.2876
2.00 0.0767 0.0916 0.1133 0.1476 0.2069 0.2819 0.3097 0.3096
2.20 0.0719 0.0857 0.1057 0.1374 0.1932 0.2720 0.3135 0.3355
2.40 0.0675 0.0803 0.0989 0.1285 0.1812 0.2602 0.3089 0.3459
2.60 0.0634 0.0754 0.0929 0.1207 0.1706 0.2484 0.3009 0.3475
2.80 0.0598 0.0711 0.0876 0.1138 0.1613 0.2372 0.2915 0.3443
3.00 0.0535 0.0672 0.0828 0.1076 0.1529 0.2268 0.2817 0.3385
3.50 0.0497 0.0591 0.0728 0.0949 0.1356 0.2042 0.2584 0.3194
4.00 0.0443 0.0527 0.0651 0.0849 0.1219 0.1857 0.2378 0.2994
Table D.5: Values of (HR)0∕RTc
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 −6.045 −6.043 −6.040 −6.034 −6.022 −6.011 −5.999 −5.987
0.35 −5.906 −5.904 −5.901 −5.895 −5.882 −5.870 −5.858 −5.845
0.40 −5.763 −5.761 −5.757 −5.751 −5.738 −5.726 −5.713 −5.700
0.45 −5.615 −5.612 −5.609 −5.603 −5.590 −5.577 −5.564 −5.551
0.50 −5.465 −5.463 −5.459 −5.453 −5.440 −5.427 −5.414 −5.401
0.55 −0.032 −5.312 −5.309 −5.303 −5.290 −5.278 −5.265 −5.252
0.60 −0.027 −5.162 −5.159 −5.153 −5.141 −5.129 −5.116 −5.104
0.65 −0.023 −0.118 −5.008 −5.002 −4.991 −4.980 −4.968 −4.956
0.70 −0.020 −0.101 −0.213 −4.848 −4.838 −4.828 −4.818 −4.808
0.75 −0.017 −0.088 −0.183 −4.687 −4.679 −4.672 −4.664 −4.655
0.80 −0.015 −0.078 −0.160 −0.345 −4.507 −4.504 −4.499 −4.494
0.85 −0.014 −0.069 −0.141 −0.300 −4.309 −4.313 −4.316 −4.316
0.90 −0.012 −0.062 −0.126 −0.264 −0.596 −4.074 −4.094 −4.108
0.93 −0.011 −0.058 −0.118 −0.246 −0.545 −0.960 −3.920 −3.953
0.95 −0.011 −0.056 −0.113 −0.235 −0.516 −0.885 −3.763 −3.825
0.97 −0.011 −0.054 −0.109 −0.225 −0.490 −0.824 −1.356 −3.658
0.98 −0.010 −0.053 −0.107 −0.221 −0.478 −0.797 −1.273 −3.544
0.99 −0.010 −0.052 −0.105 −0.216 −0.466 −0.773 −1.206 −3.376
1.00 −0.010 −0.051 −0.103 −0.212 −0.455 −0.750 −1.151 −2.584
1.01 −0.010 −0.050 −0.101 −0.208 −0.445 −0.721 −1.102 −1.796
1.02 −0.010 −0.049 −0.099 −0.203 −0.434 −0.708 −1.060 −1.627
1.05 −0.009 −0.046 −0.094 −0.192 −0.407 −0.654 −0.955 −1.359
1.10 −0.008 −0.042 −0.086 −0.175 −0.367 −0.581 −0.827 −1.120
1.15 −0.008 −0.039 −0.079 −0.160 −0.334 −0.523 −0.732 −0.968
1.20 −0.007 −0.036 −0.073 −0.148 −0.305 −0.474 −0.657 −0.857
1.30 −0.006 −0.031 −0.063 −0.127 −0.259 −0.399 −0.545 −0.698
1.40 −0.005 −0.027 −0.055 −0.110 −0.224 −0.341 −0.463 −0.588
1.50 −0.005 −0.024 −0.048 −0.097 −0.196 −0.297 −0.400 −0.505
1.60 −0.004 −0.021 −0.043 −0.086 −0.173 −0.261 −0.350 −0.440
1.70 −0.004 −0.019 −0.038 −0.076 −0.153 −0.231 −0.309 −0.387
1.80 −0.003 −0.017 −0.034 −0.068 −0.137 −0.206 −0.275 −0.344
1.90 −0.003 −0.015 −0.031 −0.062 −0.123 −0.185 −0.246 −0.307
2.00 −0.003 −0.014 −0.028 −0.056 −0.111 −0.167 −0.222 −0.276
2.20 −0.002 −0.012 −0.023 −0.046 −0.092 −0.137 −0.182 −0.226
2.40 −0.002 −0.010 −0.019 −0.038 −0.076 −0.114 −0.150 −0.187
2.60 −0.002 −0.008 −0.016 −0.032 −0.064 −0.095 −0.125 −0.155
2.80 −0.001 −0.007 −0.014 −0.027 −0.054 −0.080 −0.105 −0.130
3.00 −0.001 −0.006 −0.011 −0.023 −0.045 −0.067 −0.088 −0.109
3.50 −0.001 −0.004 −0.007 −0.015 −0.029 −0.043 −0.056 −0.069
4.00 −0.000 −0.002 −0.005 −0.009 −0.017 −0.026 −0.033 −0.041
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 −11.098 −11.096 −11.095 −11.091 −11.083 −11.076 −11.069 −11.062
0.35 −10.656 −10.655 −10.654 −10.653 −10.650 −10.646 −10.643 −10.640
0.40 −10.121 −10.121 −10.121 −10.120 −10.121 −10.121 −10.121 −10.121
0.45 −9.515 −9.515 −9.516 −9.517 −9.519 −9.521 −9.523 −9.525
0.50 −8.868 −8.869 −8.870 −8.872 −8.876 −8.880 −8.884 −8.888
0.55 −0.080 −8.211 −8.212 −8.215 −8.221 −8.226 −8.232 −8.238
0.60 −0.059 −7.568 −7.570 −7.573 −7.579 −7.585 −7.591 −7.596
0.65 −0.045 −0.247 −6.949 −6.952 −6.959 −6.966 −6.973 −6.980
0.70 −0.034 −0.185 −0.415 −6.360 −6.367 −6.373 −6.381 −6.388
0.75 −0.027 −0.142 −0.306 −5.796 −5.802 −5.809 −5.816 −5.824
0.80 −0.021 −0.110 −0.234 −0.542 −5.266 −5.271 −5.278 −5.285
0.85 −0.017 −0.087 −0.182 −0.401 −4.753 −4.754 −4.758 −4.763
0.90 −0.014 −0.070 −0.144 −0.308 −0.751 −4.254 −4.248 −4.249
0.93 −0.012 −0.061 −0.126 −0.265 −0.612 −1.236 −3.942 −3.934
0.95 −0.011 −0.056 −0.115 −0.241 −0.542 −0.994 −3.737 −3.712
0.97 −0.010 −0.052 −0.105 −0.219 −0.483 −0.837 −1.616 −3.470
0.98 −0.010 −0.050 −0.101 −0.209 −0.457 −0.776 −1.324 −3.332
0.99 −0.009 −0.048 −0.097 −0.200 −0.433 −0.722 −1.154 −3.164
1.00 −0.009 −0.046 −0.093 −0.191 −0.410 −0.675 −1.034 −2.471
1.01 −0.009 −0.044 −0.089 −0.183 −0.389 −0.632 −0.940 −1.375
1.02 −0.008 −0.042 −0.085 −0.175 −0.370 −0.594 −0.863 −1.180
1.05 −0.007 −0.037 −0.075 −0.153 −0.318 −0.498 −0.691 −0.877
1.10 −0.006 −0.030 −0.061 −0.123 −0.251 −0.381 −0.507 −0.617
1.15 −0.005 −0.025 −0.050 −0.099 −0.199 −0.296 −0.385 −0.459
1.20 −0.004 −0.020 −0.040 −0.080 −0.158 −0.232 −0.297 −0.349
1.30 −0.003 −0.013 −0.026 −0.052 −0.100 −0.142 −0.177 −0.203
1.40 −0.002 −0.008 −0.016 −0.032 −0.060 −0.083 −0.100 −0.111
1.50 −0.001 −0.005 −0.009 −0.018 −0.032 −0.042 −0.048 −0.049
1.60 −0.000 −0.002 −0.004 −0.007 −0.012 −0.013 −0.011 −0.005
1.70 −0.000 −0.000 −0.000 −0.000 0.003 0.009 0.017 0.027
1.80 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.015 0.025 0.037 0.051
1.90 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.023 0.037 0.053 0.070
2.00 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.015 0.030 0.047 0.065 0.085
2.20 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.062 0.083 0.106
2.40 0.001 0.006 0.012 0.023 0.047 0.071 0.095 0.120
2.60 0.001 0.006 0.013 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130
2.80 0.001 0.007 0.014 0.028 0.055 0.082 0.110 0.137
3.00 0.001 0.007 0.014 0.029 0.058 0.086 0.114 0.142
3.50 0.002 0.008 0.016 0.031 0.062 0.092 0.122 0.152
4.00 0.002 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.096 0.127 0.158
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 −5.987 −5.975 −5.957 −5.927 −5.868 −5.748 −5.628 −5.446
0.35 −5.845 −5.833 −5.814 −5.783 −5.721 −5.595 −5.469 −5.278
0.40 −5.700 −5.687 −5.668 −5.636 −5.572 −5.442 −5.311 −5.113
0.45 −5.551 −5.538 −5.519 −5.486 −5.421 −5.288 −5.154 −5.950
0.50 −5.401 −5.388 −5.369 −5.336 −5.279 −5.135 −4.999 −4.791
0.55 −5.252 −5.239 −5.220 −5.187 −5.121 −4.986 −4.849 −4.638
0.60 −5.104 −5.091 −5.073 −5.041 −4.976 −4.842 −4.794 −4.492
0.65 −4.956 −4.949 −4.927 −4.896 −4.833 −4.702 −4.565 −4.353
0.70 −4.808 −4.797 −4.781 −4.752 −4.693 −4.566 −4.432 −4.221
0.75 −4.655 −4.646 −4.632 −4.607 −4.554 −4.434 −4.393 −4.095
0.80 −4.494 −4.488 −4.478 −4.459 −4.413 −4.303 −4.178 −3.974
0.85 −4.316 −4.316 −4.312 −4.302 −4.269 −4.173 −4.056 −3.857
0.90 −4.108 −4.118 −4.127 −4.132 −4.119 −4.043 −3.935 −3.744
0.93 −3.953 −3.976 −4.000 −4.020 −4.024 −3.963 −3.863 −3.678
0.95 −3.825 −3.865 −3.904 −3.940 −3.958 −3.910 −3.815 −3.634
0.97 −3.658 −3.732 −3.796 −3.853 −3.890 −3.856 −3.767 −3.591
0.98 −3.544 −3.652 −3.736 −3.806 −3.854 −3.829 −3.743 −3.569
0.99 −3.376 −3.558 −3.670 −3.758 −3.818 −3.801 −3.719 −3.548
1.00 −2.584 −3.441 −3.598 −3.706 −3.782 −3.774 −3.695 −3.526
1.01 −1.796 −3.283 −3.516 −3.652 −3.744 −3.746 −3.671 −3.505
1.02 −1.627 −3.039 −3.422 −3.595 −3.705 −3.718 −3.647 −3.484
1.05 −1.359 −2.034 −3.030 −3.398 −3.583 −3.632 −3.575 −3.420
1.10 −1.120 −1.487 −2.203 −2.965 −3.353 −3.484 −3.453 −3.315
1.15 −0.968 −1.239 −1.719 −2.479 −3.091 −3.329 −3.329 −3.211
1.20 −0.857 −1.076 −1.443 −2.079 −2.801 −3.166 −3.202 −3.107
1.30 −0.698 −0.860 −1.116 −1.560 −2.274 −2.825 −2.942 −2.899
1.40 −0.588 −0.716 −0.915 −1.253 −1.857 −2.486 −2.679 −2.692
1.50 −0.505 −0.611 −0.774 −1.046 −1.549 −2.175 −2.421 −2.486
1.60 −0.440 −0.531 −0.667 −0.894 −1.318 −1.904 −2.177 −2.285
1.70 −0.387 −0.446 −0.583 −0.777 −1.139 −1.672 −1.953 −2.091
1.80 −0.344 −0.413 −0.515 −0.683 −0.996 −1.476 −1.751 −1.908
1.90 −0.307 −0.368 −0.458 −0.606 −0.880 −1.309 −1.571 −1.736
2.00 −0.276 −0.330 −0.411 −0.541 −0.782 −1.167 −1.411 −1.577
2.20 −0.226 −0.269 −0.334 −0.437 −0.629 −0.937 −1.143 −1.295
2.40 −0.187 −0.222 −0.275 −0.359 −0.513 −0.761 −0.929 −1.058
2.60 −0.155 −0.185 −0.228 −0.297 −0.422 −0.621 −0.756 −0.858
2.80 −0.130 −0.154 −0.190 −0.246 −0.348 −0.508 −0.614 −0.689
3.00 −0.109 −0.129 −0.159 −0.205 −0.288 −0.415 −0.495 −0.545
3.50 −0.069 −0.081 −0.099 −0.127 −0.174 −0.239 −0.270 −0.264
4.00 −0.041 −0.048 −0.058 −0.072 −0.095 −0.116 −0.110 −0.061
Table D.8: Values of (HR)1/RTc
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 −11.062 −11.055 −11.044 −11.027 −10.992 −10.935 −10.872 −10.781
0.35 −10.640 −10.637 −10.632 −10.624 −10.609 −10.581 −10.554 −10.529
0.40 −10.121 −10.121 −10.121 −10.122 −10.123 −10.128 −10.135 −10.150
0.45 −9.525 −9.527 −9.531 −9.537 −9.549 −9.576 −9.611 −9.663
0.50 −8.888 −8.892 −8.899 −8.909 −8.932 −8.978 −9.030 −9.111
0.55 −8.238 −8.243 −8.252 −8.267 −8.298 −8.360 −8.425 −8.531
0.60 −7.596 −7.603 −7.614 −7.632 −7.669 −7.745 −7.824 −7.950
0.65 −6.980 −6.987 −6.997 −7.017 −7.059 −7.147 −7.239 −7.381
0.70 −6.388 −6.395 −6.407 −6.429 −6.475 −6.574 −6.677 −6.837
0.75 −5.824 −5.832 −5.845 −5.868 −5.918 −6.027 −6.142 −6.318
0.80 −5.285 −5.293 −5.306 −5.330 −5.385 −5.506 −5.632 −5.824
0.85 −4.763 −4.771 −4.784 −4.810 −4.872 −5.000 −5.149 −5.358
0.90 −4.249 −4.255 −4.268 −4.298 −4.371 −4.530 −4.688 −4.916
0.93 −3.934 −3.937 −3.951 −3.987 −4.073 −4.251 −4.422 −4.662
0.95 −3.712 −3.713 −3.730 −3.773 −3.873 −4.068 −4.248 −4.497
0.97 −3.470 −3.467 −3.492 −3.551 −3.670 −3.885 −4.077 −4.336
0.98 −3.332 −3.327 −3.363 −3.434 −3.568 −3.795 −3.992 −4.257
0.99 −3.164 −3.164 −3.223 −3.313 −3.464 −3.705 −3.909 −4.178
1.00 −2.471 −2.952 −3.065 −3.186 −3.358 −3.615 −3.825 −4.100
1.01 −1.375 −2.595 −2.880 −3.051 −3.251 −3.525 −3.742 −4.023
1.02 −1.180 −1.723 −2.650 −2.906 −3.142 −3.435 −3.661 −3.947
1.05 −0.877 −0.878 −1.496 −2.381 −2.800 −3.167 −3.418 −3.722
1.10 −0.617 −0.673 −0.617 −1.261 −2.167 −2.720 −3.023 −3.362
1.15 −0.459 −0.503 −0.487 −0.604 −1.497 −2.275 −2.641 −3.019
1.20 −0.349 −0.381 −0.381 −0.361 −0.934 −1.840 −2.273 −2.692
1.30 −0.203 −0.218 −0.218 −0.178 −0.300 −1.066 −1.592 −2.086
1.40 −0.111 −0.115 −0.128 −0.070 −0.044 −0.504 −1.012 −1.547
1.50 −0.049 −0.046 −0.032 0.008 0.078 −0.142 −0.556 −1.080
1.60 −0.005 0.004 0.023 0.065 0.151 0.082 −0.217 −0.689
1.70 0.027 0.040 0.063 0.109 0.202 0.223 0.028 −0.369
1.80 0.051 0.067 0.094 0.143 0.241 0.317 0.203 −0.112
1.90 0.070 0.088 0.117 0.169 0.271 0.381 0.330 0.092
2.00 0.085 0.105 0.136 0.190 0.295 0.428 0.424 0.255
2.20 0.106 0.128 0.163 0.221 0.331 0.493 0.551 0.489
2.40 0.120 0.144 0.181 0.242 0.356 0.535 0.631 0.645
2.60 0.130 0.156 0.194 0.257 0.376 0.567 0.687 0.754
2.80 0.137 0.164 0.204 0.269 0.391 0.591 0.729 0.836
3.00 0.142 0.170 0.211 0.278 0.403 0.611 0.763 0.899
3.50 0.152 0.181 0.224 0.294 0.425 0.650 0.827 1.015
4.00 0.158 0.188 0.233 0.306 0.442 0.680 0.874 1.097
Table D.9: Values of (SR)0∕R
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 −11.614 −10.008 −9.319 −8.635 −7.961 −7.574 −7.304 −7.099
0.35 −11.185 −9.579 −8.890 −8.205 −7.529 −7.140 −6.869 −6.663
0.40 −10.802 −9.196 −8.506 −7.821 −7.144 −6.755 −6.483 −6.275
0.45 −10.453 −8.847 −8.157 −7.472 −6.794 −6.404 −6.132 −5.924
0.50 −10.137 −8.531 −7.841 −7.156 −6.479 −6.089 −5.816 −5.608
0.55 −0.038 −8.245 −7.555 −6.870 −6.193 −5.803 −5.531 −5.324
0.60 −0.029 −7.983 −7.294 −6.610 −5.933 −5.544 −5.273 −5.066
0.65 −0.023 −0.122 −7.052 −6.368 −5.694 −5.306 −5.036 −4.830
0.70 −0.018 −0.096 −0.206 −6.140 −5.467 −5.082 −4.814 −4.610
0.75 −0.015 −0.078 −0.164 −5.917 −5.248 −4.866 −4.600 −4.399
0.80 −0.013 −0.064 −0.134 −0.294 −5.026 −4.694 −4.388 −4.191
0.85 −0.011 −0.054 −0.111 −0.239 −4.785 −4.418 −4.166 −3.976
0.90 −0.009 −0.046 −0.094 −0.199 −0.463 −4.145 −3.912 −3.738
0.93 −0.008 −0.042 −0.085 −0.179 −0.408 −0.750 −3.723 −3.569
0.95 −0.008 −0.039 −0.080 −0.168 −0.377 −0.671 −3.556 −3.433
0.97 −0.007 −0.037 −0.075 −0.157 −0.350 −0.607 −1.056 −3.259
0.98 −0.007 −0.036 −0.073 −0.153 −0.337 −0.580 −0.971 −3.142
0.99 −0.007 −0.035 −0.071 −0.148 −0.326 −0.555 −0.903 −2.972
1.00 −0.007 −0.034 −0.069 −0.144 −0.315 −0.532 −0.847 −2.178
1.01 −0.007 −0.033 −0.067 −0.139 −0.304 −0.510 −0.799 −1.391
1.02 −0.006 −0.032 −0.065 −0.135 −0.294 −0.491 −0.757 −1.225
1.05 −0.006 −0.030 −0.060 −0.124 −0.267 −0.439 −0.656 −0.965
1.10 −0.005 −0.026 −0.053 −0.108 −0.230 −0.371 −0.537 −0.742
1.15 −0.005 −0.023 −0.047 −0.096 −0.201 −0.319 −0.452 −0.607
1.20 −0.004 −0.021 −0.042 −0.085 −0.177 −0.277 −0.389 −0.512
1.30 −0.003 −0.017 −0.033 −0.068 −0.140 −0.217 −0.298 −0.385
1.40 −0.003 −0.014 −0.027 −0.056 −0.114 −0.174 −0.237 −0.303
1.50 −0.002 −0.011 −0.023 −0.046 −0.094 −0.143 −0.194 −0.246
1.60 −0.002 −0.010 −0.019 −0.039 −0.079 −0.120 −0.162 −0.204
1.70 −0.002 −0.008 −0.017 −0.033 −0.067 −0.102 −0.137 −0.172
1.80 −0.001 −0.007 −0.014 −0.029 −0.058 −0.088 −0.117 −0.147
1.90 −0.001 −0.006 −0.013 −0.025 −0.051 −0.076 −0.102 −0.127
2.00 −0.001 −0.006 −0.011 −0.022 −0.044 −0.067 −0.089 −0.111
2.20 −0.001 −0.004 −0.009 −0.018 −0.035 −0.053 −0.070 −0.087
2.40 −0.001 −0.004 −0.007 −0.014 −0.028 −0.042 −0.056 −0.070
2.60 −0.001 −0.003 −0.006 −0.012 −0.023 −0.035 −0.046 −0.058
2.80 −0.000 −0.002 −0.005 −0.010 −0.020 −0.029 −0.039 −0.048
3.00 −0.000 −0.002 −0.004 −0.008 −0.017 −0.025 −0.033 −0.041
3.50 −0.000 −0.001 −0.003 −0.006 −0.012 −0.017 −0.023 −0.029
4.00 −0.000 −0.001 −0.002 −0.004 −0.009 −0.013 −0.017 −0.021
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 −16.782 −16.774 −16.764 −16.744 −16.705 −16.665 −16.626 −16.586
0.35 −15.413 −15.408 −15.401 −15.387 −15.359 −15.333 −15.305 −15.278
0.40 −13.990 −13.986 −13.981 −13.972 −13.953 −13.934 −13.915 −13.896
0.45 −12.564 −12.561 −12.558 −12.551 −12.537 −12.523 −12.509 −12.496
0.50 −11.202 −11.200 −11.197 −11.092 −11.082 −11.172 −11.162 −11.153
0.55 −0.115 −9.948 −9.946 −9.942 −9.935 −9.928 −9.921 −9.914
0.60 −0.078 −8.828 −8.826 −8.823 −8.817 −8.811 −8.806 −8.799
0.65 −0.055 −0.309 −7.832 −7.829 −7.824 −7.819 −7.815 −7.510
0.70 −0.040 −0.216 −0.491 −6.951 −6.945 −6.941 −6.937 −6.933
0.75 −0.029 −0.156 −0.340 −6.173 −6.167 −6.162 −6.158 −6.155
0.80 −0.022 −0.116 −0.246 −0.578 −5.475 −5.468 −5.462 −5.458
0.85 −0.017 −0.088 −0.183 −0.400 −4.853 −4.841 −4.832 −4.826
0.90 −0.013 −0.068 −0.140 −0.301 −0.744 −4.269 −4.249 −4.238
0.93 −0.011 −0.058 −0.120 −0.254 −0.593 −1.219 −3.914 −3.894
0.95 −0.010 −0.053 −0.109 −0.228 −0.517 −0.961 −3.697 −3.658
0.97 −0.010 −0.048 −0.099 −0.206 −0.456 −0.797 −1.570 −3.406
0.98 −0.009 −0.046 −0.094 −0.196 −0.429 −0.734 −1.270 −3.264
0.99 −0.009 −0.044 −0.090 −0.186 −0.405 −0.680 −1.098 −3.093
1.00 −0.008 −0.042 −0.086 −0.177 −0.382 −0.632 −0.977 −2.399
1.01 −0.008 −0.040 −0.082 −0.169 −0.361 −0.590 −0.883 −1.306
1.02 −0.008 −0.039 −0.078 −0.161 −0.342 −0.552 −0.807 −1.113
1.05 −0.007 −0.034 −0.069 −0.140 −0.292 −0.460 −0.642 −0.820
1.10 −0.005 −0.028 −0.055 −0.112 −0.229 −0.350 −0.470 −0.577
1.15 −0.005 −0.023 −0.045 −0.091 −0.183 −0.275 −0.361 −0.437
1.20 −0.004 −0.019 −0.037 −0.075 −0.149 −0.220 −0.286 −0.343
1.30 −0.003 −0.013 −0.026 −0.052 −0.102 −0.148 −0.190 −0.226
1.40 −0.002 −0.010 −0.019 −0.037 −0.072 −0.104 −0.133 −0.158
1.50 −0.001 −0.007 −0.014 −0.027 −0.053 −0.076 −0.097 −0.115
1.60 −0.001 −0.005 −0.011 −0.021 −0.040 −0.057 −0.073 −0.086
1.70 −0.001 −0.004 −0.008 −0.016 −0.031 −0.044 −0.056 −0.067
1.80 −0.001 −0.003 −0.006 −0.013 −0.024 −0.035 −0.044 −0.053
1.90 −0.001 −0.003 −0.005 −0.010 −0.019 −0.028 −0.036 −0.043
2.00 −0.000 −0.002 −0.004 −0.008 −0.016 −0.023 −0.029 −0.035
2.20 −0.000 −0.001 −0.003 −0.006 −0.011 −0.016 −0.021 −0.025
2.40 −0.000 −0.001 −0.002 −0.004 −0.008 −0.012 −0.015 −0.019
2.60 −0.000 −0.001 −0.002 −0.003 −0.006 −0.009 −0.012 −0.015
2.80 −0.000 −0.001 −0.001 −0.003 −0.005 −0.008 −0.010 −0.012
3.00 −0.000 −0.001 −0.001 −0.002 −0.004 −0.006 −0.008 −0.010
3.50 −0.000 −0.000 −0.001 −0.001 −0.003 −0.004 −0.006 −0.007
4.00 −0.000 −0.000 −0.001 −0.001 −0.002 −0.003 −0.005 −0.006
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 −7.099 −6.935 −6.740 −6.497 −6.180 −5.847 −5.683 −5.578
0.35 −6.663 −6.497 −6.299 −6.052 −5.728 −5.376 −5.194 −5.060
0.40 −6.275 −6.109 −5.909 −5.660 −5.330 −4.967 −4.772 −4.619
0.45 −5.924 −5.757 −5.557 −5.306 −4.974 −4.603 −4.401 −4.234
0.50 −5.608 −5.441 −5.240 −4.989 −4.656 −4.282 −4.074 −3.899
0.55 −5.324 −5.157 −4.956 −4.706 −4.373 −3.998 −3.788 −3.607
0.60 −5.066 −4.900 −4.700 −4.451 −4.120 −3.747 −3.537 −3.353
0.65 −4.830 −4.665 −4.467 −4.220 −3.892 −3.523 −3.315 −3.131
0.70 −4.610 −4.446 −4.250 −4.007 −3.684 −3.322 −3.117 −2.935
0.75 −4.399 −4.238 −4.045 −3.807 −3.491 −3.138 −2.939 −2.761
0.80 −4.191 −4.034 −3.846 −3.615 −3.310 −2.970 −2.777 −2.605
0.85 −3.976 −3.825 −3.646 −3.425 −3.135 −2.812 −2.629 −2.463
0.90 −3.738 −3.599 −3.434 −3.231 −2.964 −2.663 −2.491 −2.334
0.93 −3.569 −3.444 −3.295 −3.108 −2.860 −2.577 −2.412 −2.262
0.95 −3.433 −3.326 −3.193 −3.023 −2.790 −2.520 −2.362 −2.215
0.97 −3.259 −3.188 −3.081 −2.932 −2.719 −2.463 −2.312 −2.170
0.98 −3.142 −3.106 −3.019 −2.884 −2.682 −2.436 −2.287 −2.148
0.99 −2.972 −3.010 −2.953 −2.835 −2.646 −2.408 −2.263 −2.126
1.00 −2.178 −2.893 −2.879 −2.784 −2.609 −2.380 −2.239 −2.105
1.01 −1.391 −2.736 −2.798 −2.730 −2.571 −2.352 −2.215 −2.083
1.02 −1.225 −2.495 −2.706 −2.673 −2.533 −2.325 −2.191 −2.062
1.05 −0.965 −1.523 −2.328 −2.483 −2.415 −2.242 −2.121 −2.001
1.10 −0.742 −1.012 −1.557 −2.081 −2.202 −2.104 −2.007 −1.903
1.15 −0.607 −0.790 −1.126 −1.649 −1.968 −1.966 −1.897 −1.810
1.20 −0.512 −0.651 −0.890 −1.308 −1.727 −1.827 −1.789 −1.722
1.30 −0.385 −0.478 −0.628 −0.891 −1.299 −1.554 −1.581 −1.556
1.40 −0.303 −0.375 −0.478 −0.663 −0.990 −1.303 −1.386 −1.402
1.50 −0.246 −0.299 −0.381 −0.520 −0.777 −1.088 −1.208 −1.260
1.60 −0.204 −0.247 −0.312 −0.421 −0.628 −0.913 −1.050 −1.130
1.70 −0.172 −0.208 −0.261 −0.350 −0.519 −0.773 −0.915 −1.013
1.80 −0.147 −0.177 −0.222 −0.296 −0.438 −0.661 −0.799 −0.908
1.90 −0.127 −0.153 −0.191 −0.255 −0.375 −0.570 −0.702 −0.815
2.00 −0.111 −0.134 −0.167 −0.221 −0.625 −0.497 −0.620 −0.733
2.20 −0.087 −0.105 −0.130 −0.172 −0.251 −0.388 −0.492 −0.599
2.40 −0.070 −0.084 −0.104 −0.138 −0.201 −0.311 −0.399 −0.496
2.60 −0.058 −0.069 −0.086 −0.113 −0.164 −0.255 −0.329 −0.416
2.80 −0.048 −0.058 −0.072 −0.094 −0.137 −0.213 −0.277 −0.353
3.00 −0.041 −0.049 −0.061 −0.080 −0.116 −0.181 −0.236 −0.303
3.50 −0.029 −0.034 −0.042 −0.056 −0.081 −0.126 −0.166 −0.216
4.00 −0.021 −0.025 −0.031 −0.041 −0.059 −0.093 −0.123 −0.162
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 −16.586 −16.547 −16.488 −16.390 −16.195 −15.837 −15.468 −14.925
0.35 −15.278 −15.251 −15.211 −15.144 −15.011 −14.751 −14.496 −14.153
0.40 −13.896 −13.877 −13.849 −13.803 −13.714 −13.541 −13.376 −13.144
0.45 −12.496 −12.482 −12.462 −12.430 −12.367 −12.248 −12.145 −11.999
0.50 −11.153 −11.143 −11.129 −11.107 −11.063 −10.985 −10.920 −10.836
0.55 −9.914 −9.907 −9.897 −9.882 −9.853 −9.806 −9.769 −9.732
0.60 −8.799 −8.794 −8.787 −8.777 −8.760 −8.736 −8.723 −8.720
0.65 −7.810 −7.807 −7.801 −7.794 −7.784 −7.779 −7.785 −7.811
0.70 −6.933 −6.930 −6.926 −6.922 −6.919 −6.929 −6.952 −7.002
0.75 −6.155 −6.152 −6.149 −6.147 −6.149 −6.174 −6.213 −6.285
0.80 −5.458 −5.455 −5.453 −5.452 −5.461 −5.501 −5.555 −5.648
0.85 −4.826 −4.822 −4.820 −4.822 −4.839 −4.898 −4.969 −5.082
0.90 −4.238 −4.232 −4.230 −4.236 −4.267 −4.351 −4.442 −4.578
0.93 −3.894 −3.885 −3.884 −3.896 −3.941 −4.046 −4.151 −4.300
0.95 −3.658 −3.647 −3.648 −3.669 −3.728 −3.851 −3.966 −4.125
0.97 −3.406 −3.391 −3.401 −3.437 −3.517 −3.661 −3.788 −3.957
0.98 −3.264 −3.247 −3.268 −3.318 −3.412 −3.569 −3.701 −3.875
0.99 −3.093 −3.082 −3.126 −3.195 −3.306 −3.477 −3.616 −3.796
1.00 −2.399 −2.868 −2.967 −3.067 −3.200 −3.387 −3.532 −3.717
1.01 −1.306 −2.513 −2.784 −2.933 −3.094 −3.297 −3.450 −3.640
1.02 −1.113 −1.655 −2.557 −2.790 −2.986 −3.209 −3.369 −3.565
1.05 −0.820 −0.831 −1.443 −2.283 −2.655 −2.949 −3.134 −3.348
1.10 −0.577 −0.640 −0.618 −1.241 −2.067 −2.534 −2.767 −3.013
1.15 −0.437 −0.489 −0.502 −0.654 −1.471 −2.138 −2.428 −2.708
1.20 −0.343 −0.385 −0.412 −0.447 −0.991 −1.767 −2.115 −2.430
1.30 −0.226 −0.254 −0.282 −0.300 −0.481 −1.147 −1.569 −1.944
1.40 −0.158 −0.178 −0.200 −0.220 −0.290 −0.730 −1.138 −1.544
1.50 −0.115 −0.130 −0.147 −0.166 −0.206 −0.479 −0.823 −1.222
1.60 −0.086 −0.098 −0.112 −0.129 −0.159 −0.334 −0.604 −0.969
1.70 −0.067 −0.076 −0.087 −0.102 −0.127 −0.248 −0.456 −0.775
1.80 −0.053 −0.060 −0.070 −0.083 −0.105 −0.195 −0.355 −0.628
1.90 −0.043 −0.049 −0.057 −0.069 −0.089 −0.160 −0.286 −0.518
2.00 −0.035 −0.040 −0.048 −0.058 −0.077 −0.136 −0.238 −0.434
2.20 −0.025 −0.029 −0.035 −0.043 −0.060 −0.105 −0.178 −0.322
2.40 −0.019 −0.022 −0.027 −0.034 −0.048 −0.086 −0.143 −0.254
2.60 −0.015 −0.018 −0.021 −0.028 −0.041 −0.074 −0.120 −0.210
2.80 −0.012 −0.014 −0.018 −0.023 −0.025 −0.065 −0.104 −0.180
3.00 −0.010 −0.012 −0.015 −0.020 −0.031 −0.058 −0.093 −0.158
3.50 −0.007 −0.009 −0.011 −0.015 −0.024 −0.046 −0.073 −0.122
4.00 −0.006 −0.007 −0.009 −0.012 −0.020 −0.038 −0.060 −0.100
Table D.13: Values of ϕ0
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.35 0.0034 0.0007 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000
0.40 0.0272 0.0055 0.0028 0.0014 0.0007 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003
0.45 0.1321 0.0266 0.0135 0.0069 0.0036 0.0025 0.0020 0.0016
0.50 0.4529 0.0912 0.0461 0.0235 0.0122 0.0085 0.0067 0.0055
0.55 0.9817 0.2432 0.1227 0.0625 0.0325 0.0225 0.0176 0.0146
0.60 0.9840 0.5383 0.2716 0.1384 0.0718 0.0497 0.0386 0.0321
0.65 0.9886 0.9419 0.5212 0.2655 0.1374 0.0948 0.0738 0.0611
0.70 0.9908 0.9528 0.9057 0.4560 0.2360 0.1626 0.1262 0.1045
0.75 0.9931 0.9616 0.9226 0.7178 0.3715 0.2559 0.1982 0.1641
0.80 0.9931 0.9683 0.9354 0.8730 0.5445 0.3750 0.2904 0.2404
0.85 0.9954 0.9727 0.9462 0.8933 0.7534 0.5188 0.4018 0.3319
0.90 0.9954 0.9772 0.9550 0.9099 0.8204 0.6823 0.5297 0.4375
0.93 0.9954 0.9795 0.9594 0.9183 0.8375 0.7551 0.6109 0.5058
0.95 0.9954 0.9817 0.9616 0.9226 0.8472 0.7709 0.6668 0.5521
0.97 0.9954 0.9817 0.9638 0.9268 0.8570 0.7852 0.7112 0.5984
0.98 0.9954 0.9817 0.9638 0.9290 0.8610 0.7925 0.7211 0.6223
0.99 0.9977 0.9840 0.9661 0.9311 0.8650 0.7980 0.7295 0.6442
1.00 0.9977 0.9840 0.9661 0.9333 0.8690 0.8035 0.7379 0.6668
1.01 0.9977 0.9840 0.9683 0.9354 0.8730 0.8110 0.7464 0.6792
1.02 0.9977 0.9840 0.9683 0.9376 0.8770 0.8166 0.7551 0.6902
1.05 0.9977 0.9863 0.9705 0.9441 0.8872 0.8318 0.7762 0.7194
1.10 0.9977 0.9886 0.9750 0.9506 0.9016 0.8531 0.8072 0.7586
1.15 0.9977 0.9886 0.9795 0.9572 0.9141 0.8730 0.8318 0.7907
1.20 0.9977 0.9908 0.9817 0.9616 0.9247 0.8892 0.8531 0.8166
1.30 0.9977 0.9931 0.9863 0.9705 0.9419 0.9141 0.8872 0.8590
1.40 0.9977 0.9931 0.9886 0.9772 0.9550 0.9333 0.9120 0.8892
1.50 1.0000 0.9954 0.9908 0.9817 0.9638 0.9462 0.9290 0.9141
1.60 1.0000 0.9954 0.9931 0.9863 0.9727 0.9572 0.9441 0.9311
1.70 1.0000 0.9977 0.9954 0.9886 0.9772 0.9661 0.9550 0.9462
1.80 1.0000 0.9977 0.9954 0.9908 0.9817 0.9727 0.9661 0.9572
1.90 1.0000 0.9977 0.9954 0.9931 0.9863 0.9795 0.9727 0.9661
2.00 1.0000 0.9977 0.9977 0.9954 0.9886 0.9840 0.9795 0.9727
2.20 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977 0.9977 0.9931 0.9908 0.9886 0.9840
2.40 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977 0.9977 0.9954 0.9931 0.9931
2.60 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977 0.9977 0.9977
2.80 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0023
3.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0023 1.0046 1.0046
3.50 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0023 1.0046 1.0069 1.0093
4.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0069 1.0093 1.0116
Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Tr
0.30 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.35 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.40 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.45 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
0.50 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013
0.55 0.9705 0.0069 0.0068 0.0068 0.0066 0.0065 0.0064 0.0063
0.60 0.9795 0.0227 0.0226 0.0223 0.0220 0.0216 0.0213 0.0210
0.65 0.9863 0.9311 0.0572 0.0568 0.0559 0.0551 0.0543 0.0535
0.70 0.9908 0.9528 0.9036 0.1182 0.1163 0.1147 0.1131 0.1116
0.75 0.9931 0.9683 0.9332 0.2112 0.2078 0.2050 0.2022 0.1994
0.80 0.9954 0.9772 0.9550 0.9057 0.3302 0.3257 0.3212 0.3168
0.85 0.9977 0.9863 0.9705 0.9375 0.4774 0.4708 0.4654 0.4590
0.90 0.9977 0.9908 0.9795 0.9594 0.9141 0.6323 0.6250 0.6165
0.93 0.9977 0.9931 0.9840 0.9705 0.9354 0.8953 0.7227 0.7144
0.95 0.9977 0.9931 0.9885 0.9750 0.9484 0.9183 0.7888 0.7797
0.97 1.0000 0.9954 0.9908 0.9795 0.9594 0.9354 0.9078 0.8413
0.98 1.0000 0.9954 0.9908 0.9817 0.9638 0.9440 0.9225 0.8729
0.99 1.0000 0.9954 0.9931 0.9840 0.9683 0.9528 0.9332 0.9036
1.00 1.0000 0.9977 0.9931 0.9863 0.9727 0.9594 0.9440 0.9311
1.01 1.0000 0.9977 0.9931 0.9885 0.9772 0.9638 0.9528 0.9462
1.02 1.0000 0.9977 0.9954 0.9908 0.9795 0.9705 0.9616 0.9572
1.05 1.0000 0.9977 0.9977 0.9954 0.9885 0.9863 0.9840 0.9840
1.10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0093 1.0163
1.15 1.0000 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0116 1.0186 1.0257 1.0375
1.20 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0280 1.0399 1.0544
1.30 1.0000 1.0023 1.0069 1.0116 1.0257 1.0399 1.0544 1.0716
1.40 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0139 1.0304 1.0471 1.0642 1.0815
1.50 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0328 1.0496 1.0666 1.0865
1.60 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0328 1.0496 1.0691 1.0865
1.70 1.0000 1.0046 1.0093 1.0163 1.0328 1.0496 1.0691 1.0865
1.80 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0328 1.0496 1.0666 1.0840
1.90 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0328 1.0496 1.0666 1.0815
2.00 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0163 1.0304 1.0471 1.0642 1.0815
2.20 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0139 1.0304 1.0447 1.0593 1.0765
2.40 1.0000 1.0046 1.0069 1.0139 1.0280 1.0423 1.0568 1.0716
2.60 1.0000 1.0023 1.0069 1.0139 1.0257 1.0399 1.0544 1.0666
2.80 1.0000 1.0023 1.0069 1.0116 1.0257 1.0375 1.0496 1.0642
3.00 1.0000 1.0023 1.0069 1.0116 1.0233 1.0352 1.0471 1.0593
3.50 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0023 1.0209 1.0304 1.0423 1.0520
4.00 1.0000 1.0023 1.0046 1.0093 1.0186 1.0280 1.0375 1.0471
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.35 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.40 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003
0.45 0.0016 0.0014 0.0012 0.0010 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0012
0.50 0.0055 0.0048 0.0041 0.0034 0.0028 0.0025 0.0027 0.0034
0.55 0.0146 0.0127 0.0107 0.0089 0.0072 0.0063 0.0066 0.0080
0.60 0.0321 0.0277 0.0234 0.0193 0.0154 0.0132 0.0135 0.0160
0.65 0.0611 0.0527 0.0445 0.0364 0.0289 0.0244 0.0245 0.0282
0.70 0.1045 0.0902 0.0759 0.0619 0.0488 0.0406 0.0402 0.0453
0.75 0.1641 0.1413 0.1188 0.0966 0.0757 0.0625 0.0610 0.0673
0.80 0.2404 0.2065 0.1738 0.1409 0.1102 0.0899 0.0867 0.0942
0.85 0.3319 0.2858 0.2399 0.1945 0.1517 0.1227 0.1175 0.1256
0.90 0.4375 0.3767 0.3162 0.2564 0.1995 0.1607 0.1524 0.1611
0.93 0.5058 0.4355 0.3656 0.2972 0.2307 0.1854 0.1754 0.1841
0.95 0.5521 0.4764 0.3999 0.3251 0.2523 0.2028 0.1910 0.2000
0.97 0.5984 0.5164 0.4345 0.3532 0.2748 0.2203 0.2075 0.2163
0.98 0.6223 0.5370 0.4529 0.3681 0.2864 0.2296 0.2158 0.2244
0.99 0.6442 0.5572 0.4699 0.3828 0.2978 0.2388 0.2244 0.2328
1.00 0.6668 0.5781 0.4875 0.3972 0.3097 0.2483 0.2328 0.2415
1.01 0.6792 0.5970 0.5047 0.4121 0.3214 0.2576 0.2415 0.2500
1.02 0.6902 0.6166 0.5224 0.4266 0.3334 0.2673 0.2506 0.2582
1.05 0.7194 0.6607 0.5728 0.4710 0.3690 0.2958 0.2773 0.2844
1.10 0.7586 0.7112 0.6412 0.5408 0.4285 0.3451 0.3228 0.3296
1.15 0.7907 0.7499 0.6918 0.6026 0.4875 0.3954 0.3690 0.3750
1.20 0.8166 0.7834 0.7328 0.6546 0.5420 0.4446 0.4150 0.4198
1.30 0.8590 0.8318 0.7943 0.7345 0.6383 0.5383 0.5058 0.5093
1.40 0.8892 0.8690 0.8395 0.7925 0.7145 0.6237 0.5902 0.5943
1.50 0.9141 0.8974 0.8730 0.8375 0.7745 0.6966 0.6668 0.6714
1.60 0.9311 0.9183 0.8995 0.8710 0.8222 0.7586 0.7328 0.7430
1.70 0.9462 0.9354 0.9204 0.8995 0.8610 0.8091 0.7907 0.8054
1.80 0.9572 0.9484 0.9376 0.9204 0.8913 0.8531 0.8414 0.8590
1.90 0.9661 0.9594 0.9506 0.9376 0.9162 0.8872 0.8831 0.9057
2.00 0.9727 0.9683 0.9616 0.9528 0.9354 0.9183 0.9183 0.9462
2.20 0.9840 0.9817 0.9795 0.9727 0.9661 0.9616 0.9727 1.0093
2.40 0.9931 0.9908 0.9908 0.9886 0.9863 0.9931 1.0116 1.0568
2.60 0.9977 0.9977 0.9977 0.9977 1.0023 1.0162 1.0399 1.0889
2.80 1.0023 1.0023 1.0046 1.0069 1.0116 1.0328 1.0593 1.1117
3.00 1.0046 1.0069 1.0069 1.0116 1.0209 1.0423 1.0740 1.1298
3.50 1.0093 1.0116 1.0139 1.0186 1.0304 1.0593 1.0914 1.1508
4.00 1.0116 1.0139 1.0162 1.0233 1.0375 1.0666 1.0990 1.1588
Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Tr
0.30 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.35 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.40 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.45 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001
0.50 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011 0.0009 0.0008 0.0006
0.55 0.0063 0.0062 0.0061 0.0058 0.0053 0.0045 0.0039 0.0031
0.60 0.0210 0.0207 0.0202 0.0194 0.0179 0.0154 0.0133 0.0108
0.65 0.0536 0.0527 0.0516 0.0497 0.0461 0.0401 0.0350 0.0289
0.70 0.1117 0.1102 0.1079 0.1040 0.0970 0.0851 0.0752 0.0629
0.75 0.1995 0.1972 0.1932 0.1871 0.1754 0.1552 0.1387 0.1178
0.80 0.3170 0.3133 0.3076 0.2978 0.2812 0.2512 0.2265 0.1954
0.85 0.4592 0.4539 0.4457 0.4325 0.4093 0.3698 0.3365 0.2951
0.90 0.6166 0.6095 0.5998 0.5834 0.5546 0.5058 0.4645 0.4130
0.93 0.7145 0.7063 0.6950 0.6761 0.6457 0.5916 0.5470 0.4898
0.95 0.7798 0.7691 0.7568 0.7379 0.7063 0.6501 0.6026 0.5432
0.97 0.8414 0.8318 0.8185 0.7998 0.7656 0.7096 0.6607 0.5984
0.98 0.8730 0.8630 0.8492 0.8298 0.7962 0.7379 0.6887 0.6266
0.99 0.9036 0.8913 0.8790 0.8590 0.8241 0.7674 0.7178 0.6546
1.00 0.9311 0.9204 0.9078 0.8872 0.8531 0.7962 0.7464 0.6823
1.01 0.9462 0.9462 0.9333 0.9162 0.8831 0.8241 0.7745 0.7096
1.02 0.9572 0.9661 0.9594 0.9419 0.9099 0.8531 0.8035 0.7379
1.05 0.9840 0.9954 1.0186 1.0162 0.9886 0.9354 0.8872 0.8222
1.10 1.0162 1.0280 1.0593 1.0990 1.1015 1.0617 1.0186 0.9572
1.15 1.0375 1.0520 1.0814 1.1376 1.1858 1.1722 1.1403 1.0864
1.20 1.0544 1.0691 1.0990 1.1588 1.2388 1.2647 1.2474 1.2050
1.30 1.0715 1.0914 1.1194 1.1776 1.2853 1.3868 1.4125 1.4061
1.40 1.0814 1.0990 1.1298 1.1858 1.2942 1.4488 1.5171 1.5524
1.50 1.0864 1.1041 1.1350 1.1858 1.2942 1.4689 1.5740 1.6520
1.60 1.0864 1.1041 1.1350 1.1858 1.2883 1.4689 1.5996 1.7140
1.70 1.0864 1.1041 1.1324 1.1803 1.2794 1.4622 1.6033 1.7458
1.80 1.0839 1.1015 1.1298 1.1749 1.2706 1.4488 1.5959 1.7620
1.90 1.0814 1.0990 1.1272 1.1695 1.2618 1.4355 1.5849 1.7620
2.00 1.0814 1.0965 1.1220 1.1641 1.2503 1.4191 1.5704 1.7539
2.20 1.0765 1.0914 1.1143 1.1535 1.2331 1.3900 1.5346 1.7219
2.40 1.0715 1.0864 1.1066 1.1429 1.2190 1.3614 1.4997 1.6866
2.60 1.0666 1.0814 1.1015 1.1350 1.2023 1.3397 1.4689 1.6482
2.80 1.0641 1.0765 1.0940 1.1272 1.1912 1.3183 1.4388 1.6144
3.00 1.0593 1.0715 1.0889 1.1194 1.1803 1.3002 1.4158 1.5813
3.50 1.0520 1.0617 1.0789 1.1041 1.1561 1.2618 1.3614 1.5101
4.00 1.0471 1.0544 1.0691 1.0914 1.1403 1.2303 1.3213 1.4555
Appendix E
Steam Tables
INTERPOLATION
When a value is required from a table at conditions which lie between listed values, interpo-
lation is necessary. If M, the quantity sought, is a function of a single independent variable
X and if linear interpolation is appropriate, as in the tables for saturated steam, then a direct
proportionality exists between corresponding differences in M and in X. When M, the value at
X, is intermediate between two given values, M1 at X1 and M2 at X2, then:
( X2− X1) 1 ( X2− X1) 2

X2− X X − X1
M= _
M + _
M (E.1)
For example, the enthalpy of saturated vapor steam at 140.8°C is intermediate between
the following values taken from Table E.1:
t H
t1 = 140°C H1 = 2733.1 kJ·kg−1
t = 140.8°C H=?
t2 = 142°C H2 = 2735.6 kJ·kg−1
Substitution of values into Eq. (E.1) with M = H and t = X yields:

1.2 0.8
H = ___
(2733.1) + ___
(2735.6) = 2734.1 kJ·kg  −1
2 2
When M is a function of two independent variables X and Y and linear interpolation is
appropriate, as in the tables for superheated steam, then double linear interpolation is required.
Data for quantity M at values of the independent variables X and Y adjacent to the given values
are represented as follows:
X1 X X2
Y1 M1,1 M1, 2
Y M=?
Y2 M2,1 M2, 2
680
APPENDIX E. Steam Tables 681
Double linear interpolation between the given values of M is represented by:
[( X2− X1) ( X2− X1) 1, 2] Y2− Y1

X2− X X − X1 Y2− Y
M = _ M1,1+ _ M _____

      
          (E.2)
[( X2− X1) 2,1 ( X2− X1) 2, 2] Y2− Y1

_X2− X _X − X1 Y − Y1
_____
+ M + M
Example E.1
From data in the steam tables, find:
a. The specific volume of superheated steam at 816 kPa and 512°C.
b. The temperature and specific entropy of superheated steam at P = 2950 kPa

and H = 3150.6 kJ·kg−1.
Solution E.1
(a) The following table shows specific volumes from Table E.2 for superheated
steam at conditions adjacent to those specified:
P/kPa t = 500°C t = 512°C t = 550°C

800 443.17 472.49
816 V=?
825 429.65 458.10
Substitution of values in Eq. (E.2) with M = V, X = t, and Y = P yields:
[ 50 ] 25
38 12 9
V = _
(443.17) + _ (472.49) _

50
        
[ 50 ] 25
38
_ 12
_ 16
___ 3 −1
+ (429.65) + (458.10) = 441.42cm ·g
50
(b) The following table shows enthalpy data from Table E.2 for superheated steam
at conditions adjacent to those specified:
P/kPa t1 = 350°C t=? t2 = 375°C

2900 3119.7 3177.4
2950 Ht1 H = 3150.6 Ht2
3000 3117.5 3175.6
682 APPENDIX E. Steam Tables
Here, the direct use of Eq. (E.2) is not convenient. Rather, for P = 2950 kPa, inter-
polate linearly at t1 = 350°C for Ht1 and at t2 = 375°C for Ht2, applying Eq. (E.1)
twice, first at t1 and second at t2, with M = H and X = P:
50 50
Ht1= ____
(3119.7) + ____
(3117.5) = 3118.6
100 100
    
50 50
Ht2 = ____
(3177.4) + ____
(3175.6) = 3176.5
100 100
A third linear interpolation between these values with M = t and X = H in
Eq. (E.1) yields:
3176.5 − 3150.6 3150.6 − 3118.6

t = ____________
   (350) +    ____________
(375) = 363.82° C
3176.5 − 3118.6 3176.5 − 3118.6
Given this temperature, a table of entropy values can now be constructed:
P/kPa t = 350°C t = 363.82°C t = 375°C

2900 6.7654 6.8563
2950 S=?
3000 6.7471 6.8385
Application of Eq. (E.2) with M = S, X = t, and Y = P yields:
[ 25 ] 100
11.18 13.82 50
S = _ (6.7654) + _
(6.8563) ____

25
     
     
[ 25 ] 100
11.18
_ 13.82
_ 50
____
+ (6.7471) + (6.8385) = 6.8066kJ·mol−1
25
As a check, one can apply Eq. (E.2) with M = H, X = t, and Y = P, confirming that
doing so produces H = 3150.6 kJ·kg−1.
APPENDIX E. Steam Tables 683
STEAM TABLES Page
Table E.1 Properties of Saturated Steam 684
Table E.2 Properties of Superheated Steam 692
These tables were generated by computer from programs1 based on “The 1976 International
Formulation Committee Formulation for Industrial Use: A Formulation of the Thermody-
namic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance,” as published in the ASME Steam Tables, 4th
ed., App. I, pp. 11–29, The Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., New York, 1979. These tables served as
a world-wide standard for 30 years and are entirely adequate for instructional purposes. How-
ever, they have been replaced by the “International Association for the Properties of Water and
Steam Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam.”
These and other tables are discussed by A. H. Harvey and W. T. Parry, “Keep Your Steam
Tables Up to Date,” Chemical Engineering Progress, vol. 95, no. 11, p. 45, Nov. 1999.
1We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Professor Charles Muckenfuss, of Debra L. Sauke, and of Eugene
N. Dorsi, whose efforts produced the computer programs from which these tables derive.
TABLE E.1 Properties of Saturated Steam
684
V = SPECIFIC VOLUME cm3·g−1 H = SPECIFIC ENTHALPY kJ·kg−1

U = SPECIFIC INTERNAL ENERGY kJ·kg−1 S = SPECIFIC ENTROPY kJ·kg−1·K−1
SPECIFIC VOLUME V INTERNAL ENERGY U ENTHALPY H ENTROPY S

t T P sat. sat. sat. sat. sat. sat. sat. sat.
(°C) (K) (kPa) liq. evap. vap. liq. evap. vap. liq. evap. vap. liq. evap. vap.
0 273.15 0.611 1.000 206300. 206300. −0.04 2375.7 2375.6 −0.04 2501.7 2501.6 0.0000 9.1578 9.1578
0.01 273.16 0.611 1.000 206200. 206200. 0.00 2375.6 2375.6 0.00 2501.6 2501.6 0.0000 9.1575 9.1575
1 274.15 0.657 1.000 192600. 192600. 4.17 2372.7 2376.9 4.17 2499.2 2503.4 0.0153 9.1158 9.1311
2 275.15 0.705 1.000 179900. 179900. 8.39 2369.9 2378.3 8.39 2496.8 2505.2 0.0306 9.0741 9.1047
3 276.15 0.757 1.000 168200. 168200. 12.60 2367.1 2379.7 12.60 2494.5 2507.1 0.0459 9.0326 9.0785
4 277.15 0.813 1.000 157300. 157300. 16.80 2364.3 2381.1 16.80 2492.1 2508.9 0.0611 8.9915 9.0526
5 278.15 0.872 1.000 147200. 147200. 21.01 2361.4 2382.4 21.01 2489.7 2510.7 0.0762 8.9507 9.0269
6 279.15 0.935 1.000 137800. 137800. 25.21 2358.6 2383.8 25.21 2487.4 2512.6 0.0913 8.9102 9.0014
7 280.15 1.001 1.000 129100. 129100. 29.41 2355.8 2385.2 29.41 2485.0 2514.4 0.1063 8.8699 8.9762
8 281.15 1.072 1.000 121000. 121000. 33.60 2353.0 2386.6 33.60 2482.6 2516.2 0.1213 8.8300 8.9513
9 282.15 1.147 1.000 113400. 113400. 37.80 2350.1 2387.9 37.80 2480.3 2518.1 0.1362 8.7903 8.9265
10 283.15 1.227 1.000 106400. 106400. 41.99 2347.3 2389.3 41.99 2477.9 2519.9 0.1510 8.7510 8.9020
11 284.15 1.312 1.000 99910. 99910. 46.18 2344.5 2390.7 46.19 2475.5 2521.7 0.1658 8.7119 8.8776
12 285.15 1.401 1.000 93830. 93840. 50.38 2341.7 2392.1 50.38 2473.2 2523.6 0.1805 8.6731 8.8536
13 286.15 1.497 1.001 88180. 88180. 54.56 2338.9 2393.4 54.57 2470.8 2525.4 0.1952 8.6345 8.8297
14 287.15 1.597 1.001 82900. 82900. 58.75 2336.1 2394.8 58.75 2468.5 2527.2 0.2098 8.5963 8.8060
15 288.15 1.704 1.001 77980. 77980. 62.94 2333.2 2396.2 62.94 2466.1 2529.1 0.2243 8.5582 8.7826
16 289.15 1.817 1.001 73380. 73380. 67.12 2330.4 2397.6 67.13 2463.8 2530.9 0.2388 8.5205 8.7593
17 290.15 1.936 1.001 69090. 69090. 71.31 2327.6 2398.9 71.31 2461.4 2532.7 0.2533 8.4830 8.7363
18 291.15 2.062 1.001 65090. 65090. 75.49 2324.8 2400.3 75.50 2459.0 2534.5 0.2677 8.4458 8.7135
19 292.15 2.196 1.002 61340. 61340. 79.68 2322.0 2401.7 79.68 2456.7 2536.4 0.2820 8.4088 8.6908
20 293.15 2.337 1.002 57840. 57840. 83.86 2319.2 2403.0 83.86 2454.3 2538.2 0.2963 8.3721 8.6684
21 294.15 2.485 1.002 54560. 54560. 88.04 2316.4 2404.4 88.04 2452.0 2540.0 0.3105 8.3356 8.6462
22 295.15 2.642 1.002 51490. 51490. 92.22 2313.6 2405.8 92.23 2449.6 2541.8 0.3247 8.2994 8.6241
23 296.15 2.808 1.002 48620. 48620. 96.40 2310.7 2407.1 96.41 2447.2 2543.6 0.3389 8.2634 8.6023
24 297.15 2.982 1.003 45920. 45930. 100.6 2307.9 2408.5 100.6 2444.9 2545.5 0.3530 8.2277 8.5806
25 298.15 3.166 1.003 43400. 43400. 104.8 2305.1 2409.9 104.8 2442.5 2547.3 0.3670 8.1922 8.5592
26 299.15 3.360 1.003 41030. 41030. 108.9 2302.3 2411.2 108.9 2440.2 2549.1 0.3810 8.1569 8.5379
27 300.15 3.564 1.003 38810. 38810. 113.1 2299.5 2412.6 113.1 2437.8 2550.9 0.3949 8.1218 8.5168
APPENDIX E. Steam Tables
28 301.15 3.778 1.004 36730. 36730. 117.3 2296.7 2414.0 117.3 2435.4 2552.7 0.4088 8.0870 8.4959
29 302.15 4.004 1.004 34770. 34770. 121.5 2293.8 2415.3 121.5 2433.1 2554.5 0.4227 8.0524 8.4751
30 303.15 4.241 1.004 32930. 32930. 125.7 2291.0 2416.7 125.7 2430.7 2556.4 0.4365 8.0180 8.4546
31 304.15 4.491 1.005 31200. 31200. 129.8 2288.2 2418.0 129.8 2428.3 2558.2 0.4503 7.9839 8.4342
32 305.15 4.753 1.005 29570. 29570. 134.0 2285.4 2419.4 134.0 2425.9 2560.0 0.4640 7.9500 8.4140
33 306.15 5.029 1.005 28040. 28040. 138.2 2282.6 2420.8 138.2 2423.6 2561.8 0.4777 7.9163 8.3939
34 307.15 5.318 1.006 26600. 26600. 142.4 2279.7 2422.1 142.4 2421.2 2563.6 0.4913 7.8828 8.3740
35 308.15 5.622 1.006 25240. 25240. 146.6 2276.9 2423.5 146.6 2418.8 2565.4 0.5049 7.8495 8.3543
36 309.15 5.940 1.006 23970. 23970. 150.7 2274.1 2424.8 150.7 2416.4 2567.2 0.5184 7.8164 8.3348
37 310.15 6.274 1.007 22760. 22760. 154.9 2271.3 2426.2 154.9 2414.1 2569.0 0.5319 7.7835 8.3154
38 311.15 6.624 1.007 21630. 21630. 159.1 2268.4 2427.5 159.1 2411.7 2570.8 0.5453 7.7509 8.2962
39 312.15 6.991 1.007 20560. 20560. 163.3 2265.6 2428.9 163.3 2409.3 2572.6 0.5588 7.7184 8.2772
40 313.15 7.375 1.008 19550. 19550. 167.4 2262.8 2430.2 167.5 2406.9 2574.4 0.5721 7.6861 8.2583
41 314.15 7.777 1.008 18590. 18590. 171.6 2259.9 2431.6 171.6 2404.5 2576.2 0.5854 7.6541 8.2395
42 315.15 8.198 1.009 17690. 17690. 175.8 2257.1 2432.9 175.8 2402.1 2577.9 0.5987 7.6222 8.2209
43 316.15 8.639 1.009 16840. 16840. 180.0 2254.3 2434.2 180.0 2399.7 2579.7 0.6120 7.5905 8.2025
44 317.15 9.100 1.009 16040. 16040. 184.2 2251.4 2435.6 184.2 2397.3 2581.5 0.6252 7.5590 8.1842
45 318.15 9.582 1.010 15280. 15280. 188.3 2248.6 2436.9 188.4 2394.9 2583.3 0.6383 7.5277 8.1661
46 319.15 10.09 1.010 14560. 14560. 192.5 2245.7 2438.3 192.5 2392.5 2585.1 0.6514 7.4966 8.1481
47 320.15 10.61 1.011 13880. 13880. 196.7 2242.9 2439.6 196.7 2390.1 2586.9 0.6645 7.4657 8.1302
48 321.15 11.16 1.011 13230. 13230. 200.9 2240.0 2440.9 200.9 2387.7 2588.6 0.6776 7.4350 8.1125
49 322.15 11.74 1.012 12620. 12620. 205.1 2237.2 2442.3 205.1 2385.3 2590.4 0.6906 7.4044 8.0950
50 323.15 12.34 1.012 12040. 12050. 209.2 2234.3 2443.6 209.3 2382.9 2592.2 0.7035 7.3741 8.0776
51 324.15 12.96 1.013 11500. 11500. 213.4 2231.5 2444.9 213.4 2380.5 2593.9 0.7164 7.3439 8.0603
52 325.15 13.61 1.013 10980. 10980. 217.6 2228.6 2446.2 217.6 2378.1 2595.7 0.7293 7.3138 8.0432
53 326.15 14.29 1.014 10490. 10490. 221.8 2225.8 2447.6 221.8 2375.7 2597.5 0.7422 7.2840 8.0262
54 327.15 15.00 1.014 10020. 10020. 226.0 2222.9 2448.9 226.0 2373.2 2599.2 0.7550 7.2543 8.0093
55 328.15 15.74 1.015 9577.9 9578.9 230.2 2220.0 2450.2 230.2 2370.8 2601.0 0.7677 7.2248 7.9925
56 329.15 16.51 1.015 9157.7 9158.7 234.3 2217.2 2451.5 234.4 2368.4 2602.7 0.7804 7.1955 7.9759
57 330.15 17.31 1.016 8758.7 8759.8 238.5 2214.3 2452.8 238.5 2365.9 2604.5 0.7931 7.1663 7.9595
58 331.15 18.15 1.016 8379.8 8380.8 242.7 2211.4 2454.1 242.7 2363.5 2606.2 0.8058 7.1373 7.9431
59 332.15 19.02 1.017 8019.7 8020.8 246.9 2208.6 2455.4 246.9 2361.1 2608.0 0.8184 7.1085 7.9269
60 333.15 19.92 1.017 7677.5 7678.5 251.1 2205.7 2456.8 251.1 2358.6 2609.7 0.8310 7.0798 7.9108
61 334.15 20.86 1.018 7352.1 7353.2 255.3 2202.8 2458.1 255.3 2356.2 2611.4 0.8435 7.0513 7.8948
62 335.15 21.84 1.018 7042.7 7043.7 259.4 2199.9 2459.4 259.5 2353.7 2613.2 0.8560 7.0230 7.8790
63 336.15 22.86 1.019 6748.2 6749.3 263.6 2197.0 2460.7 263.6 2351.3 2614.9 0.8685 6.9948 7.8633
64 337.15 23.91 1.019 6468.0 6469.0 267.8 2194.1 2462.0 267.8 2348.8 2616.6 0.8809 6.9667 7.8477
65 338.15 25.01 1.020 6201.3 6202.3 272.0 2191.2 2463.2 272.0 2346.3 2618.4 0.8933 6.9388 7.8322
66 339.15 26.15 1.020 5947.2 5948.2 276.2 2188.3 2464.5 276.2 2343.9 2620.1 0.9057 6.9111 7.8168
67 340.15 27.33 1.021 5705.2 5706.2 280.4 2185.4 2465.8 280.4 2341.4 2621.8 0.9180 6.8835 7.8015
685
68 341.15 28.56 1.022 5474.6 5475.6 284.6 2182.5 2467.1 284.6 2338.9 2623.5 0.9303 6.8561 7.7864
69 342.15 29.84 1.022 5254.8 5255.8 288.8 2179.6 2468.4 288.8 2336.4 2625.2 0.9426 6.8288 7.7714
TABLE E.1 Properties of Saturated Steam (Continued)
686

70 343.15 31.16 1.023 5045.2 5046.3 292.9 2176.7 2469.7 293.0 2334.0 2626.9 0.9548 6.8017 7.7565
71 344.15 32.53 1.023 4845.4 4846.4 297.1 2173.8 2470.9 297.2 2331.5 2628.6 0.9670 6.7747 7.7417
72 345.15 33.96 1.024 4654.7 4655.7 301.3 2170.9 2472.2 301.4 2329.0 2630.3 0.9792 6.7478 7.7270
73 346.15 35.43 1.025 4472.7 4473.7 305.5 2168.0 2473.5 305.5 2326.5 2632.0 0.9913 6.7211 7.7124
74 347.15 36.96 1.025 4299.0 4300.0 309.7 2165.1 2474.8 309.7 2324.0 2633.7 1.0034 6.6945 7.6979
75 348.15 38.55 1.026 4133.1 4134.1 313.9 2162.1 2476.0 313.9 2321.5 2635.4 1.0154 6.6681 7.6835
76 349.15 40.19 1.027 3974.6 3975.7 318.1 2159.2 2477.3 318.1 2318.9 2637.1 1.0275 6.6418 7.6693
77 350.15 41.89 1.027 3823.3 3824.3 322.3 2156.3 2478.5 322.3 2316.4 2638.7 1.0395 6.6156 7.6551
78 351.15 43.65 1.028 3678.6 3679.6 326.5 2153.3 2479.8 326.5 2313.9 2640.4 1.0514 6.5896 7.6410
79 352.15 45.47 1.029 3540.3 3541.3 330.7 2150.4 2481.1 330.7 2311.4 2642.1 1.0634 6.5637 7.6271
80 353.15 47.36 1.029 3408.1 3409.1 334.9 2147.4 2482.3 334.9 2308.8 2643.8 1.0753 6.5380 7.6132
81 354.15 49.31 1.030 3281.6 3282.6 339.1 2144.5 2483.5 339.1 2306.3 2645.4 1.0871 6.5123 7.5995
82 355.15 51.33 1.031 3160.6 3161.6 343.3 2141.5 2484.8 343.3 2303.8 2647.1 1.0990 6.4868 7.5858
83 356.15 53.42 1.031 3044.8 3045.8 347.5 2138.6 2486.0 347.5 2301.2 2648.7 1.1108 6.4615 7.5722
84 357.15 55.57 1.032 2933.9 2935.0 351.7 2135.6 2487.3 351.7 2298.6 2650.4 1.1225 6.4362 7.5587
85 358.15 57.80 1.033 2827.8 2828.8 355.9 2132.6 2488.5 355.9 2296.1 2652.0 1.1343 6.4111 7.5454
86 359.15 60.11 1.033 2726.1 2727.2 360.1 2129.7 2489.7 360.1 2293.5 2653.6 1.1460 6.3861 7.5321
87 360.15 62.49 1.034 2628.8 2629.8 364.3 2126.7 2490.9 364.3 2290.9 2655.3 1.1577 6.3612 7.5189
88 361.15 64.95 1.035 2535.4 2536.5 368.5 2123.7 2492.2 368.5 2288.4 2656.9 1.1693 6.3365 7.5058
89 362.15 67.49 1.035 2446.0 2447.0 372.7 2120.7 2493.4 372.7 2285.8 2658.5 1.1809 6.3119 7.4928
90 363.15 70.11 1.036 2360.3 2361.3 376.9 2117.7 2494.6 376.9 2283.2 2660.1 1.1925 6.2873 7.4799
91 364.15 72.81 1.037 2278.0 2279.1 381.1 2114.7 2495.8 381.1 2280.6 2661.7 1.2041 6.2629 7.4670
92 365.15 75.61 1.038 2199.2 2200.2 385.3 2111.7 2497.0 385.4 2278.0 2663.4 1.2156 6.2387 7.4543
93 366.15 78.49 1.038 2123.5 2124.5 389.5 2108.7 2498.2 389.6 2275.4 2665.0 1.2271 6.2145 7.4416
94 367.15 81.46 1.039 2050.9 2051.9 393.7 2105.7 2499.4 393.8 2272.8 2666.6 1.2386 6.1905 7.4291
95 368.15 84.53 1.040 1981.2 1982.2 397.9 2102.7 2500.6 398.0 2270.2 2668.1 1.2501 6.1665 7.4166
96 369.15 87.69 1.041 1914.3 1915.3 402.1 2099.7 2501.8 402.2 2267.5 2669.7 1.2615 6.1427 7.4042
97 370.15 90.94 1.041 1850.0 1851.0 406.3 2096.6 2503.0 406.4 2264.9 2671.3 1.2729 6.1190 7.3919
98 371.15 94.30 1.042 1788.3 1789.3 410.5 2093.6 2504.1 410.6 2262.2 2672.9 1.2842 6.0954 7.3796
99 372.15 97.76 1.043 1729.0 1730.0 414.7 2090.6 2505.3 414.8 2259.6 2674.4 1.2956 6.0719 7.3675
100 373.15 101.33 1.044 1672.0 1673.0 419.0 2087.5 2506.5 419.1 2256.9 2676.0 1.3069 6.0485 7.3554
102 375.15 108.78 1.045 1564.5 1565.5 427.4 2081.4 2508.8 427.5 2251.6 2679.1 1.3294 6.0021 7.3315
104 377.15 116.68 1.047 1465.1 1466.2 435.8 2075.3 2511.1 435.9 2246.3 2682.2 1.3518 5.9560 7.3078
106 379.15 125.04 1.049 1373.1 1374.2 444.3 2069.2 2513.4 444.4 2240.9 2685.3 1.3742 5.9104 7.2845
108 381.15 133.90 1.050 1287.9 1288.9 452.7 2063.0 2515.7 452.9 2235.4 2688.3 1.3964 5.8651 7.2615
110 383.15 143.27 1.052 1208.9 1209.9 461.2 2056.8 2518.0 461.3 2230.0 2691.3 1.4185 5.8203 7.2388
112 385.15 153.16 1.054 1135.6 1136.6 469.6 2050.6 2520.2 469.8 2224.5 2694.3 1.4405 5.7758 7.2164
114 387.15 163.62 1.055 1067.5 1068.5 478.1 2044.3 2522.4 478.3 2219.0 2697.2 1.4624 5.7318 7.1942
116 389.15 174.65 1.057 1004.2 1005.2 486.6 2038.1 2524.6 486.7 2213.4 2700.2 1.4842 5.6881 7.1723
118 391.15 186.28 1.059 945.3 946.3 495.0 2031.8 2526.8 495.2 2207.9 2703.1 1.5060 5.6447 7.1507
120 393.15 198.54 1.061 890.5 891.5 503.5 2025.4 2529.0 503.7 2202.2 2706.0 1.5276 5.6017 7.1293
122 395.15 211.45 1.062 839.4 840.5 512.0 2019.1 2531.1 512.2 2196.6 2708.8 1.5491 5.5590 7.1082
124 397.15 225.04 1.064 791.8 792.8 520.5 2012.7 2533.2 520.7 2190.9 2711.6 1.5706 5.5167 7.0873
126 399.15 239.33 1.066 747.3 748.4 529.0 2006.3 2535.3 529.2 2185.2 2714.4 1.5919 5.4747 7.0666
128 401.15 254.35 1.068 705.8 706.9 537.5 1999.9 2537.4 537.8 2179.4 2717.2 1.6132 5.4330 7.0462
130 403.15 270.13 1.070 667.1 668.1 546.0 1993.4 2539.4 546.3 2173.6 2719.9 1.6344 5.3917 7.0261
132 405.15 286.70 1.072 630.8 631.9 554.5 1986.9 2541.4 554.8 2167.8 2722.6 1.6555 5.3507 7.0061
134 407.15 304.07 1.074 596.9 598.0 563.1 1980.4 2543.4 563.4 2161.9 2725.3 1.6765 5.3099 6.9864
136 409.15 322.29 1.076 565.1 566.2 571.6 1973.8 2545.4 572.0 2155.9 2727.9 1.6974 5.2695 6.9669
138 411.15 341.38 1.078 535.3 536.4 580.2 1967.2 2547.4 580.5 2150.0 2730.5 1.7182 5.2293 6.9475
140 413.15 361.38 1.080 507.4 508.5 588.7 1960.6 2549.3 589.1 2144.0 2733.1 1.7390 5.1894 6.9284
142 415.15 382.31 1.082 481.2 482.3 597.3 1953.9 2551.2 597.7 2137.9 2735.6 1.7597 5.1499 6.9095
144 417.15 404.20 1.084 456.6 457.7 605.9 1947.2 2553.1 606.3 2131.8 2738.1 1.7803 5.1105 6.8908
146 419.15 427.09 1.086 433.5 434.6 614.4 1940.5 2554.9 614.9 2125.7 2740.6 1.8008 5.0715 6.8723
148 421.15 451.01 1.089 411.8 412.9 623.0 1933.7 2556.8 623.5 2119.5 2743.0 1.8213 5.0327 6.8539
150 423.15 476.00 1.091 391.4 392.4 631.6 1926.9 2558.6 632.1 2113.2 2745.4 1.8416 4.9941 6.8358
152 425.15 502.08 1.093 372.1 373.2 640.2 1920.1 2560.3 640.8 2106.9 2747.7 1.8619 4.9558 6.8178
154 427.15 529.29 1.095 354.0 355.1 648.9 1913.2 2562.1 649.4 2100.6 2750.0 1.8822 4.9178 6.8000
156 429.15 557.67 1.098 336.9 338.0 657.5 1906.3 2563.8 658.1 2094.2 2752.3 1.9023 4.8800 6.7823
158 431.15 587.25 1.100 320.8 321.9 666.1 1899.3 2565.5 666.8 2087.7 2754.5 1.9224 4.8424 6.7648
160 433.15 618.06 1.102 305.7 306.8 674.8 1892.3 2567.1 675.5 2081.3 2756.7 1.9425 4.8050 6.7475
162 435.15 650.16 1.105 291.3 292.4 683.5 1885.3 2568.8 684.2 2074.7 2758.9 1.9624 4.7679 6.7303
164 437.15 683.56 1.107 277.8 278.9 692.1 1878.2 2570.4 692.9 2068.1 2761.0 1.9823 4.7309 6.7133
166 439.15 718.31 1.109 265.0 266.1 700.8 1871.1 2571.9 701.6 2061.4 2763.1 2.0022 4.6942 6.6964
168 441.15 754.45 1.112 252.9 254.0 709.5 1863.9 2573.4 710.4 2054.7 2765.1 2.0219 4.6577 6.6796
687
688

170 443.15 792.02 1.114 241.4 242.6 718.2 1856.7 2574.9 719.1 2047.9 2767.1 2.0416 4.6214 6.6630
172 445.15 831.06 1.117 230.6 231.7 727.0 1849.5 2576.4 727.9 2041.1 2769.0 2.0613 4.5853 6.6465
174 447.15 871.60 1.120 220.3 221.5 735.7 1842.2 2577.8 736.7 2034.2 2770.9 2.0809 4.5493 6.6302
176 449.15 913.68 1.122 210.6 211.7 744.4 1834.8 2579.3 745.5 2027.3 2772.7 2.1004 4.5136 6.6140
178 451.15 957.36 1.125 201.4 202.5 753.2 1827.4 2580.6 754.3 2020.2 2774.5 2.1199 4.4780 6.5979
180 453.15 1002.7 1.128 192.7 193.8 762.0 1820.0 2581.9 763.1 2013.1 2776.3 2.1393 4.4426 6.5819
182 455.15 1049.6 1.130 184.4 185.5 770.8 1812.5 2583.2 772.0 2006.0 2778.0 2.1587 4.4074 6.5660
184 457.15 1098.3 1.133 176.5 177.6 779.6 1804.9 2584.5 780.8 1998.8 2779.6 2.1780 4.3723 6.5503
186 459.15 1148.8 1.136 169.0 170.2 788.4 1797.3 2585.7 789.7 1991.5 2781.2 2.1972 4.3374 6.5346
188 461.15 1201.0 1.139 161.9 163.1 797.2 1789.7 2586.9 798.6 1984.2 2782.8 2.2164 4.3026 6.5191
190 463.15 1255.1 1.142 155.2 156.3 806.1 1782.0 2588.1 807.5 1976.7 2784.3 2.2356 4.2680 6.5036
192 465.15 1311.1 1.144 148.8 149.9 814.9 1774.2 2589.2 816.5 1969.3 2785.7 2.2547 4.2336 6.4883
194 467.15 1369.0 1.147 142.6 143.8 823.8 1766.4 2590.2 825.4 1961.7 2787.1 2.2738 4.1993 6.4730
196 469.15 1428.9 1.150 136.8 138.0 832.7 1758.6 2591.3 834.4 1954.1 2788.4 2.2928 4.1651 6.4578
198 471.15 1490.9 1.153 131.3 132.4 841.6 1750.6 2592.3 843.4 1946.4 2789.7 2.3117 4.1310 6.4428
200 473.15 1554.9 1.156 126.0 127.2 850.6 1742.6 2593.2 852.4 1938.6 2790.9 2.3307 4.0971 6.4278
202 475.15 1621.0 1.160 121.0 122.1 859.5 1734.6 2594.1 861.4 1930.7 2792.1 2.3495 4.0633 6.4128
204 477.15 1689.3 1.163 116.2 117.3 868.5 1726.5 2595.0 870.5 1922.8 2793.2 2.3684 4.0296 6.3980
206 479.15 1759.8 1.166 111.6 112.8 877.5 1718.3 2595.8 879.5 1914.7 2794.3 2.3872 3.9961 6.3832
208 481.15 1832.6 1.169 107.2 108.4 886.5 1710.1 2596.6 888.6 1906.6 2795.3 2.4059 3.9626 6.3686
210 483.15 1907.7 1.173 103.1 104.2 895.5 1701.8 2597.3 897.7 1898.5 2796.2 2.4247 3.9293 6.3539
212 485.15 1985.2 1.176 99.09 100.26 904.5 1693.5 2598.0 906.9 1890.2 2797.1 2.4434 3.8960 6.3394
214 487.15 2065.1 1.179 95.28 96.46 913.6 1685.1 2598.7 916.0 1881.8 2797.9 2.4620 3.8629 6.3249
216 489.15 2147.5 1.183 91.65 92.83 922.7 1676.6 2599.3 925.2 1873.4 2798.6 2.4806 3.8298 6.3104
218 491.15 2232.4 1.186 88.17 89.36 931.8 1668.0 2599.8 934.4 1864.9 2799.3 2.4992 3.7968 6.2960
220 493.15 2319.8 1.190 84.85 86.04 940.9 1659.4 2600.3 943.7 1856.2 2799.9 2.5178 3.7639 6.2817
222 495.15 2409.9 1.194 81.67 82.86 950.1 1650.7 2600.8 952.9 1847.5 2800.5 2.5363 3.7311 6.2674
224 497.15 2502.7 1.197 78.62 79.82 959.2 1642.0 2601.2 962.2 1838.7 2800.9 2.5548 3.6984 6.2532
226 499.15 2598.2 1.201 75.71 76.91 968.4 1633.1 2601.5 971.5 1829.8 2801.4 2.5733 3.6657 6.2390
228 501.15 2696.5 1.205 72.92 74.12 977.6 1624.2 2601.8 980.9 1820.8 2801.7 2.5917 3.6331 6.2249
230 503.15 2797.6 1.209 70.24 71.45 986.9 1615.2 2602.1 990.3 1811.7 2802.0 2.6102 3.6006 6.2107
232 505.15 2901.6 1.213 67.68 68.89 996.2 1606.1 2602.3 999.7 1802.5 2802.2 2.6286 3.5681 6.1967
234 507.15 3008.6 1.217 65.22 66.43 1005.4 1597.0 2602.4 1009.1 1793.2 2802.3 2.6470 3.5356 6.1826
236 509.15 3118.6 1.221 62.86 64.08 1014.8 1587.7 2602.5 1018.6 1783.8 2802.3 2.6653 3.5033 6.1686
238 511.15 3231.7 1.225 60.60 61.82 1024.1 1578.4 2602.5 1028.1 1774.2 2802.3 2.6837 3.4709 6.1546
240 513.15 3347.8 1.229 58.43 59.65 1033.5 1569.0 2602.5 1037.6 1764.6 2802.2 2.7020 3.4386 6.1406
242 515.15 3467.2 1.233 56.34 57.57 1042.9 1559.5 2602.4 1047.2 1754.9 2802.0 2.7203 3.4063 6.1266
244 517.15 3589.8 1.238 54.34 55.58 1052.3 1549.9 2602.2 1056.8 1745.0 2801.8 2.7386 3.3740 6.1127
246 519.15 3715.7 1.242 52.41 53.66 1061.8 1540.2 2602.0 1066.4 1735.0 2801.4 2.7569 3.3418 6.0987
248 521.15 3844.9 1.247 50.56 51.81 1071.3 1530.5 2601.8 1076.1 1724.9 2801.0 2.7752 3.3096 6.0848
250 523.15 3977.6 1.251 48.79 50.04 1080.8 1520.6 2601.4 1085.8 1714.7 2800.4 2.7935 3.2773 6.0708
252 525.15 4113.7 1.256 47.08 48.33 1090.4 1510.6 2601.0 1095.5 1704.3 2799.8 2.8118 3.2451 6.0569
254 527.15 4253.4 1.261 45.43 46.69 1100.0 1500.5 2600.5 1105.3 1693.8 2799.1 2.8300 3.2129 6.0429
256 529.15 4396.7 1.266 43.85 45.11 1109.6 1490.4 2600.0 1115.2 1683.2 2798.3 2.8483 3.1807 6.0290
258 531.15 4543.7 1.271 42.33 43.60 1119.3 1480.1 2599.3 1125.0 1672.4 2797.4 2.8666 3.1484 6.0150
260 533.15 4694.3 1.276 40.86 42.13 1129.0 1469.7 2598.6 1134.9 1661.5 2796.4 2.8848 3.1161 6.0010
262 535.15 4848.8 1.281 39.44 40.73 1138.7 1459.2 2597.8 1144.9 1650.4 2795.3 2.9031 3.0838 5.9869
264 537.15 5007.1 1.286 38.08 39.37 1148.5 1448.5 2597.0 1154.9 1639.2 2794.1 2.9214 3.0515 5.9729
266 539.15 5169.3 1.291 36.77 38.06 1158.3 1437.8 2596.1 1165.0 1627.8 2792.8 2.9397 3.0191 5.9588
268 541.15 5335.5 1.297 35.51 36.80 1168.2 1426.9 2595.0 1175.1 1616.3 2791.4 2.9580 2.9866 5.9446
270 543.15 5505.8 1.303 34.29 35.59 1178.1 1415.9 2593.9 1185.2 1604.6 2789.9 2.9763 2.9541 5.9304
272 545.15 5680.2 1.308 33.11 34.42 1188.0 1404.7 2592.7 1195.4 1592.8 2788.2 2.9947 2.9215 5.9162
274 547.15 5858.7 1.314 31.97 33.29 1198.0 1393.4 2591.4 1205.7 1580.8 2786.5 3.0131 2.8889 5.9019
276 549.15 6041.5 1.320 30.88 32.20 1208.0 1382.0 2590.1 1216.0 1568.5 2784.6 3.0314 2.8561 5.8876
278 551.15 6228.7 1.326 29.82 31.14 1218.1 1370.4 2588.6 1226.4 1556.2 2782.6 3.0499 2.8233 5.8731
280 553.15 6420.2 1.332 28.79 30.13 1228.3 1358.7 2587.0 1236.8 1543.6 2780.4 3.0683 2.7903 5.8586
282 555.15 6616.1 1.339 27.81 29.14 1238.5 1346.8 2585.3 1247.3 1530.8 2778.1 3.0868 2.7573 5.8440
284 557.15 6816.6 1.345 26.85 28.20 1248.7 1334.8 2583.5 1257.9 1517.8 2775.7 3.1053 2.7241 5.8294
286 559.15 7021.8 1.352 25.93 27.28 1259.0 1322.6 2581.6 1268.5 1504.6 2773.2 3.1238 2.6908 5.8146
288 561.15 7231.5 1.359 25.03 26.39 1269.4 1310.2 2579.6 1279.2 1491.2 2770.5 3.1424 2.6573 5.7997
290 563.15 7446.1 1.366 24.17 25.54 1279.8 1297.7 2577.5 1290.0 1477.6 2767.6 3.1611 2.6237 5.7848
292 565.15 7665.4 1.373 23.33 24.71 1290.3 1284.9 2575.3 1300.9 1463.8 2764.6 3.1798 2.5899 5.7697
294 567.15 7889.7 1.381 22.52 23.90 1300.9 1272.0 2572.9 1311.8 1449.7 2761.5 3.1985 2.5560 5.7545
296 569.15 8118.9 1.388 21.74 23.13 1311.5 1258.9 2570.4 1322.8 1435.4 2758.2 3.2173 2.5218 5.7392
298 571.15 8353.2 1.396 20.98 22.38 1322.2 1245.6 2567.8 1333.9 1420.8 2754.7 3.2362 2.4875 5.7237
689
690

300 573.15 8592.7 1.404 20.24 21.65 1333.0 1232.0 2565.0 1345.1 1406.0 2751.0 3.2552 2.4529 5.7081
302 575.15 8837.4 1.412 19.53 20.94 1343.8 1218.3 2562.1 1356.3 1390.9 2747.2 3.2742 2.4182 5.6924
304 577.15 9087.3 1.421 18.84 20.26 1354.8 1204.3 2559.1 1367.7 1375.5 2743.2 3.2933 2.3832 5.6765
306 579.15 9342.7 1.430 18.17 19.60 1365.8 1190.1 2555.9 1379.1 1359.8 2739.0 3.3125 2.3479 5.6604
308 581.15 9603.6 1.439 17.52 18.96 1376.9 1175.6 2552.5 1390.7 1343.9 2734.6 3.3318 2.3124 5.6442
310 583.15 9870.0 1.448 16.89 18.33 1388.1 1161.0 2549.1 1402.4 1327.6 2730.0 3.3512 2.2766 5.6278
312 585.15 10142.1 1.458 16.27 17.73 1399.4 1146.0 2545.4 1414.2 1311.0 2725.2 3.3707 2.2404 5.6111
314 587.15 10420.0 1.468 15.68 17.14 1410.8 1130.8 2541.6 1426.1 1294.1 2720.2 3.3903 2.2040 5.5943
316 589.15 10703.0 1.478 15.09 16.57 1422.3 1115.2 2537.5 1438.1 1276.8 2714.9 3.4101 2.1672 5.5772
318 591.15 10993.4 1.488 14.53 16.02 1433.9 1099.4 2533.3 1450.3 1259.1 2709.4 3.4300 2.1300 5.5599
320 593.15 11289.1 1.500 13.98 15.48 1445.7 1083.2 2528.9 1462.6 1241.1 2703.7 3.4500 2.0923 5.5423
322 595.15 11591.0 1.511 13.44 14.96 1457.5 1066.7 2524.3 1475.1 1222.6 2697.6 3.4702 2.0542 5.5244
324 597.15 11899.2 1.523 12.92 14.45 1469.5 1049.9 2519.4 1487.7 1203.6 2691.3 3.4906 2.0156 5.5062
326 599.15 12213.7 1.535 12.41 13.95 1481.7 1032.6 2514.3 1500.4 1184.2 2684.6 3.5111 1.9764 5.4876
328 601.15 12534.8 1.548 11.91 13.46 1494.0 1014.8 2508.8 1513.4 1164.2 2677.6 3.5319 1.9367 5.4685
330 603.15 12862.5 1.561 11.43 12.99 1506.4 996.7 2503.1 1526.5 1143.6 2670.2 3.5528 1.8962 5.4490
332 605.15 13197.0 1.575 10.95 12.53 1519.1 978.0 2497.0 1539.9 1122.5 2662.3 3.5740 1.8550 5.4290
334 607.15 13538.3 1.590 10.49 12.08 1531.9 958.7 2490.6 1553.4 1100.7 2654.1 3.5955 1.8129 5.4084
336 609.15 13886.7 1.606 10.03 11.63 1544.9 938.9 2483.7 1567.2 1078.1 2645.3 3.6172 1.7700 5.3872
338 611.15 14242.3 1.622 9.58 11.20 1558.1 918.4 2476.4 1581.2 1054.8 2636.0 3.6392 1.7261 5.3653
340 613.15 14605.2 1.639 9.14 10.78 1571.5 897.2 2468.7 1595.5 1030.7 2626.2 3.6616 1.6811 5.3427
342 615.15 14975.5 1.657 8.71 10.37 1585.2 875.2 2460.5 1610.0 1005.7 2615.7 3.6844 1.6350 5.3194
344 617.15 15353.5 1.676 8.286 9.962 1599.2 852.5 2451.7 1624.9 979.7 2604.7 3.7075 1.5877 5.2952
346 619.15 15739.3 1.696 7.870 9.566 1613.5 828.9 2442.4 1640.2 952.8 2593.0 3.7311 1.5391 5.2702
348 621.15 16133.1 1.718 7.461 9.178 1628.1 804.5 2432.6 1655.8 924.8 2580.7 3.7553 1.4891 5.2444
350 623.15 16535.1 1.741 7.058 8.799 1643.0 779.2 2422.2 1671.8 895.9 2567.7 3.7801 1.4375 5.2177
352 625.15 16945.5 1.766 6.654 8.420 1659.4 751.5 2410.8 1689.3 864.2 2553.5 3.8071 1.3822 5.1893
354 627.15 17364.4 1.794 6.252 8.045 1676.3 722.4 2398.7 1707.5 830.9 2538.4 3.8349 1.3247 5.1596
356 629.15 17792.2 1.824 5.850 7.674 1693.4 692.2 2385.6 1725.9 796.2 2522.1 3.8629 1.2654 5.1283
358 631.15 18229.0 1.858 5.448 7.306 1710.8 660.5 2371.4 1744.7 759.9 2504.6 3.8915 1.2037 5.0953
360 633.15 18675.1 1.896 5.044 6.940 1728.8 627.1 2355.8 1764.2 721.3 2485.4 3.9210 1.1390 5.0600
361 634.15 18901.7 1.917 4.840 6.757 1738.0 609.5 2347.5 1774.2 701.0 2475.2 3.9362 1.1052 5.0414
362 635.15 19130.7 1.939 4.634 6.573 1747.5 591.2 2338.7 1784.6 679.8 2464.4 3.9518 1.0702 5.0220
363 636.15 19362.1 1.963 4.425 6.388 1757.3 572.1 2329.3 1795.3 657.8 2453.0 3.9679 1.0338 5.0017
364 637.15 19596.1 1.988 4.213 6.201 1767.4 552.0 2319.4 1806.4 634.6 2440.9 3.9846 0.9958 4.9804
365 638.15 19832.6 2.016 3.996 6.012 1778.0 530.8 2308.8 1818.0 610.0 2428.0 4.0021 0.9558 4.9579
366 639.15 20071.6 2.046 3.772 5.819 1789.1 508.2 2297.3 1830.2 583.9 2414.1 4.0205 0.9134 4.9339
367 640.15 20313.2 2.080 3.540 5.621 1801.0 483.8 2284.8 1843.2 555.7 2399.0 4.0401 0.8680 4.9081
368 641.15 20557.5 2.118 3.298 5.416 1813.8 457.3 2271.1 1857.3 525.1 2382.4 4.0613 0.8189 4.8801
369 642.15 20804.4 2.162 3.039 5.201 1827.8 427.9 2255.7 1872.8 491.1 2363.9 4.0846 0.7647 4.8492
370 643.15 21054.0 2.214 2.759 4.973 1843.6 394.5 2238.1 1890.2 452.6 2342.8 4.1108 0.7036 4.8144
371 644.15 21306.4 2.278 2.446 4.723 1862.0 355.3 2217.3 1910.5 407.4 2317.9 4.1414 0.6324 4.7738
372 645.15 21561.6 2.364 2.075 4.439 1884.6 306.6 2191.2 1935.6 351.4 2287.0 4.1794 0.5446 4.7240
373 646.15 21819.7 2.496 1.588 4.084 1916.0 238.9 2154.9 1970.5 273.5 2244.0 4.2325 0.4233 4.6559
374 647.15 22080.5 2.843 0.623 3.466 1983.9 95.7 2079.7 2046.7 109.5 2156.2 4.3493 0.1692 4.5185
374.15 647.30 22120.0 3.170 0.000 3.170 2037.3 0.0 2037.3 2107.4 0.0 2107.4 4.4429 0.0000 4.4429
691
TABLE E.2 Properties of Superheated Steam
TEMPERATURE: t°C
692
(TEMPERATURE: T kelvins)
P/kPa sat. sat. 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (348.15) (373.15) (398.15) (423.15) (448.15) (473.15) (498.15) (523.15)
V 1.000 129200. 160640. 172180. 183720. 195270. 206810. 218350. 229890. 241430.
1 U 29.334 2385.2 2480.8 2516.4 2552.3 2588.5 2624.9 2661.7 2698.8 2736.3
(6.98) H 29.335 2514.4 2641.5 2688.6 2736.0 2783.7 2831.7 2880.1 2928.7 2977.7
S 0.1060 8.9767 9.3828 9.5136 9.6365 9.7527 9.8629 9.9679 10.0681 10.1641
V 1.010 14670. 16030. 17190. 18350. 19510. 20660. 21820. 22980. 24130.
10 U 191.822 2438.0 2479.7 2515.6 2551.6 2588.0 2624.5 2661.4 2698.6 2736.1
(45.83) H 191.832 2584.8 2640.0 2687.5 2735.2 2783.1 2831.2 2879.6 2928.4 2977.4
S 0.6493 8.1511 8.3168 8.4486 8.5722 8.6888 8.7994 8.9045 9.0049 9.1010
V 1.017 7649.8 8000.0 8584.7 9167.1 9748.0 10320. 10900. 11480. 12060.
20 U 251.432 2456.9 2478.4 2514.6 2550.9 2587.4 2624.1 2661.0 2698.3 2735.8
(60.09) H 251.453 2609.9 2638.4 2686.3 2734.2 2782.3 2830.6 2879.2 2928.0 2977.1
S 0.8321 7.9094 7.9933 8.1261 8.2504 8.3676 8.4785 8.5839 8.6844 8.7806
V 1.022 5229.3 5322.0 5714.4 6104.6 6493.2 6880.8 7267.5 7653.8 8039.7
30 U 289.271 2468.6 2477.1 2513.6 2550.2 2586.8 2623.6 2660.7 2698.0 2735.6
(69.12) H 289.302 2625.4 2636.8 2685.1 2733.3 2781.6 2830.0 2878.7 2927.6 2976.8
S 0.9441 7.7695 7.8024 7.9363 8.0614 8.1791 8.2903 8.3960 8.4967 8.5930
V 1.027 3993.4 ...... 4279.2 4573.3 4865.8 5157.2 5447.8 5738.0 6027.7
40 U 317.609 2477.1 ...... 2512.6 2549.4 2586.2 2623.2 2660.3 2697.7 2735.4
(75.89) H 317.650 2636.9 ...... 2683.8 2732.3 2780.9 2829.5 2878.2 2927.2 2976.5
S 1.0261 7.6709 ...... 7.8009 7.9268 8.0450 8.1566 8.2624 8.3633 8.4598
V 1.030 3240.2 ...... 3418.1 3654.5 3889.3 4123.0 4356.0 4588.5 4820.5
50 U 340.513 2484.0 ...... 2511.7 2548.6 2585.6 2622.7 2659.9 2697.4 2735.1
(81.35) H 340.564 2646.0 ...... 2682.6 2731.4 2780.1 2828.9 2877.7 2926.8 2976.1
S 1.0912 7.5947 ...... 7.6953 7.8219 7.9406 8.0526 8.1587 8.2598 8.3564
V 1.037 2216.9 ...... 2269.8 2429.4 2587.3 2744.2 2900.2 3055.8 3210.9
75 U 384.374 2496.7 ...... 2509.2 2546.7 2584.2 2621.6 2659.0 2696.7 2734.5
(91.79) H 384.451 2663.0 ...... 2679.4 2728.9 2778.2 2827.4 2876.6 2925.8 2975.3
S 1.2131 7.4570 ...... 7.5014 7.6300 7.7500 7.8629 7.9697 8.0712 8.1681
V 1.043 1693.7 ...... 1695.5 1816.7 1936.3 2054.7 2172.3 2289.4 2406.1
100 U 417.406 2506.1 ...... 2506.6 2544.8 2582.7 2620.4 2658.1 2695.9 2733.9
(99.63) H 417.511 2675.4 ...... 2676.2 2726.5 2776.3 2825.9 2875.4 2924.9 2974.5
S 1.3027 7.3598 ...... 7.3618 7.4923 7.6137 7.7275 7.8349 7.9369 8.0342
V 1.044 1673.0 ...... 1673.0 1792.7 1910.7 2027.7 2143.8 2259.3 2374.5
101.325 U 418.959 2506.5 ...... 2506.5 2544.7 2582.6 2620.4 2658.1 2695.9 2733.9
(100.00) H 419.064 2676.0 ...... 2676.0 2726.4 2776.2 2825.8 2875.3 2924.8 2974.5
S 1.3069 7.3554 ...... 7.3554 7.4860 7.6075 7.7213 7.8288 7.9308 8.0280
V 1.049 1374.6 ...... ...... 1449.1 1545.6 1641.0 1735.6 1829.6 1923.2
125 U 444.224 2513.4 ...... ...... 2542.9 2581.2 2619.3 2657.2 2695.2 2733.3
(105.99) H 444.356 2685.2 ...... ...... 2724.0 2774.4 2824.4 2874.2 2923.9 2973.7
S 1.3740 7.2847 ...... ...... 7.3844 7.5072 7.6219 7.7300 7.8324 7.9300
V 1.053 1159.0 ...... ...... 1204.0 1285.2 1365.2 1444.4 1523.0 1601.3
150 U 466.968 2519.5 ...... ...... 2540.9 2579.7 2618.1 2656.3 2694.4 2732.7
(111.37) H 467.126 2693.4 ...... ...... 2721.5 2772.5 2822.9 2872.9 2922.9 2972.9
S
1.4336 7.2234 ...... ...... 7.2953 7.4194 7.5352 7.6439 7.7468 7.8447
V 1.057 1003.34 ...... ...... 1028.8 1099.1 1168.2 1236.4 1304.1 1371.3
175 U 486.815 2524.7 ...... ...... 2538.9 2578.2 2616.9 2655.3 2693.7 2732.1
(116.06) H 487.000 2700.3 ...... ...... 2719.0 2770.5 2821.3 2871.7 2921.9 2972.0
S 1.4849 7.1716 ...... ...... 7.2191 7.3447 7.4614 7.5708 7.6741 7.7724
V 1.061 885.44 ...... ...... 897.47 959.54 1020.4 1080.4 1139.8 1198.9
200 U 504.489 2529.2 ...... ...... 2536.9 2576.6 2615.7 2654.4 2692.9 2731.4
(120.23) H 504.701 2706.3 ...... ...... 2716.4 2768.5 2819.8 2870.5 2920.9 2971.2
S 1.5301 7.1268 ...... ...... 7.1523 7.2794 7.3971 7.5072 7.6110 7.7096
V 1.064 792.97 ...... ...... 795.25 850.97 905.44 959.06 1012.1 1064.7
225 U 520.465 2533.2 ...... ...... 2534.8 2575.1 2614.5 2653.5 2692.2 2730.8
(123.99) H 520.705 2711.6 ...... ...... 2713.8 2766.5 2818.2 2869.3 2919.9 2970.4
S 1.5705 7.0873 ...... ...... 7.0928 7.2213 7.3400 7.4508 7.5551 7.6540
V 1.068 718.44 ...... ...... ...... 764.09 813.47 861.98 909.91 957.41
250 U 535.077 2536.8 ...... ...... ...... 2573.5 2613.3 2652.5 2691.4 2730.2
(127.43) H 535.343 2716.4 ...... ...... ...... 2764.5 2816.7 2868.0 2918.9 2969.6
S 1.6071 7.0520 ...... ...... ...... 7.1689 7.2886 7.4001 7.5050 7.6042
V 1.071 657.04 ...... ...... ...... 693.00 738.21 782.55 826.29 869.61
275 U 548.564 2540.0 ...... ...... ...... 2571.9 2612.1 2651.6 2690.7 2729.6
(130.60) H 548.858 2720.7 ...... ...... ...... 2762.5 2815.1 2866.8 2917.9 2968.7
S 1.6407 7.0201 ...... ...... ...... 7.1211 7.2419 7.3541 7.4594 7.5590
V 1.073 605.56 ...... ...... ...... 633.74 675.49 716.35 756.60 796.44
300 U 561.107 2543.0 ...... ...... ...... 2570.3 2610.8 2650.6 2689.9 2729.0
(133.54) H 561.429 2724.7 ...... ...... ...... 2760.4 2813.5 2865.5 2916.9 2967.9
S 1.6716 6.9909 ...... ...... ...... 7.0771 7.1990 7.3119 7.4177 7.5176
693
TABLE E.2 Properties of Superheated Steam (Continued)
TEMPERATURE: t°C
694
P/kPa sat. sat. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (573.15) (623.15) (673.15) (723.15) (773.15) (823.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.000 129200. 264500. 287580. 310660. 333730. 356810. 379880. 402960. 426040.
1 U 29.334 2385.2 2812.3 2889.9 2969.1 3049.9 3132.4 3216.7 3302.6 3390.3
(6.98) H 29.335 2514.4 3076.8 3177.5 3279.7 3383.6 3489.2 3596.5 3705.6 3816.4
S 0.1060 8.9767 10.3450 10.5133 10.6711 10.8200 10.9612 11.0957 11.2243 11.3476
V 1.010 14670. 26440. 28750. 31060. 33370. 35670. 37980. 40290. 42600.
10 U 191.822 2438.0 2812.2 2889.8 2969.0 3049.8 3132.3 3216.6 3302.6 3390.3
(45.83) H 191.832 2584.8 3076.6 3177.3 3279.6 3383.5 3489.1 3596.5 3705.5 3816.3
S 0.6493 8.1511 9.2820 9.4504 9.6083 9.7572 9.8984 10.0329 10.1616 10.2849
V 1.017 7649.8 13210. 14370. 15520. 16680. 17830. 18990. 20140. 21300.
20 U 251.432 2456.9 2812.0 2889.6 2968.9 3049.7 3132.3 3216.5 3302.5 3390.2
(60.09) H 251.453 2609.9 3076.4 3177.1 3279.4 3383.4 3489.0 3596.4 3705.4 3816.2
S 0.8321 7.9094 8.9618 9.1303 9.2882 9.4372 9.5784 9.7130 9.8416 9.9650
V 1.022 5229.3 8810.8 9581.2 10350. 11120. 11890. 12660. 13430. 14190.
30 U 289.271 2468.6 2811.8 2889.5 2968.7 3049.6 3132.2 3216.5 3302.5 3390.2
(69.12) H 289.302 2625.4 3076.1 3176.9 3279.3 3383.3 3488.9 3596.3 3705.4 3816.2
S 0.9441 7.7695 8.7744 8.9430 9.1010 9.2499 9.3912 9.5257 9.6544 9.7778
V 1.027 3993.4 6606.5 7184.6 7762.5 8340.1 8917.6 9494.9 10070. 10640.
40 U 317.609 2477.1 2811.6 2889.4 2968.6 3049.5 3132.1 3216.4 3302.4 3390.1
(75.89) H 317.650 2636.9 3075.9 3176.8 3279.1 3383.1 3488.8 3596.2 3705.3 3816.1
S 1.0261 7.6709 8.6413 8.8100 8.9680 9.1170 9.2583 9.3929 9.5216 9.6450
V 1.030 3240.2 5283.9 5746.7 6209.1 6671.4 7133.5 7595.5 8057.4 8519.2
50 U 340.513 2484.0 2811.5 2889.2 2968.5 3049.4 3132.0 3216.3 3302.3 3390.1
(81.35) H 340.564 2646.0 3075.7 3176.6 3279.0 3383.0 3488.7 3596.1 3705.2 3816.0
S 1.0912 7.5947 8.5380 8.7068 8.8649 9.0139 9.1552 9.2898 9.4185 9.5419
V 1.037 2216.9 3520.5 3829.4 4138.0 4446.4 4754.7 5062.8 5370.9 5678.9
75 U 384.374 2496.7 2811.0 2888.9 2968.2 3049.2 3131.8 3216.1 3302.2 3389.9
(91.79) H 384.451 2663.0 3075.1 3176.1 3278.6 3382.7 3488.4 3595.8 3705.0 3815.9
S 1.2131 7.4570 8.3502 8.5191 8.6773 8.8265 8.9678 9.1025 9.2312 9.3546
V 1.043 1693.7 2638.7 2870.8 3102.5 3334.0 3565.3 3796.5 4027.7 4258.8
100 U 417.406 2506.1 2810.6 2888.6 2968.0 3049.0 3131.6 3216.0 3302.0 3389.8
(99.63) H 417.511 2675.4 3074.5 3175.6 3278.2 3382.4 3488.1 3595.6 3704.8 3815.7
S
1.3027 7.3598 8.2166 8.3858 8.5442 8.6934 8.8348 8.9695 9.0982 9.2217
V 1.044 1673.0 2604.2 2833.2 3061.9 3290.3 3518.7 3746.9 3975.0 4203.1
101.325 U 418.959 2506.5 2810.6 2888.5 2968.0 3048.9 3131.6 3215.9 3302.0 3389.8
(100.00) H 419.064 2676.0 3074.4 3175.6 3278.2 3382.3 3488.1 3595.6 3704.8 3815.7
S 1.3069 7.3554 8.2105 8.3797 8.5381 8.6873 8.8287 8.9634 9.0922 9.2156
V 1.049 1374.6 2109.7 2295.6 2481.2 2666.5 2851.7 3036.8 3221.8 3406.7
125 U 444.224 2513.4 2810.2 2888.2 2967.7 3048.7 3131.4 3215.8 3301.9 3389.7
(105.99) H 444.356 2685.2 3073.9 3175.2 3277.8 3382.0 3487.9 3595.4 3704.6 3815.5
S 1.3740 7.2847 8.1129 8.2823 8.4408 8.5901 8.7316 8.8663 8.9951 9.1186
V 1.053 1159.0 1757.0 1912.2 2066.9 2221.5 2375.9 2530.2 2684.5 2838.6
150 U 466.968 2519.5 2809.7 2887.9 2967.4 3048.5 3131.2 3215.6 3301.7 3389.5
(111.37) H 467.126 2693.4 3073.3 3174.7 3277.5 3381.7 3487.6 3595.1 3704.4 3815.3
S
1.4336 7.2234 8.0280 8.1976 8.3562 8.5056 8.6472 8.7819 8.9108 9.0343
V 1.057 1003.34 1505.1 1638.3 1771.1 1903.7 2036.1 2168.4 2300.7 2432.9
175 U 486.815 2524.7 2809.3 2887.5 2967.1 3048.3 3131.0 3215.4 3301.6 3389.4
(116.06) H 487.000 2700.3 3072.7 3174.2 3277.1 3381.4 3487.3 3594.9 3704.2 3815.1
S 1.4849 7.1716 7.9561 8.1259 8.2847 8.4341 8.5758 8.7106 8.8394 8.9630
V 1.061 885.44 1316.2 1432.8 1549.2 1665.3 1781.2 1897.1 2012.9 2128.6
200 U 504.489 2529.2 2808.8 2887.2 2966.9 3048.0 3130.8 3215.3 3301.4 3389.2
(120.23) H 504.701 2706.3 3072.1 3173.8 3276.7 3381.1 3487.0 3594.7 3704.0 3815.0
S 1.5301 7.1268 7.8937 8.0638 8.2226 8.3722 8.5139 8.6487 8.7776 8.9012
V 1.064 792.97 1169.2 1273.1 1376.6 1479.9 1583.0 1686.0 1789.0 1891.9
225 U 520.465 2533.2 2808.4 2886.9 2966.6 3047.8 3130.6 3215.1 3301.2 3389.1
(123.99) H 520.705 2711.6 3071.5 3173.3 3276.3 3380.8 3486.8 3594.4 3703.8 3814.8
S 1.5705 7.0873 7.8385 8.0088 8.1679 8.3175 8.4593 8.5942 8.7231 8.8467
V 1.068 718.44 1051.6 1145.2 1238.5 1331.5 1424.4 1517.2 1609.9 1702.5
250 U 535.077 2536.8 2808.0 2886.5 2966.3 3047.6 3130.4 3214.9 3301.1 3389.0
(127.43) H 535.343 2716.4 3070.9 3172.8 3275.9 3380.4 3486.5 3594.2 3703.6 3814.6
S 1.6071 7.0520 7.7891 7.9597 8.1188 8.2686 8.4104 8.5453 8.6743 8.7980
V 1.071 657.04 955.45 1040.7 1125.5 1210.2 1294.7 1379.0 1463.3 1547.6
275 U 548.564 2540.0 2807.5 2886.2 2966.0 3047.3 3130.2 3214.7 3300.9 3388.8
(130.60) H 548.858 2720.7 3070.3 3172.4 3275.5 3380.1 3486.2 3594.0 3703.4 3814.4
S 1.6407 7.0201 7.7444 7.9151 8.0744 8.2243 8.3661 8.5011 8.6301 8.7538
V 1.073 605.56 875.29 953.52 1031.4 1109.0 1186.5 1263.9 1341.2 1418.5
300 U 561.107 2543.0 2807.1 2885.8 2965.8 3047.1 3130.0 3214.5 3300.8 3388.7
(133.54) H 561.429 2724.7 3069.7 3171.9 3275.2 3379.8 3486.0 3593.7 3703.2 3814.2
S 1.6716 6.9909 7.7034 7.8744 8.0338 8.1838 8.3257 8.4608 8.5898 8.7135
695
TEMPERATURE: t°C
696
P/kPa sat. sat. 150 175 200 220 240 260 280 300
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (423.15) (448.15) (473.15) (493.15) (513.15) (533.15) (553.15) (573.15)
V 1.076 561.75 583.58 622.41 660.33 690.22 719.81 749.18 778.39 807.47
325 U 572.847 2545.7 2568.7 2609.6 2649.6 2681.2 2712.7 2744.0 2775.3 2806.6
(136.29) H 573.197 2728.3 2758.4 2811.9 2864.2 2905.6 2946.6 2987.5 3028.2 3069.0
S 1.7004 6.9640 7.0363 7.1592 7.2729 7.3585 7.4400 7.5181 7.5933 7.6657
V 1.079 524.00 540.58 576.90 612.31 640.18 667.75 695.09 722.27 749.33
350 U 583.892 2548.2 2567.1 2608.3 2648.6 2680.4 2712.0 2743.4 2774.8 2806.2
(138.87) H 584.270 2731.6 2756.3 2810.3 2863.0 2904.5 2945.7 2986.7 3027.6 3068.4
S 1.7273 6.9392 6.9982 7.1222 7.2366 7.3226 7.4045 7.4828 7.5581 7.6307
V 1.081 491.13 503.29 537.46 570.69 596.81 622.62 648.22 673.64 698.94
375 U 594.332 2550.6 2565.4 2607.1 2647.7 2679.6 2711.3 2742.8 2774.3 2805.7
(141.31) H 594.737 2734.7 2754.1 2808.6 2861.7 2903.4 2944.8 2985.9 3026.9 3067.8
S 1.7526 6.9160 6.9624 7.0875 7.2027 7.2891 7.3713 7.4499 7.5254 7.5981
V 1.084 462.22 470.66 502.93 534.26 558.85 583.14 607.20 631.09 654.85
400 U 604.237 2552.7 2563.7 2605.8 2646.7 2678.8 2710.6 2742.2 2773.7 2805.3
(143.62) H 604.670 2737.6 2752.0 2807.0 2860.4 2902.3 2943.9 2985.1 3026.2 3067.2
S 1.7764 6.8943 6.9285 7.0548 7.1708 7.2576 7.3402 7.4190 7.4947 7.5675
V 1.086 436.61 441.85 472.47 502.12 525.36 548.30 571.01 593.54 615.95
425 U 613.667 2554.8 2562.0 2604.5 2645.7 2678.0 2709.9 2741.6 2773.2 2804.8
(145.82) H 614.128 2740.3 2749.8 2805.3 2859.1 2901.2 2942.9 2984.3 3025.5 3066.6
S 1.7990 6.8739 6.8965 7.0239 7.1407 7.2280 7.3108 7.3899 7.4657 7.5388
V 1.088 413.75 416.24 445.38 473.55 495.59 517.33 538.83 560.17 581.37
450 U 622.672 2556.7 2560.3 2603.2 2644.7 2677.1 2709.2 2741.0 2772.7 2804.4
(147.92) H 623.162 2742.9 2747.7 2803.7 2857.8 2900.2 2942.0 2983.5 3024.8 3066.0
S 1.8204 6.8547 6.8660 6.9946 7.1121 7.1999 7.2831 7.3624 7.4384 7.5116
V 1.091 393.22 393.31 421.14 447.97 468.95 489.62 510.05 530.30 550.43
475 U 631.294 2558.5 2558.6 2601.9 2643.7 2676.3 2708.5 2740.4 2772.2 2803.9
(149.92) H 631.812 2745.3 2745.5 2802.0 2856.5 2899.1 2941.1 2982.7 3024.1 3065.4
S 1.8408 6.8365 6.8369 6.9667 7.0850 7.1732 7.2567 7.3363 7.4125 7.4858
V 1.093 374.68 ...... 399.31 424.96 444.97 464.67 484.14 503.43 522.58
500 U 639.569 2560.2 ...... 2600.6 2642.7 2675.5 2707.8 2739.8 2771.7 2803.5
(151.84) H 640.116 2747.5 ...... 2800.3 2855.1 2898.0 2940.1 2981.9 3023.4 3064.8
S 1.8604 6.8192 ...... 6.9400 7.0592 7.1478 7.2317 7.3115 7.3879 7.4614
V 1.095 357.84 ...... 379.56 404.13 423.28 442.11 460.70 479.11 497.38
525 U 647.528 2561.8 ...... 2599.3 2641.6 2674.6 2707.1 2739.2 2771.2 2803.0
(153.69) H 648.103 2749.7 ...... 2798.6 2853.8 2896.8 2939.2 2981.1 3022.7 3064.1
S 1.8790 6.8027 ...... 6.9145 7.0345 7.1236 7.2078 7.2879 7.3645 7.4381
V 1.097 342.48 ...... 361.60 385.19 403.55 421.59 439.38 457.00 474.48
550 U 655.199 2563.3 ...... 2598.0 2640.6 2673.8 2706.4 2738.6 2770.6 2802.6
(155.47) H 655.802 27517 ...... 2796.8 2852.5 2895.7 2938.3 2980.3 3022.0 3063.5
S 1.8970 6.7870 ...... 6.8900 7.0108 7.1004 7.1849 7.2653 7.3421 7.4158
V 1.099 328.41 ...... 345.20 367.90 385.54 402.85 419.92 436.81 453.56
575 U 662.603 2564.8 ...... 2596.6 2639.6 2672.9 2705.7 2738.0 2770.1 2802.1
(157.18) H 663.235 2753.6 ...... 2795.1 2851.1 2894.6 2937.3 2979.5 3021.3 3062.9
S
1.9142 6.7720 ...... 6.8664 6.9880 7.0781 7.1630 7.2436 7.3206 7.3945
V 1.101 315.47 ...... 330.16 352.04 369.03 385.68 402.08 418.31 434.39
600 U 669.762 2566.2 ...... 2595.3 2638.5 2672.1 2705.0 2737.4 2769.6 2801.6
(158.84) H 670.423 2755.5 ...... 2793.3 2849.7 2893.5 2936.4 2978.7 3020.6 3062.3
S 1.9308 6.7575 ...... 6.8437 6.9662 7.0567 7.1419 7.2228 7.3000 7.3740
V 1.103 303.54 ...... 316.31 337.45 353.83 369.87 385.67 401.28 416.75
625 U 676.695 2567.5 ...... 2593.9 2637.5 2671.2 2704.2 2736.8 2769.1 2801.2
(160.44) H 677.384 2757.2 ...... 2791.6 2848.4 2892.3 2935.4 2977.8 3019.9 3061.7
S 1.9469 6.7437 ...... 6.8217 6.9451 7.0361 7.1217 7.2028 7.2802 7.3544
V 1.105 292.49 ...... 303.53 323.98 339.80 355.29 370.52 385.56 400.47
650 U 683.417 2568.7 ...... 2592.5 2636.4 2670.3 2703.5 2736.2 2768.5 2800.7
(161.99) H 684.135 2758.9 ...... 2789.8 2847.0 2891.2 2934.4 2977.0 3019.2 3061.0
S 1.9623 6.7304 ...... 6.8004 6.9247 7.0162 7.1021 7.1835 7.2611 7.3355
V 1.106 282.23 ...... 291.69 311.51 326.81 341.78 356.49 371.01 385.39
675 U 689.943 2570.0 ...... 2591.1 2635.4 2669.5 2702.8 2735.6 2768.0 2800.3
(163.49) H 690.689 2760.5 ...... 2788.0 2845.6 2890.1 2933.5 2976.2 3018.5 3060.4
S 1.9773 6.7176 ...... 6.7798 6.9050 6.9970 7.0833 7.1650 7.2428 7.3173
V 1.108 272.68 ...... 280.69 299.92 314.75 329.23 343.46 357.50 371.39
700 U 696.285 2571.1 ...... 2589.7 2634.3 2668.6 2702.1 2735.0 2767.5 2799.8
(164.96) H 697.061 2762.0 ...... 2786.2 2844.2 2888.9 2932.5 2975.4 3017.7 3059.8
S 1.9918 6.7052 ...... 6.7598 6.8859 6.9784 7.0651 7.1470 7.2250 7.2997
V 1.110 263.77 ...... 270.45 289.13 303.51 317.55 331.33 344.92 358.36
725 U 702.457 2572.2 ...... 2588.3 2633.2 2667.7 2701.3 2734.3 2767.0 2799.3
(166.38) H 703.261 2763.4 ...... 2784.4 2842.8 2887.7 2931.5 2974.6 3017.0 3059.1
S 2.0059 6.6932 ...... 6.7404 6.8673 6.9604 7.0474 7.1296 7.2078 7.2827
697
TEMPERATURE: t°C
698
P/kPa sat. sat. 325 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (598.15) (623.15) (673.15) (723.15) (773.15) (823.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.076 561.75 843.68 879.78 951.73 1023.5 1095.0 1166.5 1237.9 1309.2
325 U 572.847 2545.7 2845.9 2885.5 2965.5 3046.9 3129.8 3214.4 3300.6 3388.6
(136.29) H 573.197 2728.3 3120.1 3171.4 3274.8 3379.5 3485.7 3593.5 3702.9 3814.1
S 1.7004 6.9640 7.7530 7.8369 7.9965 8.1465 8.2885 8.4236 8.5527 8.6764
V 1.079 524.00 783.01 816.57 883.45 950.11 1016.6 1083.0 1149.3 1215.6
350 U 583.892 2548.2 2845.6 2885.1 2965.2 3046.6 3129.6 3214.2 3300.5 3388.4
(138.87) H 584.270 2731.6 3119.6 3170.9 3274.4 3379.2 3485.4 3593.3 3702.7 3813.9
S 1.7273 6.9392 7.7181 7.8022 7.9619 8.1120 8.2540 8.3892 8.5183 8.6421
V 1.081 491.13 730.42 761.79 824.28 886.54 948.66 1010.7 1072.6 1134.5
375 U 594.332 2550.6 2845.2 2884.8 2964.9 3046.4 3129.4 3214.0 3300.3 3388.3
(141.31) H 594.737 2734.7 3119.1 3170.5 3274.0 3378.8 3485.1 3593.0 3702.5 3813.7
S 1.7526 6.9160 7.6856 7.7698 7.9296 8.0798 8.2219 8.3571 8.4863 8.6101
V 1.084 462.22 684.41 713.85 772.50 830.92 889.19 947.35 1005.4 1063.4
400 U 604.237 2552.7 2844.8 2884.5 2964.6 3046.2 3129.2 3213.8 3300.2 3388.2
(143.62) H 604.670 2737.6 3118.5 3170.0 3273.6 3378.5 3484.9 3592.8 3702.3 3813.5
S 1.7764 6.8943 7.6552 7.7395 7.8994 8.0497 8.1919 8.3271 8.4563 8.5802
V 1.086 436.61 643.81 671.56 726.81 781.84 836.72 891.49 946.17 1000.8
425 U 613.667 2554.8 2844.4 2884.1 2964.4 3045.9 3129.0 3213.7 3300.0 3388.0
(145.82) H 614.128 2740.3 3118.0 3169.5 3273.3 3378.2 3484.6 3592.5 3702.1 3813.4
S 1.7990 6.8739 7.6265 7.7109 7.8710 8.0214 8.1636 8.2989 8.4282 8.5520
V 1.088 413.75 607.73 633.97 686.20 738.21 790.07 841.83 893.50 945.10
450 U 622.672 2556.7 2844.0 2883.8 2964.1 3045.7 3128.8 3213.5 3299.8 3387.9
(147.92) H 623.162 2742.9 3117.5 3169.1 3272.9 3377.9 3484.3 3592.3 3701.9 3813.2
S 1.8204 6.8547 7.5995 7.6840 7.8442 7.9947 8.1370 8.2723 8.4016 8.5255
V 1.091 393.22 575.44 600.33 649.87 699.18 748.34 797.40 846.37 895.27
475 U 631.294 2558.5 2843.6 2883.4 2963.8 3045.4 3128.6 3213.3 3299.7 3387.7
(149.92) H 631.812 2745.3 3116.9 3168.6 3272.5 3377.6 3484.0 3592.1 3701.7 3813.0
S 1.8408 6.8365 7.5739 7.6585 7.8189 7.9694 8.1118 8.2472 8.3765 8.5004
V 1.093 374.68 546.38 570.05 617.16 664.05 710.78 757.41 803.95 850.42
500 U 639.569 2560.2 2843.2 2883.1 2963.5 3045.2 3128.4 3213.1 3299.5 3387.6
(151.84) H 640.116 2747.5 3116.4 3168.1 3272.1 3377.2 3483.8 3591.8 3701.5 3812.8
S
1.8604 6.8192 7.5496 7.6343 7.7948 7.9454 8.0879 8.2233 8.3526 8.4766
V 1.095 357.84 520.08 542.66 587.58 632.26 676.80 721.23 765.57 809.85
525 U 647.528 2561.8 2842.8 2882.7 2963.2 3045.0 3128.2 3213.0 3299.4 3387.5
(153.69) H 648.103 2749.7 3115.9 3167.6 3271.7 3376.9 3483.5 3591.6 3701.3 3812.6
S 1.8790 6.8027 7.5264 7.6112 7.7719 7.9226 8.0651 8.2006 8.3299 8.4539
V 1.097 342.48 496.18 517.76 560.68 603.37 645.91 688.34 730.68 772.96
550 U 655.199 2563.3 2842.4 2882.4 2963.0 3044.7 3128.0 3212.8 3299.2 3387.3
(155.47) H 655.802 2751.7 3115.3 3167.2 3271.3 3376.6 3483.2 3591.4 3701.1 3812.5
S 1.8970 6.7870 7.5043 7.5892 7.7500 7.9008 8.0433 8.1789 8.3083 8.4323
V 1.099 328.41 474.36 495.03 536.12 576.98 617.70 658.30 698.83 739.28
575 U 662.603 2564.8 2842.0 2882.1 2962.7 3044.5 3127.8 3212.6 3299.1 3387.2
(157.18) H 663.235 2753.6 3114.8 3166.7 3271.0 3376.3 3482.9 3591.1 3700.9 3812.3
S
1.9142 6.7720 7.4831 7.5681 7.7290 7.8799 8.0226 8.1581 8.2876 8.4116
V 1.101 315.47 454.35 474.19 513.61 552.80 591.84 630.78 669.63 708.41
600 U 669.762 2566.2 2841.6 2881.7 2962.4 3044.3 3127.6 3212.4 3298.9 3387.1
(158.84) H 670.423 2755.5 3114.3 3166.2 3270.6 3376.0 3482.7 3590.9 3700.7 3812.1
S 1.9308 6.7575 7.4628 7.5479 7.7090 7.8600 8.0027 8.1383 8.2678 8.3919
V 1.103 303.54 435.94 455.01 492.89 530.55 568.05 605.45 642.76 680.01
625 U 676.695 2567.5 2841.2 2881.4 2962.1 3044.0 3127.4 3212.2 3298.8 3386.9
(160.44) H 677.384 2757.2 3113.7 3165.7 3270.2 3375.6 3482.4 3590.7 3700.5 3811.9
S 1.9469 6.7437 7.4433 7.5285 7.6897 7.8408 7.9836 8.1192 8.2488 8.3729
V 1.105 292.49 418.95 437.31 473.78 510.01 546.10 582.07 617.96 653.79
650 U 683.417 2568.7 2840.9 2881.0 2961.8 3043.8 3127.2 3212.1 3298.6 3386.8
(161.99) H 684.135 2758.9 3113.2 3165.3 3269.8 3375.3 3482.1 3590.4 3700.3 3811.8
S 1.9623 6.7304 7.4245 7.5099 7.6712 7.8224 7.9652 8.1009 8.2305 8.3546
V 1.106 282.23 403.22 420.92 456.07 491.00 525.77 560.43 595.00 629.51
675 U 689.943 2570.0 2840.5 2880.7 2961.6 3043.6 3127.0 3211.9 3298.5 3386.7
(163.49) H 690.689 2760.5 3112.6 3164.8 3269.4 3375.0 3481.8 3590.2 3700.1 3811.6
S 1.9773 6.7176 7.4064 7.4919 7.6534 7.8046 7.9475 8.0833 8.2129 8.3371
V 1.108 272.68 388.61 405.71 439.64 473.34 506.89 540.33 573.68 606.97
700 U 696.285 2571.1 2840.1 2880.3 2961.3 3043.3 3126.8 3211.7 3298.3 3386.5
(164.96) H 697.061 2762.0 3112.1 3164.3 3269.0 3374.7 3481.6 3589.9 3699.9 3811.4
S 1.9918 6.7052 7.3890 7.4745 7.6362 7.7875 7.9305 8.0663 8.1959 8.3201
V 1.110 263.77 375.01 391.54 424.33 456.90 489.31 521.61 553.83 585.99
725 U 702.457 2572.2 2839.7 2880.0 2961.0 3043.1 3126.6 3211.5 3298.1 3386.4
(166.38) H 703.261 2763.4 3111.5 3163.8 3268.7 3374.3 3481.3 3589.7 3699.7 3811.2
S 2.0059 6.6932 7.3721 7.4578 7.6196 7.7710 7.9140 8.0499 8.1796 8.3038
699
TEMPERATURE: t°C
700
P/kPa sat. sat. 175 200 220 240 260 280 300 325
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (448.15) (473.15) (493.15) (513.15) (533.15) (553.15) (573.15) (598.15)
V 1.112 255.43 260.88 279.05 293.03 306.65 320.01 333.17 346.19 362.32
750 U 708.467 2573.3 2586.9 2632.1 2666.8 2700.6 2733.7 2766.4 2798.9 2839.3
(167.76) H 709.301 2764.8 2782.5 2841.4 2886.6 2930.6 2973.7 3016.3 3058.5 3111.0
S 2.0195 6.6817 6.7215 6.8494 6.9429 7.0303 7.1128 7.1912 7.2662 7.3558
V 1.113 247.61 251.93 269.63 283.22 296.45 309.41 322.19 334.81 350.44
775 U 714.326 2574.3 2585.4 2631.0 2665.9 2699.8 2733.1 2765.9 2798.4 2838.9
(169.10) H 715.189 2766.2 2780.7 2840.0 2885.4 2929.6 2972.9 3015.6 3057.9 3110.5
S 2.0328 6.6705 6.7031 6.8319 6.9259 7.0137 7.0965 7.1751 7.2502 7.3400
V 1.115 240.26 243.53 260.79 274.02 286.88 299.48 311.89 324.14 339.31
800 U 720.043 2575.3 2584.0 2629.9 2665.0 2699.1 2732.5 2765.4 2797.9 2838.5
(170.41) H 720.935 2767.5 2778.8 2838.6 2884.2 2928.6 2972.1 3014.9 3057.3 3109.9
S 2.0457 6.6596 6.6851 6.8148 6.9094 6.9976 7.0807 7.1595 7.2348 7.3247
V 1.117 233.34 235.64 252.48 265.37 277.90 290.15 302.21 314.12 328.85
825 U 725.625 2576.2 2582.5 2628.8 2664.1 2698.4 2731.8 2764.8 2797.5 2838.1
(171.69) H 726.547 2768.7 2776.9 2837.1 2883.1 2927.6 2971.2 3014.1 3056.6 3109.4
S 2.0583 6.6491 6.6675 6.7982 6.8933 6.9819 7.0653 7.1443 7.2197 7.3098
V 1.118 226.81 228.21 244.66 257.24 269.44 281.37 293.10 304.68 319.00
850 U 731.080 2577.1 2581.1 2627.7 2663.2 2697.6 2731.2 2764.3 2797.0 2837.7
(172.94) H 732.031 2769.9 2775.1 2835.7 2881.9 2926.6 2970.4 3013.4 3056.0 3108.8
S 2.0705 6.6388 6.6504 6.7820 6.8777 6.9666 7.0503 7.1295 7.2051 7.2954
V 1.120 220.65 221.20 237.29 249.56 261.46 273.09 284.51 295.79 309.72
875 U 736.415 2578.0 2579.6 2626.6 2662.3 2696.8 2730.6 2763.7 2796.5 2837.3
(174.16) H 737.394 2771.0 2773.1 2834.2 2880.7 2925.6 2969.5 3012.7 3055.3 3108.3
S 2.0825 6.6289 6.6336 6.7662 6.8624 6.9518 7.0357 7.1152 7.1909 7.2813
V 1.121 214.81 ...... 230.32 242.31 253.93 265.27 276.40 287.39 300.96
900 U 741.635 2578.8 ...... 2625.5 2661.4 2696.1 2729.9 2763.2 2796.1 2836.9
(175.36) H 742.644 2772.1 ...... 2832.7 2879.5 2924.6 2968.7 3012.0 3054.7 3107.7
S 2.0941 6.6192 ...... 6.7508 6.8475 6.9373 7.0215 7.1012 7.1771 7.2676
V 1.123 209.28 ...... 223.73 235.46 246.80 257.87 268.73 279.44 292.66
925 U 746.746 2579.6 ...... 2624.3 2660.5 2695.3 2729.3 2762.6 2795.6 2836.5
(176.53) H 747.784 2773.2 ...... 2831.3 2878.3 2923.6 2967.8 3011.2 3054.1 3107.2
S
2.1055 6.6097 ...... 6.7357 6.8329 6.9231 7.0076 7.0875 7.1636 7.2543
V 1.124 204.03 ...... 217.48 228.96 240.05 250.86 261.46 271.91 284.81
950 U 751.754 2580.4 ...... 2623.2 2659.5 2694.6 2728.7 2762.1 2795.1 2836.0
(177.67) H 752.822 2774.2 ...... 2829.8 2877.0 2922.6 2967.0 3010.5 3053.4 3106.6
S 2.1166 6.6005 ...... 6.7209 6.8187 6.9093 6.9941 7.0742 7.1505 7.2413
V 1.126 199.04 ...... 211.55 222.79 233.64 244.20 254.56 264.76 277.35
975 U 756.663 2581.1 ...... 2622.0 2658.6 2693.8 2728.0 2761.5 2794.6 2835.6
(178.79) H 757.761 2775.2 ...... 2828.3 2875.8 2921.6 2966.1 3009.7 3052.8 3106.1
S 2.1275 6.5916 ...... 6.7064 6.8048 6.8958 6.9809 7.0612 7.1377 7.2286
V 1.127 194.29 ...... 205.92 216.93 227.55 237.89 248.01 257.98 270.27
1000 U 761.478 25819 ...... 2620.9 2657.7 2693.0 2727.4 2761.0 2794.2 2835.2
(179.88) H 762.605 2776.2 ...... 2826.8 2874.6 2920.6 2965.2 3009.0 3052.1 3105.5
S
2.1382 6.5828 ...... 6.6922 6.7911 6.8825 6.9680 7.0485 7.1251 7.2163
V 1.130 185.45 ...... 195.45 206.04 216.24 226.15 235.84 245.37 257.12
1050 U 770.843 2583.3 ...... 2618.5 2655.8 2691.5 2726.1 2759.9 2793.2 2834.4
(182.02) H 772.029 2778.0 ...... 2823.8 2872.1 2918.5 2963.5 3007.5 3050.8 3104.4
S 2.1588 6.5659 ...... 6.6645 6.7647 6.8569 6.9430 7.0240 7.1009 7.1924
V 1.133 177.38 ...... 185.92 196.14 205.96 215.47 224.77 233.91 245.16
1100 U 779.878 2584.5 ...... 2616.2 2653.9 2689.9 2724.7 2758.8 2792.2 2833.6
(184.07) H 781.124 2779.7 ...... 2820.7 2869.6 2916.4 2961.8 3006.0 3049.6 3103.3
S 2.1786 6.5497 ...... 6.6379 6.7392 6.8323 6.9190 7.0005 7.0778 7.1695
V 1.136 169.99 ...... 177.22 187.10 196.56 205.73 214.67 223.44 234.25
1150 U 788.611 2585.8 ...... 2613.8 2651.9 2688.3 2723.4 2757.7 2791.3 2832.8
(186.05) H 789.917 2781.3 ...... 2817.6 2867.1 2914.4 2960.0 3004.5 3048.2 3102.2
S 2.1977 6.5342 ...... 6.6122 6.7147 6.8086 6.8959 6.9779 7.0556 7.1476
V 1.139 163.20 ...... 169.23 178.80 187.95 196.79 205.40 213.85 224.24
1200 U 797.064 2586.9 ...... 2611.3 2650.0 2686.7 2722.1 2756.5 2790.3 2832.0
(187.96) H 798.430 2782.7 ...... 2814.4 2864.5 2912.2 2958.2 3003.0 3046.9 3101.0
S 2.2161 6.5194 ...... 6.5872 6.6909 6.7858 6.8738 6.9562 7.0342 7.1266
V 1.141 156.93 ...... 161.88 171.17 180.02 188.56 196.88 205.02 215.03
1250 U 805.259 2588.0 ...... 2608.9 2648.0 2685.1 2720.8 2755.4 2789.3 2831.1
(189.81) H 806.685 2784.1 ...... 2811.2 2861.9 2910.1 2956.5 3001.5 3045.6 3099.9
S 2.2338 6.5050 ...... 6.5630 6.6680 6.7637 6.8523 6.9353 7.0136 7.1064
V 1.144 151.13 ...... 155.09 164.11 172.70 180.97 189.01 196.87 206.53
1300 U 813.213 2589.0 ...... 2606.4 2646.0 2683.5 2719.4 2754.3 2788.4 2830.3
(191.61) H 814.700 2785.4 ...... 2808.0 2859.3 2908.0 2954.7 3000.0 3044.3 3098.8
S 2.2510 6.4913 ...... 6.5394 6.6457 6.7424 6.8316 6.9151 6.9938 7.0869
701
TEMPERATURE: t°C
702
P/kPa sat. sat. 350 375 400 450 500 550 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (623.15) (648.15) (673.15) (723.15) (773.15) (833.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.112 255.43 378.31 394.22 410.05 441.55 472.90 504.15 535.30 566.40
750 U 708.467 2573.3 2879.6 2920.1 2960.7 3042.9 3126.3 3211.4 3298.0 3386.2
(167.76) H 709.301 2764.8 3163.4 3215.7 3268.3 3374.0 3481.0 3589.5 3699.5 3811.0
S 2.0195 6.6817 7.4416 7.5240 7.6035 7.7550 7.8981 8.0340 8.1637 8.2880
V 1.113 247.61 365.94 381.35 396.69 427.20 457.56 487.81 517.97 548.07
775 U 714.326 2574.3 2879.3 2919.8 2960.4 3042.6 3126.1 3211.2 3297.8 3386.1
(169.10) H 715.189 2766.2 3162.9 3215.3 3267.9 3373.7 3480.8 3589.2 3699.3 3810.9
S 2.0328 6.6705 7.4259 7.5084 7.5880 7.7396 7.8827 8.0187 8.1484 8.2727
V 1.115 240.26 354.34 369.29 384.16 413.74 443.17 472.49 501.72 530.89
800 U 720.043 2575.3 2878.9 2919.5 2960.2 3042.4 3125.9 3211.0 3297.7 3386.0
(170.41) H 720.935 2767.5 3162.4 3214.9 3267.5 3373.4 3480.5 3589.0 3699.1 3810.7
S 2.0457 6.6596 7.4107 7.4932 7.5729 7.7246 7.8678 8.0038 8.1336 8.2579
V 1.117 233.34 343.45 357.96 372.39 401.10 429.65 458.10 486.46 514.76
825 U 725.625 2576.2 2878.6 2919.1 2959.9 3042.2 3125.7 3210.8 3297.5 3385.8
(171.69) H 726.547 2768.7 3161.9 3214.5 3267.1 3373.1 3480.2 3588.8 3698.8 3810.5
S 2.0583 6.6491 7.3959 7.4786 7.5583 7.7101 7.8533 7.9894 8.1192 8.2436
V 1.118 226.81 333.20 347.29 361.31 389.20 416.93 444.56 472.09 499.57
850 U 731.080 2577.1 2878.2 2918.8 2959.6 3041.9 3125.5 3210.7 3297.4 3385.7
(172.94) H 732.031 2769.9 3161.4 3214.0 3266.7 3372.7 3479.9 3588.5 3698.6 3810.3
S 2.0705 6.6388 7.3815 7.4643 7.5441 7.6960 7.8393 7.9754 8.1053 8.2296
V 1.120 220.65 323.53 337.24 350.87 377.98 404.94 431.79 458.55 485.25
875 U 736.415 2578.0 2877.9 2918.5 2959.3 3041.7 3125.3 3210.5 3297.2 3385.6
(174.16) H 737.394 2771.0 3161.0 3213.6 3266.3 3372.4 3479.7 3588.3 3698.4 3810.2
S 2.0825 6.6289 7.3676 7.4504 7.5303 7.6823 7.8257 7.9618 8.0917 8.2161
V 1.121 214.81 314.40 327.74 341.01 367.39 393.61 419.73 445.76 471.72
900 U 741.635 2578.8 2877.5 2918.2 2959.0 3041.4 3125.1 3210.3 3297.1 3385.4
(175.36) H 742.644 2772.1 3160.5 3213.2 3266.0 3372.1 3479.4 3588.1 3698.2 3810.0
S 2.0941 6.6192 7.3540 7.4370 7.5169 7.6689 7.8124 7.9486 8.0785 8.2030
V 1.123 209.28 305.76 318.75 331.68 357.36 382.90 408.32 433.66 458.93
925 U 746.746 2579.6 2877.2 2917.9 2958.8 3041.2 3124.9 3210.1 3296.9 3385.3
(176.53) H 747.784 2773.2 3160.0 3212.7 3265.6 3371.8 3479.1 3587.8 3698.0 3809.8
S
2.1055 6.6097 7.3408 7.4238 7.5038 7.6560 7.7995 7.9357 8.0657 8.1902
V 1.124 204.03 297.57 310.24 322.84 347.87 372.74 397.51 422.19 446.81
950 U 751.754 2580.4 2876.8 2917.6 2958.5 3041.0 3124.7 3209.9 3296.7 3385.1
(177.67) H 752.822 2774.2 3159.5 3212.3 3265.2 3371.5 3478.8 3587.6 3697.8 3809.6
S 2.1166 6.6005 7.3279 7.4110 7.4911 7.6433 7.7869 7.9232 8.0532 8.1777
V 1.126 199.04 289.81 302.17 314.45 338.86 363.11 387.26 411.32 435.31
975 U 756.663 2581.1 2876.5 2917.3 2958.2 3040.7 3124.5 3209.8 3296.6 3385.0
(178.79) H 757.761 2775.2 3159.0 3211.9 3264.8 3371.1 3478.6 3587.3 3697.6 3809.4
S 2.1275 6.5916 7.3154 7.3986 7.4787 7.6310 7.7747 7.9110 8.0410 8.1656
V 1.127 194.29 282.43 294.50 306.49 330.30 353.96 377.52 400.98 424.38
1000 U 761.478 2581.9 2876.1 2917.0 2957.9 3040.5 3124.3 3209.6 3296.4 3384.9
(179.88) H 762.605 2776.2 3158.5 3211.5 3264.4 3370.8 3478.3 3587.1 3697.4 3809.3
S
2.1382 6.5828 7.3031 7.3864 7.4665 7.6190 7.7627 7.8991 8.0292 8.1537
V 1.130 185.45 268.74 280.25 291.69 314.41 336.97 359.43 381.79 404.10
1050 U 770.843 2583.3 2875.4 2916.3 2957.4 3040.0 3123.9 3209.2 3296.1 3384.6
(182.02) H 772.029 2778.0 3157.6 3210.6 3263.6 3370.2 3477.7 3586.6 3697.0 3808.9
S 2.1588 6.5659 7.2795 7.3629 7.4432 7.5958 7.7397 7.8762 8.0063 8.1309
V 1.133 177.38 256.28 267.30 278.24 299.96 321.53 342.98 364.35 385.65
1100 U 779.878 2584.5 2874.7 2915.7 2956.8 3039.6 3123.5 3208.9 3295.8 3384.3
(184.07) H 781.124 2779.7 3156.6 3209.7 3262.9 3369.5 3477.2 3586.2 3696.6 3808.5
S 2.1786 6.5497 7.2569 7.3405 7.4209 7.5737 7.7177 7.8543 7.9845 8.1092
V 1.136 169.99 244.91 255.47 265.96 286.77 307.42 327.97 348.42 368.81
1150 U 788.611 2585.8 2874.0 2915.1 2956.2 3039.1 3123.1 3208.5 3295.5 3384.1
(186.05) H 789.917 2781.3 3155.6 3208.9 3262.1 3368.9 3476.6 3585.7 3696.2 3808.2
S 2.1977 6.5342 7.2352 7.3190 7.3995 7.5525 7.6966 7.8333 7.9636 8.0883
V 1.139 163.20 234.49 244.63 254.70 274.68 294.50 314.20 333.82 353.38
1200 U 797.064 2586.9 2873.3 2914.4 2955.7 3038.6 3122.7 3208.2 3295.2 3383.8
(187.96) H 798.430 2782.7 3154.6 3208.0 3261.3 3368.2 3476.1 3585.2 3695.8 3807.8
S 2.2161 6.5194 7.2144 7.2983 7.3790 7.5323 7.6765 7.8132 7.9436 8.0684
V 1.141 156.93 224.90 234.66 244.35 263.55 282.60 301.54 320.39 339.18
1250 U 805.259 2588.0 2872.5 2913.8 2955.1 3038.1 3122.3 3207.8 3294.9 3383.5
(189.81) H 806.685 2784.1 3153.7 3207.1 3260.5 3367.6 3475.5 3584.7 3695.4 3807.5
S 2.2338 6.5050 7.1944 7.2785 7.3593 7.5128 7.6571 7.7940 7.9244 8.0493
V 1.144 151.13 216.05 225.46 234.79 253.28 271.62 289.85 307.99 326.07
1300 U 813.213 2589.0 2871.8 2913.2 2954.5 3037.7 3121.9 3207.5 3294.6 3383.2
(191.61) H 814.700 2785.4 3152.7 3206.3 3259.7 3366.9 3475.0 3584.3 3695.0 3807.1
S 2.2510 6.4913 7.1751 7.2594 7.3404 7.4940 7.6385 7.7754 7.9060 8.0309
703
TEMPERATURE: t°C
704
P/kPa sat. sat. 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (473.15) (498.15) (523.15) (548.15) (573.15) (598.15) (623.15) (648.15)
V 1.146 145.74 148.79 159.70 169.96 179.79 189.33 198.66 207.85 216.93
1350 U 820.944 2589.9 2603.9 2653.6 2700.1 2744.4 2787.4 2829.5 2871.1 2912.5
(193.35) H 822.491 2786.6 2804.7 2869.2 2929.5 2987.1 3043.0 3097.7 3151.7 3205.4
S 2.2676 6.4780 6.5165 6.6493 6.7675 6.8750 6.9746 7.0681 7.1566 7.2410
V 1.149 140.72 142.94 153.57 163.55 173.08 182.32 191.35 200.24 209.02
1400 U 828.465 2590.8 2601.3 2651.7 2698.6 2743.2 2786.4 2828.6 2870.4 2911.9
(195.04) H 830.074 2787.8 2801.4 2866.7 2927.6 2985.5 3041.6 3096.5 3150.7 3204.5
S 2.2837 6.4651 6.4941 6.6285 6.7477 6.8560 6.9561 7.0499 7.1386 7.2233
V 1.151 136.04 137.48 147.86 157.57 166.83 175.79 184.54 193.15 201.65
1450 U 835.791 2591.6 2598.7 2649.7 2697.1 2742.0 2785.4 2827.8 2869.7 2911.3
(196.69) H 837.460 2788.9 2798.1 2864.1 2925.5 2983.9 3040.3 3095.4 3149.7 3203.6
S 2.2993 6.4526 6.4722 6.6082 6.7286 6.8376 6.9381 7.0322 7.1212 7.2061
V 1.154 131.66 132.38 142.53 151.99 161.00 169.70 178.19 186.53 194.77
1500 U 842.933 2592.4 2596.1 2647.7 2695.5 2740.8 2784.4 2826.9 2868.9 2910.6
(198.29) H 844.663 2789.9 2794.7 2861.5 2923.5 2982.3 3038.9 3094.2 3148.7 3202.8
S 2.3145 6.4406 6.4508 6.5885 6.7099 6.8196 6.9207 7.0152 7.1044 7.1894
V 1.156 127.55 127.61 137.54 146.77 155.54 164.00 172.25 180.34 188.33
1550 U 849.901 2593.2 2593.5 2645.8 2694.0 2739.5 2783.4 2826.1 2868.2 2910.0
(199.85) H 851.694 2790.8 2791.3 2858.9 2921.5 2980.6 3037.6 3093.1 3147.7 3201.9
S 2.3292 6.4289 6.4298 6.5692 6.6917 6.8022 6.9038 6.9986 7.0881 7.1733
V 1.159 123.69 ...... 132.85 141.87 150.42 158.66 166.68 174.54 182.30
1600 U 856.707 2593.8 ...... 2643.7 2692.4 2738.3 2782.4 2825.2 2867.5 2909.3
(201.37) H 858.561 2791.7 ...... 2856.3 2919.4 2979.0 3036.2 3091.9 3146.7 3201.0
S 2.3436 6.4175 ...... 6.5503 6.6740 6.7852 6.8873 6.9825 7.0723 7.1577
V 1.161 120.05 ...... 128.45 137.27 145.61 153.64 161.44 169.09 176.63
1650 U 863.359 2594.5 ...... 2641.7 2690.9 2737.1 2781.3 2824.4 2866.7 2908.7
(202.86) H 865.275 2792.6 ...... 2853.6 2917.4 2977.3 3034.8 3090.8 3145.7 3200.1
S 2.3576 6.4065 ...... 6.5319 6.6567 6.7687 6.8713 6.9669 7.0569 7.1425
V 1.163 116.62 ...... 124.31 132.94 141.09 148.91 156.51 163.96 171.30
1700 U 869.866 2595.1 ...... 2639.6 2689.3 2735.8 2780.3 2823.5 2866.0 2908.0
(204.31) H 871.843 2793.4 ...... 2851.0 2915.3 2975.6 3033.5 3089.6 3144.7 3199.2
S
2.3713 6.3957 ...... 6.5138 6.6398 6.7526 6.8557 6.9516 7.0419 7.1277
V 1.166 113.38 ...... 120.39 128.85 136.82 144.45 151.87 159.12 166.27
1750 U 876.234 2595.7 ...... 2637.6 2687.7 2734.5 2779.3 2822.7 2865.3 2907.4
(205.72) H 878.274 2794.1 ...... 2848.2 2913.2 2974.0 3032.1 3088.4 3143.7 3198.4
S 2.3846 6.3853 ...... 6.4961 6.6233 6.7368 6.8405 6.9368 7.0273 7.1133
V 1.168 110.32 ...... 116.69 124.99 132.78 140.24 147.48 154.55 161.51
1800 U 882.472 2596.3 ...... 2635.5 2686.1 2733.3 2778.2 2821.8 2864.5 2906.7
(207.11) H 884.574 2794.8 ...... 2845.5 2911.0 2972.3 3030.7 3087.3 3142.7 3197.5
S 2.3976 6.3751 ...... 6.4787 6.6071 6.7214 6.8257 6.9223 7.0131 7.0993
V 1.170 107.41 ...... 113.19 121.33 128.96 136.26 143.33 150.23 157.02
1850 U 888.585 2596.8 ...... 2633.3 2684.4 2732.0 2777.2 2820.9 2863.8 2906.1
(208.47) H 890.750 2795.5 ...... 2842.8 2908.9 2970.6 3029.3 3086.1 3141.7 3196.6
S
2.4103 6.3651 ...... 6.4616 6.5912 6.7064 6.8112 6.9082 6.9993 7.0856
V 1.172 104.65 ...... 109.87 117.87 125.35 132.49 139.39 146.14 152.76
1900 U 894.580 2597.3 ...... 2631.2 2682.8 2730.7 2776.2 2820.1 2863.0 2905.4
(209.80) H 896.807 2796.1 ...... 2840.0 2906.7 2968.8 3027.9 3084.9 3140.7 3195.7
S 2.4228 6.3554 ...... 6.4448 6.5757 6.6917 6.7970 6.8944 6.9857 7.0723
V 1.174 102.031 ...... 106.72 114.58 121.91 128.90 135.66 142.25 148.72
1950 U 900.461 2597.7 ...... 2629.0 2681.1 2729.4 2775.1 2819.2 2862.3 2904.8
(211.10) H 902.752 2796.7 ...... 2837.1 2904.6 2967.1 3026.5 3083.7 3139.7 3194.8
S 2.4349 6.3459 ...... 6.4283 6.5604 6.6772 6.7831 6.8809 6.9725 7.0593
V 1.177 99.536 ...... 103.72 111.45 118.65 125.50 132.11 138.56 144.89
2000 U 906.236 2598.2 ...... 2626.9 2679.5 2728.1 2774.0 2818.3 2861.5 2904.1
(212.37) H 908.589 2797.2 ...... 2834.3 2902.4 2965.4 3025.0 3082.5 3138.6 3193.9
S 2.4469 6.3366 ...... 6.4120 6.5454 6.6631 6.7696 6.8677 6.9596 7.0466
V 1.181 94.890 ...... 98.147 105.64 112.59 119.18 125.53 131.70 137.76
2100 U 917.479 2598.9 ...... 2622.4 2676.1 2725.4 2771.9 2816.5 2860.0 2902.8
(214.85) H 919.959 2798.2 ...... 2828.5 2897.9 2961.9 3022.2 3080.1 3136.6 3192.1
S 2.4700 6.3187 ...... 6.3802 6.5162 6.6356 6.7432 6.8422 6.9347 7.0220
V 1.185 90.652 ...... 93.067 100.35 107.07 113.43 119.53 125.47 131.28
2200 U 928.346 2599.6 ...... 2617.9 2672.7 2722.7 2769.7 2814.7 2858.5 2901.5
(217.24) H 930.953 2799.1 ...... 2822.7 2893.4 2958.3 3019.3 3077.7 3134.5 3190.3
S 2.4922 6.3015 ...... 6.3492 6.4879 6.6091 6.7179 6.8177 6.9107 6.9985
V 1.189 86.769 ...... 88.420 95.513 102.03 108.18 114.06 119.77 125.36
2300 U 938.866 2600.2 ...... 2613.3 2669.2 2720.0 2767.6 2812.9 2857.0 2900.2
(219.55) H 941.601 2799.8 ...... 2816.7 2888.9 2954.7 3016.4 3075.3 3132.4 3188.5
S 2.5136 6.2849 ...... 6.3190 6.4605 6.5835 6.6935 6.7941 6.8877 6.9759
705
TEMPERATURE: t°C
706
P/kPa sat. sat. 400 425 450 475 500 550 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (673.15) (698.15) (723.15) (748.15) (773.15) (823.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.146 145.74 225.94 234.88 243.78 252.63 261.46 279.03 296.51 313.93
1350 U 820.944 2589.9 2953.9 2995.5 3037.2 3079.2 3121.5 3207.1 3294.3 3383.0
(193.35) H 822.491 2786.6 3259.0 3312.6 3366.3 3420.2 3474.4 3583.8 3694.5 3806.8
S 2.2676 6.4780 7.3221 7.4003 7.4759 7.5493 7.6205 7.7576 7.8882 8.0132
V 1.149 140.72 217.72 226.35 234.95 243.50 252.02 268.98 285.85 302.66
1400 U 828.465 2590.8 2953.4 2994.9 3036.7 3078.7 3121.1 3206.8 3293.9 3382.7
(195.04) H 830.074 2787.8 3258.2 3311.8 3365.6 3419.6 3473.9 3583.3 3694.1 3806.4
S 2.2837 6.4651 7.3045 7.3828 7.4585 7.5319 7.6032 7.7404 7.8710 7.9961
V 1.151 136.04 210.06 218.42 226.72 234.99 243.23 259.62 275.93 292.16
1450 U 835.791 2591.6 2952.8 2994.4 3036.2 3078.3 3120.7 3206.4 3293.6 3382.4
(196.69) H 837.460 2788.9 3257.4 3311.1 3365.0 3419.0 3473.3 3582.9 3693.7 3806.1
S 2.2993 6.4526 7.2874 7.3658 7.4416 7.5151 7.5865 7.7237 7.8545 7.9796
V 1.154 131.66 202.92 211.01 219.05 227.06 235.03 250.89 266.66 282.37
1500 U 842.933 2592.4 2952.2 2993.9 3035.8 3077.9 3120.3 3206.0 3293.3 3382.1
(198.29) H 844.663 2789.9 3256.6 3310.4 3364.3 3418.4 3472.8 3582.4 3693.3 3805.7
S 2.3145 6.4406 7.2709 7.3494 7.4253 7.4989 7.5703 7.7077 7.8385 7.9636
V 1.156 127.55 196.24 204.08 211.87 219.63 227.35 242.72 258.00 273.21
1550 U 849.901 2593.2 2951.7 2993.4 3035.3 3077.4 3119.8 3205.7 3293.0 3381.9
(199.85) H 851.694 2790.8 3255.8 3309.7 3363.7 3417.8 3472.2 3581.9 3692.9 3805.3
S 2.3292 6.4289 7.2550 7.3336 7.4095 7.4832 7.5547 7.6921 7.8230 7.9482
V 1.159 123.69 189.97 197.58 205.15 212.67 220.16 235.06 249.87 264.62
1600 U 856.707 2593.8 2951.1 2992.9 3034.8 3077.0 3119.4 3205.3 3292.7 3381.6
(201.37) H 858.561 2791.7 3255.0 3309.0 3363.0 3417.2 3471.7 3581.4 3692.5 3805.0
S 2.3436 6.4175 7.2394 7.3182 7.3942 7.4679 7.5395 7.6770 7.8080 7.9333
V 1.161 120.05 184.09 191.48 198.82 206.13 213.40 227.86 242.24 256.55
1650 U 863.359 2594.5 2950.5 2992.3 3034.3 3076.5 3119.0 3205.0 3292.4 3381.3
(202.86) H 865.275 2792.6 3254.2 3308.3 3362.4 3416.7 3471.1 3581.0 3692.1 3804.6
S 2.3576 6.4065 7.2244 7.3032 7.3794 7.4531 7.5248 7.6624 7.7934 7.9188
V 1.163 116.62 178.55 185.74 192.87 199.97 207.04 221.09 235.06 248.96
1700 U 869.866 2595.1 2949.9 2991.8 3033.9 3076.1 3118.6 3204.6 3292.1 3381.0
(204.31) H 871.843 2793.4 3253.5 3307.6 3361.7 3416.1 3470.6 3580.5 3691.7 3804.3
S
2.3713 6.3957 7.2098 7.2887 7.3649 7.4388 7.5105 7.6482 7.7793 7.9047
V 1.166 113.38 173.32 180.32 187.26 194.17 201.04 214.71 228.28 241.80
1750 U 876.234 2595.7 2949.3 2991.3 3033.4 3075.7 3118.2 3204.3 3291.8 3380.8
(205.72) H 878.274 2794.1 3252.7 3306.9 3361.1 3415.5 3470.0 3580.0 3691.3 3803.9
S 2.3846 6.3853 7.1955 7.2746 7.3509 7.4248 7.4965 7.6344 7.7656 7.8910
V 1.168 110.32 168.39 175.20 181.97 188.69 195.38 208.68 221.89 235.03
1800 U 882.472 2596.3 2948.8 2990.8 3032.9 3075.2 3117.8 3203.9 3291.5 3380.5
(207.11) H 884.574 2794.8 3251.9 3306.1 3360.4 3414.9 3469.5 3579.5 3690.9 3803.6
S 2.3976 6.3751 7.1816 7.2608 7.3372 7.4112 7.4830 7.6209 7.7522 7.8777
V 1.170 107.41 163.73 170.37 176.96 183.50 190.02 202.97 215.84 228.64
1850 U 888.585 2596.8 2948.2 2990.3 3032.4 3074.8 3117.4 3203.6 3291.1 3380.2
(208.47) H 890.750 2795.5 3251.1 3305.4 3359.8 3414.3 3468.9 3579.1 3690.4 3803.2
S
2.4103 6.3651 7.1681 7.2474 7.3239 7.3980 7.4698 7.6079 7.7392 7.8648
V 1.172 104.65 159.30 165.78 172.21 178.59 184.94 197.57 210.11 222.58
1900 U 894.580 2597.3 2947.6 2989.7 3031.9 3074.3 3117.0 3203.2 3290.8 3380.0
(209.80) H 896.807 2796.1 3250.3 3304.7 3359.1 3413.7 3468.4 3578.6 3690.0 3802.8
S 2.4228 6.3554 7.1550 7.2344 7.3109 7.3851 7.4570 7.5951 7.7265 7.8522
V 1.174 102.031 155.11 161.43 167.70 173.93 180.13 192.44 204.67 216.83
1950 U 900.461 2597.7 2947.0 2989.2 3031.5 3073.9 3116.6 3202.9 3290.5 3379.7
(211.10) H 902.752 2796.7 3249.5 3304.0 3358.5 3413.1 3467.8 3578.1 3689.6 3802.5
S 2.4349 6.3459 7.1421 7.2216 7.2983 7.3725 7.4445 7.5827 7.7142 7.8399
V 1.177 99.536 151.13 157.30 163.42 169.51 175.55 187.57 199.50 211.36
2000 U 906.236 2598.2 2946.4 2988.7 3031.0 3073.5 3116.2 3202.5 3290.2 3379.4
(212.37) H 908.589 2797.2 3248.7 3303.3 3357.8 3412.5 3467.3 3577.6 3689.2 3802.1
S 2.4469 6.3366 7.1296 7.2092 7.2859 7.3602 7.4323 7.5706 7.7022 7.8279
V 1.181 94.890 143.73 149.63 155.48 161.28 167.06 178.53 189.91 201.22
2100 U 917.479 2598.9 2945.3 2987.6 3030.0 3072.6 3115.3 3201.8 3289.6 3378.9
(214.85) H 919.959 2798.2 3247.1 3301.8 3356.5 3411.3 3466.2 3576.7 3688.4 3801.4
S 2.4700 6.3187 7.1053 7.1851 7.2621 7.3365 7.4087 7.5472 7.6789 7.8048
V 1.185 90.652 137.00 142.65 148.25 153.81 159.34 170.30 181.19 192.00
2200 U 928.346 2599.6 2944.1 2986.6 3029.1 3071.7 3114.5 3201.1 3289.0 3378.3
(217.24) H 930.953 2799.1 3245.5 3300.4 3355.2 3410.1 3465.1 3575.7 3687.6 3800.7
S 2.4922 6.3015 7.0821 7.1621 7.2393 7.3139 7.3862 7.5249 7.6568 7.7827
V 1.189 86.769 130.85 136.28 141.65 146.99 152.28 162.80 173.22 183.58
2300 U 938.866 2600.2 2942.9 2985.5 3028.1 3070.8 3113.7 3200.4 3288.3 3377.8
(219.55) H 941.601 2799.8 3243.9 3299.0 3353.9 3408.9 3464.0 3574.8 3686.7 3800.0
S 2.5136 6.2849 7.0598 7.1401 7.2174 7.2922 7.3646 7.5035 7.6355 7.7616
707
TEMPERATURE: t°C
708
P/kPa sat. sat. 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (498.15) (523.15) (548.15) (573.15) (598.15) (623.15) (648.15) (673.15)
V 1.193 83.199 84.149 91.075 97.411 103.36 109.05 114.55 119.93 125.22
2400 U 949.066 2600.7 2608.6 2665.6 2717.3 2765.4 2811.1 2855.4 2898.8 2941.7
(221.78) H 951.929 2800.4 2810.6 2884.2 2951.1 3013.4 3072.8 3130.4 3186.7 3242.3
S 2.5343 6.2690 6.2894 6.4338 6.5586 6.6699 6.7714 6.8656 6.9542 7.0384
V 1.197 79.905 80.210 86.985 93.154 98.925 104.43 109.75 114.94 120.04
2500 U 958.969 2601.2 2603.8 2662.0 2714.5 2763.1 2809.3 2853.9 2897.5 2940.6
(223.94) H 961.962 2800.9 2804.3 2879.5 2947.4 3010.4 3070.4 3128.2 3184.8 3240.7
S 2.5543 6.2536 6.2604 6.4077 6.5345 6.6470 6.7494 6.8442 6.9333 7.0178
V 1.201 76.856 ...... 83.205 89.220 94.830 100.17 105.32 110.33 115.26
2600 U 968.597 2601.5 ...... 2658.4 2711.7 2760.9 2807.4 2852.3 2896.1 2939.4
(226.04) H 971.720 2801.4 ...... 2874.7 2943.6 3007.4 3067.9 3126.1 3183.0 3239.0
S 2.5736 6.2387 ...... 6.3823 6.5110 6.6249 6.7281 6.8236 6.9131 6.9979
V 1.205 74.025 ...... 79.698 85.575 91.036 96.218 101.21 106.07 110.83
2700 U 977.968 2601.8 ...... 2654.7 2708.8 2758.6 2805.6 2850.7 2894.8 2938.2
(228.07) H 981.222 2801.7 ...... 2869.9 2939.8 3004.4 3065.4 3124.0 3181.2 3237.4
S 2.5924 6.2244 ...... 6.3575 6.4882 6.6034 6.7075 6.8036 6.8935 6.9787
V 1.209 71.389 ...... 76.437 82.187 87.510 92.550 97.395 102.10 106.71
2800 U 987.100 2602.1 ...... 2650.9 2705.9 2756.3 2803.7 2849.2 2893.4 2937.0
(230.05) H 990.485 2802.0 ...... 2864.9 2936.0 3001.3 3062.8 3121.9 3179.3 3235.8
S 2.6106 6.2104 ...... 6.3331 6.4659 6.5824 6.6875 6.7842 6.8746 6.9601
V 1.213 68.928 ...... 73.395 79.029 84.226 89.133 93.843 98.414 102.88
2900 U 996.008 2602.3 ...... 2647.1 2702.9 2754.0 2801.8 2847.6 2892.0 2935.8
(231.97) H 999.524 2802.2 ...... 2859.9 2932.1 2998.2 3060.3 3119.7 3177.4 3234.1
S 2.6283 6.1969 ...... 6.3092 6.4441 6.5621 6.6681 6.7654 6.8563 6.9421
V 1.216 66.626 ...... 70.551 76.078 81.159 85.943 90.526 94.969 99.310
3000 U 1004.7 2602.4 ...... 2643.2 2700.0 2751.6 2799.9 2846.0 2890.7 2934.6
(233.84) H 1008.4 2802.3 ...... 2854.8 2928.2 2995.1 3057.7 3117.5 3175.6 3232.5
S 2.6455 6.1837 ...... 6.2857 6.4228 6.5422 6.6491 6.7471 6.8385 6.9246
V 1.220 64.467 ...... 67.885 73.315 78.287 82.958 87.423 91.745 95.965
3100 U 1013.2 2602.5 ...... 2639.2 2697.0 2749.2 2797.9 2844.3 2889.3 2933.4
(235.67) H 1017.0 2802.3 ...... 2849.6 2924.2 2991.9 3055.1 3115.4 3173.7 3230.8
S
2.6623 6.1709 ...... 6.2626 6.4019 6.5227 6.6307 6.7294 6.8212 6.9077
V 1.224 62.439 ...... 65.380 70.721 75.593 80.158 84.513 88.723 92.829
3200 U 1021.5 2602.5 ...... 2635.2 2693.9 2746.8 2796.0 2842.7 2887.9 2932.1
(237.45) H 1025.4 2802.3 ...... 2844.4 2920.2 2988.7 3052.5 3113.2 3171.8 3229.2
S 2.6786 6.1585 ...... 6.2398 6.3815 6.5037 6.6127 6.7120 6.8043 6.8912
V 1.227 60.529 ...... 63.021 68.282 73.061 77.526 81.778 85.883 89.883
3300 U 1029.7 2602.5 ...... 2631.1 2690.8 2744.4 2794.0 2841.1 2886.5 2930.9
(239.18) H 1033.7 2802.3 ...... 2839.0 2916.1 2985.5 3049.9 3110.9 3169.9 3227.5
S 2.6945 6.1463 ...... 6.2173 6.3614 6.4851 6.5951 6.6952 6.7879 6.8752
V 1.231 58.728 ...... 60.796 65.982 70.675 75.048 79.204 83.210 87.110
3400 U 1037.6 2602.5 ...... 2626.9 2687.7 2741.9 2792.0 2839.4 2885.1 2929.7
(240.88) H 1041.8 2802.1 ...... 2833.6 2912.0 2982.2 3047.2 3108.7 3168.0 3225.9
S
2.7101 6.1344 ...... 61951 6.3416 6.4669 6.5779 6.6787 6.7719 6.8595
V 1.235 57.025 ...... 58.693 63.812 68.424 72.710 76.776 80.689 84.494
3500 U 1045.4 2602.4 ...... 2622.7 2684.5 2739.5 2790.0 2837.8 2883.7 2928.4
(242.54) H 1049.8 2802.0 ...... 2828.1 2907.8 2979.0 3044.5 3106.5 3166.1 3224.2
S 2.7253 6.1228 ...... 6.1732 6.3221 6.4491 6.5611 6.6626 6.7563 6.8443
V 1.238 55.415 ...... 56.702 61.759 66.297 70.501 74.482 78.308 82.024
3600 U 1053.1 2602.2 ...... 2618.4 2681.3 2737.0 2788.0 2836.1 2882.3 2927.2
(244.16) H 1057.6 28017 ...... 2822.5 2903.6 2975.6 3041.8 3104.2 3164.2 3222.5
S 2.7401 6.1115 ...... 61514 6.3030 6.4315 6.5446 6.6468 6.7411 6.8294
V 1.242 53.888 ...... 54.812 59.814 64.282 68.410 72.311 76.055 79.687
3700 U 1060.6 2602.1 ...... 2614.0 2678.0 2734.4 2786.0 2834.4 2880.8 2926.0
(245.75) H 1065.2 2801.4 ...... 2816.8 2899.3 2972.3 3039.1 3102.0 3162.2 3220.8
S 2.7547 6.1004 ...... 6.1299 6.2841 6.4143 6.5284 6.6314 6.7262 6.8149
V 1.245 52.438 ...... 53.017 57.968 62.372 66.429 70.254 73.920 77.473
3800 U 1068.0 2601.9 ...... 2609.5 2674.7 2731.9 2783.9 2832.7 2879.4 2924.7
(247.31) H 1072.7 2801.1 ...... 2811.0 2895.0 2968.9 3036.4 3099.7 3160.3 3219.1
S 2.7689 6.0896 ...... 6.1085 6.2654 6.3973 6.5126 6.6163 6.7117 6.8007
V 1.249 51.061 ...... 51.308 56.215 60.558 64.547 68.302 71.894 75.372
3900 U 1075.3 2601.6 ...... 2605.0 2671.4 2729.3 2781.9 2831.0 2877.9 2923.5
(248.84) H 1080.1 2800.8 ...... 2805.1 2890.6 2965.5 3033.6 3097.4 3158.3 3217.4
S 2.7828 6.0789 ...... 6.0872 6.2470 6.3806 6.4970 6.6015 6.6974 6.7868
V 1.252 49.749 ...... 54.546 58.833 62.759 66.446 69.969 73.376
4000 U 1082.4 2601.3 ...... 2668.0 2726.7 2779.8 2829.3 2876.5 2922.2
(250.33) H 1087.4 2800.3 ...... 2886.1 2962.0 3030.8 3095.1 3156.4 3215.7
S 2.7965 6.0685 ...... 6.2288 6.3642 6.4817 6.5870 6.6834 6.7733
709
TEMPERATURE: t°C
710
P/kPa sat. sat. 425 450 475 500 525 550 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (698.15) (723.15) (748.15) (773.15) (798.15) (823.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.193 83.199 130.44 135.61 140.73 145.82 150.88 155.91 165.92 175.86
2400 U 949.066 2600.7 2984.5 3027.1 3069.9 3112.9 3156.1 3199.6 3287.7 3377.2
(221.78) H 951.929 2800.4 3297.5 3352.6 3407.7 3462.9 3518.2 3573.8 3685.9 3799.3
S 2.5343 6.2690 7.1189 7.1964 7.2713 7.3439 7.4144 7.4830 7.6152 7.7414
V 1.197 79.905 125.07 130.04 134.97 139.87 144.74 149.58 159.21 168.76
2500 U 958.969 2601.2 2983.4 3026.2 3069.0 3112.1 3155.4 3198.9 3287.1 3376.7
(223.94) H 961.962 2800.9 3296.1 3351.3 3406.5 3461.7 3517.2 3572.9 3685.1 3798.6
S 2.5543 6.2536 7.0986 7.1763 7.2513 7.3240 7.3946 7.4633 7.5956 7.7220
V 1.201 76.856 120.11 124.91 129.66 134.38 139.07 143.74 153.01 162.21
2600 U 968.597 2601.5 2982.3 3025.2 3068.1 3111.2 3154.6 3198.2 3286.5 3376.1
(226.04) H 971.720 2801.4 3294.6 3349.9 3405.3 3460.6 3516.2 3571.9 3684.3 3797.9
S 2.5736 6.2387 7.0789 7.1568 7.2320 7.3048 7.3755 7.4443 7.5768 7.7033
V 1.205 74.025 115.52 120.15 124.74 129.30 133.82 138.33 147.27 156.14
2700 U 977.968 2601.8 2981.2 3024.2 3067.2 3110.4 3153.8 3197.5 3285.8 3375.6
(228.07) H 981.222 2801.7 3293.1 3348.6 3404.0 3459.5 3515.2 3571.0 3683.5 3797.1
S 2.5924 6.2244 7.0600 7.1381 7.2134 7.2863 7.3571 7.4260 7.5587 7.6853
V 1.209 71.389 111.25 115.74 120.17 124.58 128.95 133.30 141.94 150.50
2800 U 987.100 2602.1 2980.2 3023.2 3066.3 3109.6 3153.1 3196.8 3285.2 3375.0
(230.05) H 990.485 2802.0 3291.7 3347.3 3402.8 3458.4 3514.1 3570.0 3682.6 3796.4
S 2.6106 6.2104 7.0416 7.1199 7.1954 7.2685 7.3394 7.4084 7.5412 7.6679
V 1.213 68.928 107.28 111.62 115.92 120.18 124.42 128.62 136.97 145.26
2900 U 996.008 2602.3 2979.1 3022.3 3065.5 3108.8 3152.3 3196.1 3284.6 3374.5
(231.97) H 999.524 2802.2 3290.2 3346.0 3401.6 3457.3 3513.1 3569.1 3681.8 3795.7
S 2.6283 6.1969 7.0239 7.1024 7.1780 7.2512 7.3222 7.3913 7.5243 7.6511
V 1.216 66.626 103.58 107.79 111.95 116.08 120.18 124.26 132.34 140.36
3000 U 1004.7 2602.4 2978.0 3021.3 3064.6 3107.9 3151.5 3195.4 3284.0 3373.9
(233.84) H 1008.4 2802.3 3288.7 3344.6 3400.4 3456.2 3512.1 3568.1 3681.0 3795.0
S 2.6455 6.1837 7.0067 7.0854 7.1612 7.2345 7.3056 7.3748 7.5079 7.6349
V 1.220 64.467 100.11 104.20 108.24 112.24 116.22 120.17 128.01 135.78
3100 U 1013.2 2602.5 2976.9 3020.3 3063.7 3107.1 3150.8 3194.7 3283.3 3373.4
(235.67) H 1017.0 2802.3 3287.3 3343.3 3399.2 3455.1 3511.0 3567.2 3680.2 3794.3
S 2.6623 6.1709 6.9900 7.0689 7.1448 7.2183 7.2895 7.3588 7.4920 7.6191
V 1.224 62.439 96.859 100.83 104.76 108.65 112.51 116.34 123.95 131.48
3200 U 1021.5 2602.5 2975.9 3019.3 3062.8 3106.3 3150.0 3193.9 3282.7 3372.8
(237.45) H 1025.4 2802.3 3285.8 3342.0 3398.0 3454.0 3510.0 3566.2 3679.3 3793.6
S 2.6786 6.1585 6.9738 7.0528 7.1290 7.2026 7.2739 7.3433 7.4767 7.6039
V 1.227 60.529 93.805 97.668 101.49 105.27 109.02 112.74 120.13 127.45
3300 U 1029.7 2602.5 2974.8 3018.3 3061.9 3105.5 3149.2 3193.2 3282.1 3372.3
(239.18) H 1033.7 2802.3 3284.3 3340.6 3396.8 3452.8 3509.0 3565.3 3678.5 3792.9
S 2.6945 6.1463 6.9580 7.0373 7.1136 7.1873 7.2588 7.3282 7.4618 7.5891
V 1.231 58.728 90.930 94.692 98.408 102.09 105.74 109.36 116.54 123.65
3400 U 1037.6 2602.5 2973.7 3017.4 3061.0 3104.6 3148.4 3192.5 3281.5 3371.7
(240.88) H 1041.8 2802.1 3282.8 3339.3 3395.5 3451.7 3507.9 3564.3 3677.7 3792.1
S
2.7101 6.1344 6.9426 7.0221 7.0986 7.1724 7.2440 7.3136 7.4473 7.5747
V 1.235 57.025 88.220 91.886 95.505 99.088 102.64 106.17 113.15 120.07
3500 U 1045.4 2602.4 2972.6 3016.4 3060.1 3103.8 3147.7 3191.8 3280.8 3371.2
(242.54) H 1049.8 2802.0 3281.3 3338.0 3394.3 3450.6 3506.9 3563.4 3676.9 3791.4
S 2.7253 6.1228 6.9277 7.0074 7.0840 7.1580 7.2297 7.2993 7.4332 7.5607
V 1.238 55.415 85.660 89.236 92.764 96.255 99.716 103.15 109.96 116.69
3600 U 1053.1 2602.2 2971.5 3015.4 3059.2 3103.0 3146.9 3191.1 3280.2 3370.6
(244.16) H 1057.6 2801.7 3279.8 3336.6 3393.1 3449.5 3505.9 3562.4 3676.1 3790.7
S 2.7401 6.1115 6.9131 6.9930 7.0698 7.1439 7.2157 7.2854 7.4195 7.5471
V 1.242 53.888 83.238 86.728 90.171 93.576 96.950 100.30 106.93 113.49
3700 U 1060.6 2602.1 2970.4 3014.4 3058.2 3102.1 3146.1 3190.4 3279.6 3370.1
(245.75) H 1065.2 2801.4 3278.4 3335.3 3391.9 3448.4 3504.9 3561.5 3675.2 3790.0
S 2.7547 6.1004 6.8989 6.9790 7.0559 7.1302 7.2021 7.2719 7.4061 7.5339
V 1.245 52.438 80.944 84.353 87.714 91.038 94.330 97.596 104.06 110.46
3800 U 1068.0 2601.9 2969.3 3013.4 3057.3 3101.3 3145.4 3189.6 3279.0 3369.5
(247.31) H 1072.7 2801.1 3276.8 3333.9 3390.7 3447.2 3503.8 3560.5 3674.4 3789.3
S 2.7689 6.0896 6.8849 6.9653 7.0424 7.1168 7.1888 7.2587 7.3931 7.5210
V 1.249 51.061 78.767 82.099 85.383 88.629 91.844 95.033 101.35 107.59
3900 U 1075.3 2601.6 2968.2 3012.4 3056.4 3100.5 3144.6 3188.9 3278.3 3369.0
(248.84) H 1080.1 2800.8 3275.3 3332.6 3389.4 3446.1 3502.8 3559.5 3673.6 3788.6
S 2.7828 6.0789 6.8713 6.9519 7.0292 7.1037 7.1759 7.2459 7.3804 7.5084
V 1.252 49.749 76.698 79.958 83.169 86.341 89.483 92.598 98.763 104.86
4000 U 1082.4 2601.3 2967.0 3011.4 3055.5 3099.6 3143.8 3188.2 3277.7 3368.4
(250.33) H 1087.4 2800.3 3273.8 3331.2 3388.2 3445.0 3501.7 3558.6 3672.8 3787.9
S 2.7965 6.0685 6.8581 6.9388 7.0163 7.0909 7.1632 7.2333 7.3680 7.4961
711
TEMPERATURE: t°C
712
P/kPa sat. sat. 260 275 300 325 350 375 400 425
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (533.15) (548.15) (573.15) (598.15) (623.15) (648.15) (673.15) (698.15)
V 1.256 48.500 50.150 52.955 57.191 61.057 64.680 68.137 71.476 74.730
4100 U 1089.4 2601.0 2624.6 2664.5 2724.0 2777.7 2827.6 2875.0 2920.9 2965.9
(251.80) H 1094.6 2799.9 2830.3 2881.6 2958.5 3028.0 3092.8 3154.4 3214.0 3272.3
S 2.8099 6.0583 6.1157 6.2107 6.3480 6.4667 6.5727 6.6697 6.7600 6.8450
V 1.259 47.307 48.654 51.438 55.625 59.435 62.998 66.392 69.667 72.856
4200 U 1096.3 2600.7 2620.4 2661.0 2721.4 2775.6 2825.8 2873.6 2919.7 2964.8
(253.24) H 1101.6 2799.4 2824.8 2877.1 2955.0 3025.2 3090.4 3152.4 3212.3 3270.8
S 2.8231 6.0482 6.0962 6.1929 6.3320 6.4519 6.5587 6.6563 6.7469 6.8323
V 1.262 46.168 47.223 49.988 54.130 57.887 61.393 64.728 67.942 71.069
4300 U 1103.1 2600.3 2616.2 2657.5 2718.7 2773.4 2824.1 2872.1 2918.4 2963.7
(254.66) H 1108.5 2798.9 2819.2 2872.4 2951.4 3022.3 3088.1 3150.4 3210.5 3269.3
S 2.8360 6.0383 6.0768 6.1752 6.3162 6.4373 6.5450 6.6431 6.7341 6.8198
V 1.266 45.079 45.853 48.601 52.702 56.409 59.861 63.139 66.295 69.363
4400 U 1109.8 2599.9 2611.8 2653.9 2716.0 2771.3 2822.3 2870.6 2917.1 2962.5
(256.05) H 1115.4 2798.3 2813.6 2867.8 2947.8 3019.5 3085.7 3148.4 3208.8 3267.7
S 2.8487 6.0286 6.0575 6.1577 6.3006 6.4230 6.5315 6.6301 6.7216 6.8076
V 1.269 44.037 44.540 47.273 51.336 54.996 58.396 61.620 64.721 67.732
4500 U 1116.4 2599.5 2607.4 2650.3 2713.2 2769.1 2820.5 2869.1 2915.8 2961.4
(257.41) H 1122.1 2797.7 2807.9 2863.0 2944.2 3016.6 3083.3 3146.4 3207.1 3266.2
S 2.8612 6.0191 6.0382 6.1403 6.2852 6.4088 6.5182 6.6174 6.7093 6.7955
V 1.272 43.038 43.278 46.000 50.027 53.643 56.994 60.167 63.215 66.172
4600 U 1122.9 2599.1 2602.9 2646.6 2710.4 2766.9 2818.7 2867.6 2914.5 2960.3
(258.75) H 1128.8 2797.0 2802.0 2858.2 2940.5 3013.7 3080.9 3144.4 3205.3 3264.7
S 2.8735 6.0097 6.0190 6.1230 6.2700 6.3949 6.5050 6.6049 6.6972 6.7838
V 1.276 42.081 ...... 44.778 48.772 52.346 55.651 58.775 61.773 64.679
4700 U 1129.3 2598.6 ...... 2642.9 2707.6 2764.7 2816.9 2866.1 2913.2 2959.1
(260.07) H 1135.3 2796.4 ...... 2853.3 2936.8 3010.7 3078.5 3142.3 3203.6 3263.1
S 2.8855 6.0004 ...... 6.1058 6.2549 6.3811 6.4921 6.5926 6.6853 6.7722
V 1.279 41.161 ...... 43.604 47.569 51.103 54.364 57.441 60.390 63.247
4800 U 1135.6 2598.1 ...... 2639.1 2704.8 2762.5 2815.1 2864.6 2911.9 2958.0
(261.37) H 1141.8 2795.7 ...... 2848.4 2933.1 3007.8 3076.1 3140.3 3201.8 3261.6
S
2.8974 5.9913 ...... 6.0887 6.2399 6.3675 6.4794 6.5805 6.6736 6.7608
V 1.282 40.278 ...... 42.475 46.412 49.909 53.128 56.161 59.064 61.874
4900 U 1141.9 2597.6 ...... 2635.2 2701.9 2760.2 2813.3 2863.0 2910.6 2956.9
(262.65) H 1148.2 2794.9 ...... 2843.3 2929.3 3004.8 3073.6 3138.2 3200.0 3260.0
S 2.9091 5.9823 ...... 6.0717 6.2252 6.3541 6.4669 6.5685 6.6621 6.7496
V 1.286 39.429 ...... 41.388 45.301 48.762 51.941 54.932 57.791 60.555
5000 U 1148.0 2597.0 ...... 2631.3 2699.0 2758.0 2811.5 2861.5 2909.3 2955.7
(263.91) H 1154.5 2794.2 ...... 2838.2 2925.5 3001.8 3071.2 3136.2 3198.3 3258.5
S 2.9206 5.9735 ...... 6.0547 6.2105 6.3408 6.4545 6.5568 6.6508 6.7386
V 1.289 38.611 ...... 40.340 44.231 47.660 50.801 53.750 56.567 59.288
5100 U 1154.1 2596.5 ...... 2627.3 2696.1 2755.7 2809.6 2860.0 2908.0 2954.5
(265.15) H 1160.7 2793.4 ...... 2833.1 2921.7 2998.7 3068.7 3134.1 3196.5 3256.9
S
2.9319 5.9648 ...... 6.0378 6.1960 6.3277 6.4423 6.5452 6.6396 6.7278
V 1.292 37.824 ...... 39.330 43.201 46.599 49.703 52.614 55.390 58.070
5200 U 1160.1 2595.9 ...... 2623.3 2693.1 2753.4 2807.8 2858.4 2906.7 2953.4
(266.37) H 1166.8 2792.6 ...... 2827.8 2917.8 2995.7 3066.2 3132.0 3194.7 3255.4
S 2.9431 5.9561 ...... 6.0210 6.1815 6.3147 6.4302 6.5338 6.6287 6.7172
V 1.296 37.066 ...... 38.354 42.209 45.577 48.647 51.520 54.257 56.897
5300 U 1166.1 2595.3 ...... 2619.2 2690.1 2751.0 2805.9 2856.9 2905.3 2952.2
(267.58) H 1172.9 2791.7 ...... 2822.5 2913.8 2992.6 3063.7 3129.9 3192.9 3253.8
S 2.9541 5.9476 ...... 6.0041 6.1672 6.3018 6.4183 6.5225 6.6179 6.7067
V 1.299 36.334 ...... 37.411 41.251 44.591 47.628 50.466 53.166 55.768
5400 U 1171.9 2594.6 ...... 2615.0 2687.1 2748.7 2804.0 2855.3 2904.0 2951.1
(268.76) H 1178.9 2790.8 ...... 2817.0 2909.8 2989.5 3061.2 3127.8 3191.1 3252.2
S 2.9650 5.9392 ...... 5.9873 6.1530 6.2891 6.4066 6.5114 6.6072 6.6963
V 1.302 35.628 ...... 36.499 40.327 43.641 46.647 49.450 52.115 54.679
5500 U 1177.7 2594.0 ...... 2610.8 2684.0 2746.3 2802.1 2853.7 2902.7 2949.9
(269.93) H 1184.9 2789.9 ...... 2811.5 2905.8 2986.4 3058.7 3125.7 3189.3 3250.6
S 2.9757 5.9309 ...... 5.9705 6.1388 6.2765 6.3949 6.5004 6.5967 6.6862
V 1.306 34.946 ...... 35.617 39.434 42.724 45.700 48.470 51.100 53.630
5600 U 1183.5 2593.3 ...... 2606.5 2680.9 2744.0 2800.2 2852.1 2901.3 2948.7
(271.09) H 1190.8 2789.0 ...... 2805.9 2901.7 2983.2 3056.1 3123.6 3187.5 3249.0
S 2.9863 5.9227 ...... 5.9537 6.1248 6.2640 6.3834 6.4896 6.5863 6.6761
V 1.309 34.288 ...... 34.761 38.571 41.838 44.785 47.525 50.121 52.617
5700 U 1189.1 2592.6 ...... 2602.1 2677.8 2741.6 2798.3 2850.5 2899.9 2947.5
(272.22) H 1196.6 2788.0 ...... 2800.2 2897.6 2980.0 3053.5 3121.4 3185.6 3247.5
S 2.9968 5.9146 ...... 5.9369 6.1108 6.2516 6.3720 6.4789 6.5761 6.6663
713
TEMPERATURE: t°C
714
P/kPa sat. sat. 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (723.15) (748.15) (773.15) (798.15) (823.15) (848.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.256 48.500 77.921 81.062 84.165 87.236 90.281 93.303 96.306 102.26
4100 U 1089.4 2601.0 3010.4 3054.6 3098.8 3143.0 3187.5 3232.1 3277.1 3367.9
(251.80) H 1094.6 2799.9 3329.9 3387.0 3443.9 3500.7 3557.6 3614.7 3671.9 3787.1
S 2.8099 6.0583 6.9260 7.0037 7.0785 7.1508 7.2210 7.2893 7.3558 7.4842
V 1.259 47.307 75.981 79.056 82.092 85.097 88.075 91.030 93.966 99.787
4200 U 1096.3 2600.7 3009.4 3053.7 3097.9 3142.3 3186.8 3231.5 3276.5 3367.3
(253.24) H 1101.6 2799.4 3328.5 3385.7 3442.7 3499.7 3556.7 3613.8 3671.1 3786.4
S 2.8231 6.0482 6.9135 6.9913 7.0662 7.1387 7.2090 7.2774 7.3440 7.4724
V 1.262 46.168 74.131 77.143 80.116 83.057 85.971 88.863 91.735 97.428
4300 U 1103.1 2600.3 3008.4 3052.8 3097.1 3141.5 3186.0 3230.8 3275.8 3366.8
(254.66) H 1108.5 2798.9 3327.1 3384.5 3441.6 3498.6 3555.7 3612.9 3670.3 3785.7
S 2.8360 6.0383 6.9012 6.9792 7.0543 7.1269 7.1973 7.2658 7.3324 7.4610
V 1.266 45.079 72.365 75.317 78.229 81.110 83.963 86.794 89.605 95.177
4400 U 1109.8 2599.9 3007.4 3051.9 3096.3 3140.7 3185.3 3230.1 3275.2 3366.2
(256.05) H 1115.4 2798.3 3325.8 3383.3 3440.5 3497.6 3554.7 3612.0 3669.5 3785.0
S 2.8487 6.0286 6.8892 6.9674 7.0426 7.1153 7.1858 7.2544 7.3211 7.4498
V 1.269 44.037 70.677 73.572 76.427 79.249 82.044 84.817 87.570 93.025
4500 U 1116.4 2599.5 3006.3 3050.9 3095.4 3139.9 3184.6 3229.5 3274.6 3365.7
(257.41) H 1122.1 2797.7 3324.4 3382.0 3439.3 3496.6 3553.8 3611.1 3668.6 3784.3
S 2.8612 6.0191 6.8774 6.9558 7.0311 7.1040 7.1746 7.2432 7.3100 7.4388
V 1.272 43.038 69.063 71.903 74.702 77.469 80.209 82.926 85.623 90.967
4600 U 1122.9 2599.1 3005.3 3050.0 3094.6 3139.2 3183.9 3228.8 3273.9 3365.1
(258.75) H 1128.8 2797.0 3323.0 3380.8 3438.2 3495.5 3552.8 3610.2 3667.8 3783.6
S 2.8735 6.0097 6.8659 6.9444 7.0199 7.0928 7.1636 7.2323 7.2991 7.4281
V 1.276 42.081 67.517 70.304 73.051 75.765 78.452 81.116 83.760 88.997
4700 U 1129.3 2598.6 3004.3 3049.1 3093.7 3138.4 3183.1 3228.1 3273.3 3364.6
(260.07) H 1135.3 2796.4 3321.6 3379.5 3437.1 3494.5 3551.9 3609.3 3667.0 3782.9
S 2.8855 6.0004 6.8545 6.9332 7.0089 7.0819 7.1527 7.2215 7.2885 7.4176
V 1.279 41.161 66.036 68.773 71.469 74.132 76.768 79.381 81.973 87.109
4800 U 1135.6 2598.1 3003.3 3048.2 3092.9 3137.6 3182.4 3227.4 3272.7 3364.0
(261.37) H 1141.8 2795.7 3320.3 3378.3 3435.9 3493.4 3550.9 3608.5 3666.2 3782.1
S
2.8974 5.9913 6.8434 6.9223 6.9981 7.0712 7.1422 7.2110 7.2781 7.4072
V 1.282 40.278 64.615 67.303 69.951 72.565 75.152 77.716 80.260 85.298
4900 U 1141.9 2597.6 3002.3 3047.2 3092.0 3136.8 3181.7 3226.8 3272.0 3363.5
(262.65) H 1148.2 2794.9 3318.9 3377.0 3434.8 3492.4 3549.9 3607.6 3665.3 3781.4
S 2.9091 5.9823 6.8324 6.9115 6.9874 7.0607 7.1318 7.2007 7.2678 7.3971
V 1.286 39.429 63.250 65.893 68.494 71.061 73.602 76.119 78.616 83.559
5000 U 1148.0 2597.0 3001.2 3046.3 3091.2 3136.0 3181.0 3226.1 3271.4 3362.9
(263.91) H 1154.5 2794.2 3317.5 3375.8 3433.7 3491.3 3549.0 3606.7 3664.5 3780.7
S 2.9206 5.9735 6.8217 6.9009 6.9770 7.0504 7.1215 7.1906 7.2578 7.3872
V 1.289 38.611 61.940 64.537 67.094 69.616 72.112 74.584 77.035 81.888
5100 U 1154.1 2596.5 3000.2 3045.4 3090.3 3135.3 3180.2 3225.4 3270.8 3362.4
(265.15) H 1160.7 2793.4 3316.1 3374.5 3432.5 3490.3 3548.0 3605.8 3663.7 3780.0
S
2.9319 5.9648 6.8111 6.8905 6.9668 7.0403 7.1115 7.1807 7.2479 7.3775
V 1.292 37.824 60.679 63.234 65.747 68.227 70.679 73.108 75.516 80.282
5200 U 1160.1 2595.9 2999.2 3044.5 3089.5 3134.5 3179.5 3224.7 3270.2 3361.8
(266.37) H 1166.8 2792.6 3314.7 3373.3 3431.4 3489.3 3547.1 3604.9 3662.8 3779.3
S 2.9431 5.9561 6.8007 6.8803 6.9567 7.0304 7.1017 7.1709 7.2382 7.3679
V 1.296 37.066 59.466 61.980 64.452 66.890 69.300 71.687 74.054 78.736
5300 U 1166.1 2595.3 2998.2 3043.5 3088.6 3133.7 3178.8 3224.1 3269.5 3361.3
(267.58) H 1172.9 2791.7 3313.3 3372.0 3430.2 3488.2 3546.1 3604.0 3662.0 3778.6
S 2.9541 5.9476 6.7905 6.8703 6.9468 7.0206 7.0920 7.1613 7.2287 7.3585
V 1.299 36.334 58.297 60.772 63.204 65.603 67.973 70.320 72.646 77.248
5400 U 1171.9 2594.6 2997.1 3042.6 3087.8 3132.9 3178.1 3223.4 3268.9 3360.7
(268.93) H 1178.9 2790.8 3311.9 3370.8 3429.1 3487.2 3545.1 3603.1 3661.2 3777.8
S 2.9650 5.9392 6.7804 6.8604 6.9371 7.0110 7.0825 7.1519 7.2194 7.3493
V 1.302 35.628 57.171 59.608 62.002 64.362 66.694 69.002 71.289 75.814
5500 U 1177.7 2594.0 2996.1 3041.7 3086.9 3132.1 3177.3 3222.7 3268.3 3360.2
(269.93) H 1184.9 2789.9 3310.5 3369.5 3427.9 3486.1 3544.2 3602.2 3660.4 3777.1
S 2.9757 5.9309 6.7705 6.8507 6.9275 7.0015 7.0731 7.1426 7.2102 7.3402
V 1.306 34.946 56.085 58.486 60.843 63.165 65.460 67.731 69.981 74.431
5600 U 1183.5 2593.3 2995.0 3040.7 3086.1 3131.3 3176.6 3222.0 3267.6 3359.6
(271.09) H 1190.8 2789.0 3309.1 3368.2 3426.8 3485.1 3543.2 3601.3 3659.5 3776.4
S 2.9863 5.9227 6.7607 6.8411 6.9181 6.9922 7.0639 7.1335 7.2011 7.3313
V 1.309 34.288 55.038 57.403 59.724 62.011 64.270 66.504 68.719 73.096
5700 U 1189.1 2592.6 2994.0 3039.8 3085.2 3130.5 3175.9 3221.3 3267.0 3359.1
(272.22) H 1196.6 2788.0 3307.7 3367.0 3425.6 3484.0 3542.2 3600.4 3658.7 3775.7
S 2.9968 5.9146 6.7511 6.8316 6.9088 6.9831 7.0549 7.1245 7.1923 7.3226
715
TEMPERATURE: t°C
716
P/kPa sat. sat. 280 290 300 325 350 375 400 425
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (553.15) (563.15) (573.15) (598.15) (623.15) (648.15) (673.15) (698.15)
V 1.312 33.651 34.756 36.301 37.736 40.982 43.902 46.611 49.176 51.638
5800 U 1194.7 2591.9 2614.4 2645.7 2674.6 2739.1 2796.3 2848.9 2898.6 2946.4
(273.35) H 1202.3 2787.0 2816.0 2856.3 2893.5 2976.8 3051.0 3119.3 3183.8 3245.9
S 3.0071 5.9066 5.9592 6.0314 6.0969 6.2393 6.3608 6.4683 6.5660 6.6565
V 1.315 33.034 33.953 35.497 36.928 40.154 43.048 45.728 48.262 50.693
5900 U 1200.3 2591.1 2610.2 2642.1 2671.4 2736.7 2794.4 2847.3 2897.2 2945.2
(274.46) H 1208.0 2786.0 2810.5 2851.5 2889.3 2973.6 3048.4 3117.1 3182.0 3244.3
S 3.0172 5.8986 5.9431 6.0166 6.0830 6.2272 6.3496 6.4578 6.5560 6.6469
V 1.319 32.438 33.173 34.718 36.145 39.353 42.222 44.874 47.379 49.779
6000 U 1205.8 2590.4 2605.9 2638.4 2668.1 2734.2 2792.4 2845.7 2895.8 2944.0
(275.55) H 1213.7 2785.0 2804.9 2846.7 2885.0 2970.4 3045.8 3115.0 3180.1 3242.6
S 3.0273 5.8908 5.9270 6.0017 6.0692 6.2151 6.3386 6.4475 6.5462 6.6374
V 1.322 31.860 32.415 33.962 35.386 38.577 41.422 44.048 46.524 48.895
6100 U 1211.2 2589.6 2601.5 2634.6 2664.8 2731.7 2790.4 2844.1 2894.5 2942.8
(276.63) H 1219.3 2783.9 2799.3 2841.8 2880.7 2967.1 3043.1 3112.8 3178.3 3241.0
S 3.0372 5.8830 5.9108 5.9869 6.0555 6.2031 6.3277 6.4373 6.5364 6.6280
V 1.325 31.300 31.679 33.227 34.650 37.825 40.648 43.248 45.697 48.039
6200 U 1216.6 2588.8 2597.1 2630.8 2661.5 2729.2 2788.5 2842.4 2893.1 2941.6
(277.70) H 1224.8 2782.9 2793.5 2836.8 2876.3 2963.8 3040.5 3110.6 3176.4 3239.4
S 3.0471 5.8753 5.8946 5.9721 6.0418 6.1911 6.3168 6.4272 6.5268 6.6188
V 1.328 30.757 30.962 32.514 33.935 37.097 39.898 42.473 44.895 47.210
6300 U 1221.9 2588.0 2592.6 2626.9 2658.1 2726.7 2786.5 2840.8 2891.7 2940.4
(278.75) H 1230.3 2781.8 2787.6 2831.7 2871.9 2960.4 3037.8 3108.4 3174.5 3237.8
S 3.0568 5.8677 5.8783 5.9573 6.0281 6.1793 6.3061 6.4172 6.5173 6.6096
V 1.332 30.230 30.265 31.821 33.241 36.390 39.170 41.722 44.119 46.407
6400 U 1227.2 2587.2 2587.9 2623.0 2654.7 2724.2 2784.4 2839.1 2890.3 2939.2
(279.79) H 1235.7 2780.6 2781.6 2826.6 2867.5 2957.1 3035.1 3106.2 3172.7 3236.2
S 3.0664 5.8601 5.8619 5.9425 6.0144 6.1675 6.2955 6.4072 6.5079 6.6006
V 1.335 29.719 ...... 31.146 32.567 35.704 38.465 40.994 43.366 45.629
6500 U 1232.5 2586.3 ...... 2619.0 2651.2 2721.6 2782.4 2837.5 2888.9 2938.0
(280.82) H 1241.1 2779.5 ...... 2821.4 2862.9 2953.7 3032.4 3103.9 3170.8 3234.5
S 3.0759 5.8527 ...... 5.9277 6.0008 6.1558 6.2849 6.3974 6.4986 6.5917
V 1.338 29.223 ...... 30.490 31.911 35.038 37.781 40.287 42.636 44.874
6600 U 1237.6 2585.5 ...... 2614.9 2647.7 2719.0 2780.4 2835.8 2887.5 2936.7
(281.84) H 1246.5 2778.3 ...... 2816.1 2858.4 2950.2 3029.7 3101.7 3168.9 3232.9
S 3.0853 5.8452 ...... 5.9129 5.9872 6.1442 6.2744 6.3877 6.4894 6.5828
V 1.342 28.741 ...... 29.850 31.273 34.391 37.116 39.601 41.927 44.141
6700 U 1242.8 2584.6 ...... 2610.8 2644.2 2716.4 2778.3 2834.1 2886.1 2935.5
(282.84) H 1251.8 2777.1 ...... 2810.8 2853.7 2946.8 3027.0 3099.5 3167.0 3231.3
S 3.0946 5.8379 ...... 5.8980 5.9736 6.1326 6.2640 6.3781 6.4803 6.5741
V 1.345 28.272 ...... 29.226 30.652 33.762 36.470 38.935 41.239 43.430
6800 U 1247.9 2583.7 ...... 2606.6 2640.6 2713.7 2776.2 2832.4 2884.7 2934.3
(283.84) H 1257.0 2775.9 ...... 2805.3 2849.0 2943.3 3024.2 3097.2 3165.1 3229.6
S
3.1038 5.8306 ...... 5.8830 5.9599 6.1211 6.2537 6.3686 6.4713 6.5655
V 1.351 27.373 ...... 28.024 29.457 32.556 35.233 37.660 39.922 42.068
7000 U 1258.0 2581.8 ...... 2597.9 2633.2 2708.4 2772.1 2829.0 2881.8 2931.8
(285.79) H 1267.4 2773.5 ...... 2794.1 2839.4 2936.3 3018.7 3092.7 3161.2 3226.3
S 3.1219 5.8162 ...... 5.8530 5.9327 6.0982 6.2333 6.3497 6.4536 6.5485
V 1.358 26.522 ...... 26.878 28.321 31.413 34.063 36.454 38.676 40.781
7200 U 1267.9 2579.9 ...... 2589.0 2625.6 2702.9 2767.8 2825.6 2878.9 2929.4
(287.70) H 1277.6 2770.9 ...... 2782.5 2829.5 2929.1 3013.1 3088.1 3157.4 3223.0
S 3.1397 5.8020 ...... 5.8226 5.9054 6.0755 6.2132 6.3312 6.4362 6.5319
V 1.364 25.715 ...... 25.781 27.238 30.328 32.954 35.312 37.497 39.564
7400 U 1277.6 2578.0 ...... 2579.7 2617.8 2697.3 2763.5 2822.1 2876.0 2926.9
(289.57) H 1287.7 2768.3 ...... 2770.5 2819.3 2921.8 3007.4 3083.4 3153.5 3219.6
S 3.1571 5.7880 ...... 5.7919 5.8779 6.0530 6.1933 6.3130 6.4190 6.5156
V 1.371 24.949 ...... ...... 26.204 29.297 31.901 34.229 36.380 38.409
7600 U 1287.2 2575.9 ...... ...... 2609.7 2691.7 2759.2 2818.6 2873.1 2924.3
(291.41) H 1297.6 2765.5 ...... ...... 2808.8 2914.3 3001.6 3078.7 3149.6 3216.3
S 3.1742 5.7742 ...... ...... 5.8503 6.0306 6.1737 6.2950 6.4022 6.4996
V 1.378 24.220 ...... ...... 25.214 28.315 30.900 33.200 35.319 37.314
7800 U 1296.7 2573.8 ...... ...... 2601.3 2685.9 2754.8 2815.1 2870.1 2921.8
(293.21) H 1307.4 2762.8 ...... ...... 2798.0 2906.7 2995.8 3074.0 3145.6 3212.9
S 3.1911 5.7605 ...... ...... 5.8224 6.0082 6.1542 6.2773 6.3857 6.4839
V 1.384 23.525 ...... ...... 24.264 27.378 29.948 32.222 34.310 36.273
8000 U 1306.0 2571.7 ...... ...... 2592.7 2679.9 2750.3 2811.5 2867.1 2919.3
(294.97) H 1317.1 2759.9 ...... ...... 2786.8 2899.0 2989.9 3069.2 3141.6 3209.5
S 3.2076 5.7471 ...... ...... 5.7942 5.9860 6.1349 6.2599 6.3694 6.4684
717
TEMPERATURE: t°C
718
P/kPa sat. sat. 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (723.15) (748.15) (773.15) (798.15) (823.15) (848.15) (873.15) (923.15)
V 1.312 33.651 54.026 56.357 58.644 60.896 63.120 65.320 67.500 71.807
5800 U 1194.7 2591.9 2992.9 3038.8 3084.4 3129.8 3175.2 3220.7 3266.4 3358.5
(273.35) H 1202.3 2787.0 3306.3 3365.7 3424.5 3483.0 3541.2 3599.5 3657.9 3775.0
S 3.0071 5.9066 6.7416 6.8223 6.8996 6.9740 7.0460 7.1157 7.1835 7.3139
V 1.315 33.034 53.048 55.346 57.600 59.819 62.010 64.176 66.322 70.563
5900 U 1200.3 2591.1 2991.9 3037.9 3083.5 3129.0 3174.4 3220.0 3265.7 3357.9
(274.46) H 1208.0 2786.0 3304.9 3364.4 3423.3 3481.9 3540.3 3598.6 3657.0 3774.3
S 3.0172 5.8986 6.7322 6.8132 6.8906 6.9652 7.0372 7.1070 7.1749 7.3054
V 1.319 32.438 52.103 54.369 56.592 58.778 60.937 63.071 65.184 69.359
6000 U 1205.8 2590.4 2990.8 3036.9 3082.6 3128.2 3173.7 3219.3 3265.1 3357.4
(275.55) H 1213.7 2785.0 3303.5 3363.2 3422.2 3480.8 3539.3 3597.7 3656.2 3773.5
S 3.0273 5.8908 6.7230 6.8041 6.8818 6.9564 7.0285 7.0985 7.1664 7.2971
V 1.322 31.860 51.189 53.424 55.616 57.771 59.898 62.001 64.083 68.196
6100 U 1211.2 2589.6 2989.8 3036.0 3081.8 3127.4 3173.0 3218.6 3264.5 3356.8
(276.63) H 1219.3 2783.9 3302.0 3361.9 3421.0 3479.8 3538.3 3596.8 3655.4 3772.8
S 3.0372 5.8830 6.7139 6.7952 6.8730 6.9478 7.0200 7.0900 7.1581 7.2889
V 1.325 31.300 50.304 52.510 54.671 56.797 58.894 60.966 63.018 67.069
6200 U 1216.6 2588.8 2988.7 3035.0 3080.9 3126.6 3172.2 3218.0 3263.8 3356.3
(277.70) H 1224.8 2782.9 3300.6 3360.6 3419.9 3478.7 3537.4 3595.9 3654.5 3772.1
S 3.0471 5.8753 6.7049 6.7864 6.8644 6.9393 7.0116 7.0817 7.1498 7.2808
V 1.328 30.757 49.447 51.624 53.757 55.853 57.921 59.964 61.986 65.979
6300 U 1221.9 2588.0 2987.7 3034.1 3080.1 3125.8 3171.5 3217.3 3263.2 3355.7
(278.75) H 1230.3 2781.8 3299.2 3359.3 3418.7 3477.7 3536.4 3595.0 3653.7 3771.4
S 3.0568 5.8677 6.6960 6.7778 6.8559 6.9309 7.0034 7.0735 7.1417 7.2728
V 1.332 30.230 48.617 50.767 52.871 54.939 56.978 58.993 60.987 64.922
6400 U 1227.2 2587.2 2986.6 3033.1 3079.2 3125.0 3170.8 3216.6 3262.6 3355.2
(279.79) H 1235.7 2780.6 3297.7 3358.0 3417.6 3476.6 3535.4 3594.1 3652.9 3770.7
S 3.0664 5.8601 6.6872 6.7692 6.8475 6.9226 6.9952 7.0655 7.1337 7.2649
V 1.335 29.719 47.812 49.935 52.012 54.053 56.065 58.052 60.018 63.898
6500 U 1232.5 2586.3 2985.5 3032.2 3078.3 3124.2 3170.0 3215.9 3261.9 3354.6
(280.82) H 1241.1 2779.5 3296.3 3356.8 3416.4 3475.6 3534.4 3593.2 3652.1 3770.0
S
3.0759 5.8527 6.6786 6.7608 6.8392 6.9145 6.9871 7.0575 7.1258 7.2572
V 1.338 29.223 47.031 49.129 51.180 53.194 55.179 57.139 59.079 62.905
6600 U 1237.6 2585.5 2984.5 3031.2 3077.4 3123.4 3169.3 3215.2 3261.3 3354.1
(281.84) H 1246.5 2778.3 3294.9 3355.5 3415.2 3474.5 3533.5 3592.3 3651.2 3769.2
S 3.0853 5.8452 6.6700 6.7524 6.8310 6.9064 6.9792 7.0497 7.1181 7.2495
V 1.342 28.741 46.274 48.346 50.372 52.361 54.320 56.254 58.168 61.942
6700 U 1242.8 2584.6 2983.4 3030.3 3076.6 3122.6 3168.6 3214.5 3260.7 3353.5
(282.84) H 1251.8 2777.1 3293.4 3354.2 3414.1 3473.4 3532.5 3591.4 3650.4 3768.5
S 3.0946 5.8379 6.6616 6.7442 6.8229 6.8985 6.9714 7.0419 7.1104 7.2420
V 1.345 28.272 45.539 47.587 49.588 51.552 53.486 55.395 57.283 61.007
6800 U 1247.9 2583.7 2982.3 3029.3 3075.7 3121.8 3167.8 3213.9 3260.0 3353.0
(283.84) H 1257.0 2775.9 3292.0 3352.9 3412.9 3472.4 3531.5 3590.5 3649.6 3767.8
S
3.1038 5.8306 6.6532 6.7361 6.8150 6.8907 6.9636 7.0343 7.1028 7.2345
V 1.351 27.373 44.131 46.133 48.086 50.003 51.889 53.750 55.590 59.217
7000 U 1258.0 2581.8 2980.1 3027.4 3074.0 3120.2 3166.3 3212.5 3258.8 3351.9
(285.79) H 1267.4 2773.5 3289.1 3350.3 3410.6 3470.2 3529.6 3588.7 3647.9 3766.4
S 3.1219 5.8162 6.6368 6.7201 6.7993 6.8753 6.9485 7.0193 7.0880 7.2200
V 1.358 26.522 42.802 44.759 46.668 48.540 50.381 52.197 53.991 57.527
7200 U 1267.9 2579.9 2978.0 3025.4 3072.2 3118.6 3164.9 3211.1 3257.5 3350.7
(287.70) H 1277.6 2770.9 3286.1 3347.7 3408.2 3468.1 3527.6 3586.9 3646.2 3764.9
S 3.1397 5.8020 6.6208 6.7044 6.7840 6.8602 6.9337 7.0047 7.0735 7.2058
V 1.364 25.715 41.544 43.460 45.327 47.156 48.954 50.727 52.478 55.928
7400 U 1277.6 2578.0 2975.8 3023.5 3070.4 3117.0 3163.4 3209.8 3256.2 3349.6
(289.57) H 1287.7 2768.3 3283.2 3345.1 3405.9 3466.0 3525.7 3585.1 3644.5 3763.5
S 3.1571 5.7880 6.6050 6.6892 6.7691 6.8456 6.9192 6.9904 7.0594 7.1919
V 1.371 24.949 40.351 42.228 44.056 45.845 47.603 49.335 51.045 54.413
7600 U 1287.2 2575.9 2973.6 3021.5 3068.7 3115.4 3161.9 3208.4 3254.9 3348.5
(291.41) H 1297.6 2765.5 3280.3 3342.5 3403.5 3463.8 3523.7 3583.3 3642.9 3762.1
S 3.1742 5.7742 6.5896 6.6742 6.7545 6.8312 6.9051 6.9765 7.0457 7.1784
V 1.378 24.220 39.220 41.060 42.850 44.601 46.320 48.014 49.686 52.976
7800 U 1296.7 2573.8 2971.4 3019.6 3066.9 3113.8 3160.4 3207.0 3253.7 3347.4
(293.21) H 1307.4 2762.8 3277.3 3339.8 3401.1 3461.7 3521.7 3581.5 3641.2 3760.6
S 3.1911 5.7605 6.5745 6.6596 6.7402 6.8172 6.8913 6.9629 7.0322 7.1652
V 1.384 23.525 38.145 39.950 41.704 43.419 45.102 46.759 48.394 51.611
8000 U 1306.0 2571.7 2969.2 3017.6 3065.1 3112.2 3158.9 3205.6 3252.4 3346.3
(294.97) H 1317.1 2759.9 3274.3 3337.2 3398.8 3459.5 3519.7 3579.7 3639.5 3759.2
S 3.2076 5.7471 6.5597 6.6452 6.7262 6.8035 6.8778 6.9496 7.0191 7.1523
719
TEMPERATURE: t°C
720
P/kPa sat. sat. 300 320 340 360 380 400 425 450
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (573.15) (593.15) (613.15) (633.15) (653.15) (673.15) (698.15) (723.15)
V 1.391 22.863 23.350 25.916 28.064 29.968 31.715 33.350 35.282 37.121
8200 U 1315.2 2569.5 2583.7 2657.7 2718.5 2771.5 2819.5 2864.1 2916.7 2966.9
(296.70) H 1326.6 2757.0 2775.2 2870.2 2948.6 3017.2 3079.5 3137.6 3206.0 3271.3
S 3.2239 5.7338 5.7656 5.9288 6.0588 6.1689 6.2659 6.3534 6.4532 6.5452
V 1.398 22.231 22.469 25.058 27.203 29.094 30.821 32.435 34.337 36.147
8400 U 1324.3 2567.2 2574.4 2651.1 2713.4 2767.3 2816.0 2861.1 2914.1 2964.7
(298.39) H 1336.1 2754.0 2763.1 2861.6 2941.9 3011.7 3074.8 3133.5 3202.6 3268.3
S 3.2399 5.7207 5.7366 5.9056 6.0388 6.1509 6.2491 6.3376 6.4383 6.5309
V 1.404 21.627 ...... 24.236 26.380 28.258 29.968 31.561 33.437 35.217
8600 U 1333.3 2564.9 ...... 2644.3 2708.1 2763.1 2812.4 2858.0 2911.5 2962.4
(300.06) H 1345.4 2750.9 ...... 2852.7 2935.0 3006.1 3070.1 3129.4 3199.1 3265.3
S 3.2557 5.7076 ...... 5.8823 6.0189 6.1330 6.2326 6.3220 6.4236 6.5168
V 1.411 21.049 ...... 23.446 25.592 27.459 29.153 30.727 32.576 34.329
8800 U 1342.2 2562.6 ...... 2637.3 2702.8 2758.8 2808.8 2854.9 2908.9 2960.1
(301.70) H 1354.6 2747.8 ...... 2843.6 2928.0 3000.4 3065.3 3125.3 3195.6 3262.2
S 3.2713 5.6948 ...... 5.8590 5.9990 6.1152 6.2162 6.3067 6.4092 6.5030
V 1.418 20.495 ...... 22.685 24.836 26.694 28.372 29.929 31.754 33.480
9000 U 1351.0 2560.1 ...... 2630.1 2697.4 2754.4 2805.2 2851.8 2906.3 2957.8
(303.31) H 1363.7 2744.6 ...... 2834.3 2920.9 2994.7 3060.5 3121.2 3192.0 3259.2
S 3.2867 5.6820 ...... 5.8355 5.9792 6.0976 6.2000 6.2915 6.3949 6.4894
V 1.425 19.964 ...... 21.952 24.110 25.961 27.625 29.165 30.966 32.668
9200 U 1359.7 2557.7 ...... 2622.7 2691.9 2750.0 2801.5 2848.7 2903.6 2955.5
(304.89) H 1372.8 2741.3 ...... 2824.7 2913.7 2988.9 3055.7 3117.0 3188.5 3256.1
S 3.3018 5.6694 ...... 5.8118 5.9594 6.0801 6.1840 6.2765 6.3808 6.4760
V 1.432 19.455 ...... 21.245 23.412 25.257 26.909 28.433 30.212 31.891
9400 U 1368.2 2555.2 ...... 2615.1 2686.3 2745.6 2797.8 2845.5 2900.9 2953.2
(306.44) H 1381.7 2738.0 ...... 2814.8 2906.3 2983.0 3050.7 3112.8 3184.9 3253.0
S 3.3168 5.6568 ...... 5.7879 5.9397 6.0627 6.1681 6.2617 6.3669 6.4628
V 1.439 18.965 ...... 20.561 22.740 24.581 26.221 27.731 29.489 31.145
9600 U 1376.7 2552.6 ...... 2607.3 2680.5 2741.0 2794.1 2842.3 2898.2 2950.9
(307.97) H 1390.6 2734.7 ...... 2804.7 2898.8 2977.0 3045.8 3108.5 3181.3 3249.9
S
3.3315 5.6444 ...... 5.7637 5.9199 6.0454 6.1524 6.2470 6.3532 6.4498
V 1.446 18.494 ...... 19.899 22.093 23.931 25.561 27.056 28.795 30.429
9800 U 1385.2 2550.0 ...... 2599.2 2674.7 2736.4 2790.3 2839.1 2895.5 2948.6
(309.48) H 1399.3 2731.2 ...... 2794.3 2891.2 2971.0 3040.8 3104.2 3177.7 3246.8
S 3.3461 5.6321 ...... 5.7393 5.9001 6.0282 6.1368 6.2325 6.3397 6.4369
V 1.453 18.041 ...... 19.256 21.468 23.305 24.926 26.408 28.128 29.742
10000 U 1393.5 2547.3 ...... 2590.9 2668.7 2731.8 2786.4 2835.8 2892.8 2946.2
(310.96) H 1408.0 2727.7 ...... 2783.5 2883.4 2964.8 3035.7 3099.9 3174.1 3243.6
S 3.3605 5.6198 ...... 5.7145 5.8803 6.0110 6.1213 6.2182 6.3264 6.4243
V 1.460 17.605 ...... 18.632 20.865 22.702 24.315 25.785 27.487 29.081
10200 U 1401.8 2544.6 ...... 2582.3 2662.6 2727.0 2782.6 2832.6 2890.0 2943.9
(312.42) H 1416.7 2724.2 ...... 2772.3 2875.4 2958.6 3030.6 3095.6 3170.4 3240.5
S
3.3748 5.6076 ...... 5.6894 5.8604 5.9940 6.1059 6.2040 6.3131 6.4118
V 1.467 17184 ...... 18.024 20.282 22.121 23.726 25.185 26.870 28.446
10400 U 1410.0 25418 ...... 2573.4 2656.3 2722.2 2778.7 2829.3 2887.3 2941.5
(313.86) H 1425.2 2720.6 ...... 2760.8 2867.2 2952.3 3025.4 3091.2 3166.7 3237.3
S 3.3889 5.5955 ...... 5.6638 5.8404 5.9769 6.0907 6.1899 6.3001 6.3994
V 1.474 16.778 ...... 17.432 19.717 21.560 23.159 24.607 26.276 27.834
10600 U 1418.1 2539.0 ...... 2564.1 2649.9 2717.4 2774.7 2825.9 2884.5 2939.1
(315.27) H 1433.7 2716.9 ...... 2748.9 2858.9 2945.9 3020.2 3086.8 3163.0 3234.1
S 3.4029 5.5835 ...... 5.6376 5.8203 5.9599 6.0755 6.1759 6.2872 6.3872
V 1.481 16.385 ...... 16.852 19.170 21.018 22.612 24.050 25.703 27.245
10800 U 1426.2 2536.2 ...... 2554.5 2643.4 2712.4 2770.7 2822.6 2881.7 2936.7
(316.67) H 1442.2 2713.1 ...... 2736.5 2850.4 2939.4 3014.9 3082.3 3159.3 3230.9
S 3.4167 5.5715 ...... 5.6109 5.8000 5.9429 6.0604 6.1621 6.2744 6.3752
V 1.489 16.006 ...... 16.285 18.639 20.494 22.083 23.512 25.151 26.676
11000 U 1434.2 2533.2 ...... 2544.4 2636.7 2707.4 2766.7 2819.2 2878.9 2934.3
(318.05) H 1450.6 2709.3 ...... 2723.5 2841.7 2932.8 3009.6 3077.8 3155.5 3227.7
S 3.4304 5.5595 ...... 5.5835 5.7797 5.9259 6.0454 6.1483 6.2617 6.3633
V 1.496 15.639 ...... 15.726 18.124 19.987 21.573 22.993 24.619 26.128
11200 U 1442.1 2530.3 ...... 2533.8 2629.8 2702.2 2762.6 2815.8 2876.0 2931.8
(319.40) H 1458.9 2705.4 ...... 2710.0 2832.8 2926.1 3004.2 3073.3 3151.7 3224.5
S 3.4440 5.5476 ...... 5.5553 5.7591 5.9090 6.0305 6.1347 6.2491 6.3515
V 1.504 15.284 ...... ...... 17.622 19.495 21.079 22.492 24.104 25.599
11400 U 1450.0 2527.2 ...... ...... 2622.7 2697.0 2758.4 2812.3 2873.1 2929.4
(320.74) H 1467.2 2701.5 ...... ...... 2823.6 2919.3 2998.7 3068.7 3147.9 3221.2
S 3.4575 5.5357 ...... ...... 5.7383 5.8920 6.0156 6.1211 6.2367 6.3399
721
TEMPERATURE: t°C
722
P/kPa sat. sat. 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650
(tsat/°C) liq. vap. (748.15) (773.15) (798.15) (823.15) (848.15) (873.15) (898.15) (923.15)
V 1.391 22.863 38.893 40.614 42.295 43.943 45.566 47.166 48.747 50.313
8200 U 1315.2 2569.5 3015.6 3063.3 3110.5 3157.4 3204.3 3251.1 3298.1 3345.2
(296.70) H 1326.6 2757.0 3334.5 3396.4 3457.3 3517.8 3577.9 3637.9 3697.8 3757.7
S 3.2239 5.7338 6.6311 6.7124 6.7900 6.8646 6.9365 7.0062 7.0739 7.1397
V 1.398 22.231 37.887 39.576 41.224 42.839 44.429 45.996 47.544 49.076
8400 U 1324.3 2567.2 3013.6 3061.6 3108.9 3155.9 3202.9 3249.8 3296.9 3344.1
(298.39) H 1336.1 2754.0 3331.9 3394.0 3455.2 3515.8 3576.1 3636.2 3696.2 3756.3
S 3.2399 5.7207 6.6173 6.6990 6.7769 6.8516 6.9238 6.9936 7.0614 7.1274
V 1.404 21.627 36.928 38.586 40.202 41.787 43.345 44.880 46.397 47.897
8600 U 1333.3 2564.9 3011.6 3059.8 3107.3 3154.4 3201.5 3248.5 3295.7 3342.9
(300.06) H 1345.4 2750.9 3329.2 3391.6 3453.0 3513.8 3574.3 3634.5 3694.7 3754.9
S 3.2557 5.7076 6.6037 6.6858 6.7639 6.8390 6.9113 6.9813 7.0492 7.1153
V 1.411 21.049 36.011 37.640 39.228 40.782 42.310 43.815 45.301 46.771
8800 U 1342.2 2562.6 3009.6 3058.0 3105.6 3152.9 3200.1 3247.2 3294.5 3341.8
(301.70) H 1354.6 2747.8 3326.5 3389.2 3450.8 3511.8 3572.4 3632.8 3693.1 3753.4
S 3.2713 5.6948 6.5904 6.6728 6.7513 6.8265 6.8990 6.9692 7.0373 7.1035
V 1.418 20.495 35.136 36.737 38.296 39.822 41.321 42.798 44.255 45.695
9000 U 1351.0 2560.1 3007.6 3056.1 3104.0 3151.4 3198.7 3246.0 3293.3 3340.7
(303.31) H 1363.7 2744.6 3323.8 3386.8 3448.7 3509.8 3570.6 3631.1 3691.6 3752.0
S 3.2867 5.6820 6.5773 6.6600 6.7388 6.8143 6.8870 6.9574 7.0256 7.0919
V 1.425 19.964 34.298 35.872 37.405 38.904 40.375 41.824 43.254 44.667
9200 U 1359.7 2557.7 3005.6 3054.3 3102.3 3149.9 3197.3 3244.7 3292.1 3339.6
(304.89) H 1372.8 2741.3 3321.1 3384.4 3446.5 3507.8 3568.8 3629.5 3690.0 3750.5
S 3.3018 5.6694 6.5644 6.6475 6.7266 6.8023 6.8752 6.9457 7.0141 7.0806
V 1.432 19.455 33.495 35.045 36.552 38.024 39.470 40.892 42.295 43.682
9400 U 1368.2 2555.2 3003.5 3052.5 3100.7 3148.4 3195.9 3243.4 3290.9 3338.5
(306.44) H 1381.7 2738.0 3318.4 3381.9 3444.3 3505.9 3566.9 3627.8 3688.4 3749.1
S 3.3168 5.6568 6.5517 6.6352 6.7146 6.7906 6.8637 6.9343 7.0029 7.0695
V 1.439 18.965 32.726 34.252 35.734 37.182 38.602 39.999 41.377 42.738
9600 U 1376.7 2552.6 3001.5 3050.7 3099.0 3146.9 3194.5 3242.1 3289.7 3337.4
(307.97) H 1390.6 2734.7 3315.6 3379.5 3442.1 3503.9 3565.1 3626.1 3686.9 3747.6
S 3.3315 5.6444 6.5392 6.6231 6.7028 6.7790 6.8523 6.9231 6.9918 7.0585
V 1.446 18.494 31.988 33.491 34.949 36.373 37.769 39.142 40.496 41.832
9800 U 1385.2 2550.0 2999.4 3048.8 3097.4 3145.4 3193.1 3240.8 3288.5 3336.2
(309.48) H 1399.3 2731.2 3312.9 3377.0 3439.9 3501.9 3563.3 3624.4 3685.3 3746.2
S 3.3461 5.6321 6.5268 6.6112 6.6912 6.7676 6.8411 6.9121 6.9810 7.0478
V 1.453 18.041 31.280 32.760 34.196 35.597 36.970 38.320 39.650 40.963
10000 U 1393.5 2547.3 2997.4 3047.0 3095.7 3143.9 3191.7 3239.5 3287.3 3335.1
(310.96) H 1408.0 2727.7 3310.1 3374.6 3437.7 3499.8 3561.4 3622.7 3683.8 3744.7
S 3.3605 5.6198 6.5147 6.5994 6.6797 6.7564 6.8302 6.9013 6.9703 7.0373
V 1.460 17.605 30.599 32.058 33.472 34.851 36.202 37.530 38.837 40.128
10200 U 1401.8 2544.6 2995.3 3045.2 3094.0 3142.3 3190.3 3238.2 3286.1 3334.0
(312.42) H 1416.7 2724.2 3307.4 3372.1 3435.5 3497.8 3559.6 3621.0 3682.2 3743.3
S
3.3748 5.6076 6.5027 6.5879 6.6685 6.7454 6.8194 6.8907 6.9598 7.0269
V 1.467 17.184 29.943 31.382 32.776 34.134 35.464 36.770 38.056 39.325
10400 U 1410.0 2541.8 2993.2 3043.3 3092.4 3140.8 3188.9 3236.9 3284.8 3332.9
(313.86) H 1425.2 2720.6 3304.6 3369.7 3433.2 3495.8 3557.8 3619.3 3680.6 3741.8
S 3.3889 5.5955 6.4909 6.5765 6.6574 6.7346 6.8087 6.8803 6.9495 7.0167
V 1.474 16.778 29.313 30.732 32.106 33.444 34.753 36.039 37.304 38.552
10600 U 1418.1 2539.0 2991.1 3041.4 3090.7 3139.3 3187.5 3235.6 3283.6 3331.7
(315.27) H 1433.7 2716.9 3301.8 3367.2 3431.0 3493.8 3555.9 3617.6 3679.1 3740.4
S 3.4029 5.5835 6.4793 6.5652 6.6465 6.7239 6.7983 6.8700 6.9394 7.0067
V 1.481 16.385 28.706 30.106 31.461 32.779 34.069 35.335 36.580 37.808
10800 U 1426.2 2536.2 2989.0 3039.6 3089.0 3137.8 3186.1 3234.3 3282.4 3330.6
(316.67) H 1442.2 2713.1 3299.0 3364.7 3428.8 3491.8 3554.1 3615.9 3677.5 3738.9
S 3.4167 5.5715 6.4678 6.5542 6.6357 6.7134 6.7880 6.8599 6.9294 6.9969
V 1.489 16.006 28.120 29.503 30.839 32.139 33.410 34.656 35.882 37.091
11000 U 1434.2 2533.2 2986.9 3037.7 3087.3 3136.2 3184.7 3233.0 3281.2 3329.5
(318.05) H 1450.6 2709.3 3296.2 3362.2 3426.5 3489.7 3552.2 3614.2 3675.9 3737.5
S 3.4304 5.5595 6.4564 6.5432 6.6251 6.7031 6.7779 6.8499 6.9196 6.9872
V 1.496 15.639 27.555 28.921 30.240 31.521 32.774 34.002 35.210 36.400
11200 U 1442.1 2530.3 2984.8 3035.8 3085.6 3134.7 3183.3 3231.7 3280.0 3328.4
(319.40) H 1458.9 2705.4 3293.4 3359.7 3424.3 3487.7 3550.4 3612.5 3674.4 3736.0
S 3.4440 5.5476 6.4452 6.5324 6.6147 6.6929 6.7679 6.8401 6.9099 6.9777
V 1.504 15.284 27.010 28.359 29.661 30.925 32.160 33.370 34.560 35.733
11400 U 1450.0 2527.2 2982.6 3033.9 3083.9 3133.1 3181.9 3230.4 3278.8 3327.2
(320.74) H 1467.2 2701.5 3290.5 3357.2 3422.1 3485.7 3548.5 3610.8 3672.8 3734.6
S 3.4575 5.5357 6.4341 6.5218 6.6043 6.6828 6.7580 6.8304 6.9004 6.9683
723
Appendix F
Thermodynamic Diagrams
Figure F.1 Methane
Figure F.2 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a)
Figure F.3 Mollier (HS) diagram for steam
Extensive thermodynamic data for these three substances and over 70 additional pure
fluids, including permanent gases, refrigerants, and light hydrocarbons, are available in
the NIST Chemistry Webbook at http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/. Such data
provide a basis for the construction of charts like those shown in this section.
725
726
Enthalpy (Btu)(lbm)–1
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680
1500 V= 1500
0.50
METHANE
0.60
1000 PRESSURE - ENTHALPY 1000
.85
–11
DIAGRAM
0.90
800 3 –1 0.80 800
5.8
V = specific volume (ft) (lbm)
0.9
S=0
700 700
1.00
5
S = entropy (Btu)(lbm)–1(R)–1 –120° 1.00
600 600
1.0
All temperatures (°F)
1.10
500 1.25 500
1.15
0
–140° 1.50
400 400
1.2
5
1.2
0
2.00
300 300
1.3
–160°
5
2.50
1.3
0
Datum: 3.00
1.4
200 200
5
For saturated liquid at –280(°F)
1.4
Enthalpy and Entropy = 0
0
4.00
1.5
d
5 5.00
–200(°F) 1.5
qui
0 6.00
d li
100 1.6 100
Pressure (psia)
Pressure (psia)
rate
8.00
u
80 1.6 80
Sat
Saturated vapor
70 –220° 0 10.0 70
60 1.7 60
5 12.5
50 1.7 50
0 15.0
40 1.8 40
–240° 5
1.8 20.0
30 30
0
1.9
5 30.0
20 1.9 20
0
2.0 40.0
–260°
10 ° 10
0°
40°
80°
20°
60°
140°
180°
120°
160°
100°
–40°
–80°
–20°
–60°
340°
440°
380°
480°
240°
320°
420°
360°
460°
280°
300°
400°
220°
260°
200°
500°
–140°
–180°
–120°
–160°
–100°
–240°
–220°
–200°
Temperature (°F)
Source: C. S. Matthews and C. O. Hurd, Trans. AIChE, vol. 42, 1946, pp. 55–78.
Figure F.1 PH diagram for methane.

APPENDIX F. Thermodynamic Diagrams
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
20. 20.
.
.
.
.
.
.
R-134a . 3
00
50
00
50
00
.
50
00 0. 0. . g/m
(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) 90 80 700 600
10
11
11
12
12
13
10 00. k
10. reference state: ρ= 5 10.
h = 200.0 kJ/kg, s = 1.00 kJ/(kg·K) 0
4 0.
8. for saturated liquid at 0 C 8.
300.
90
80
70
60
50
40
20
30
10
100
6. 200. 6.
c.p. 150.
1400.
1450.
1350.
4. 4.
90 100.
0
80 80.
−20
−60
−50
−30
−10
70 60.
T = −40 C
2. 2.
60
50 40.
40 30.
1. 1.
0.8 30 0.8
20.
0.6 20 15.
0.6
0.4 10 0.4
10.
APPENDIX F. Thermodynamic Diagrams
0 8.0
Pressure (MPa)
6.0
0.2 T = −10 C 0.2
180
170
150
140
130
120
4.0
110
90
100
80
70
−20
T = 160 C
60
50
40
30
20
3.0
10
0
0.1 0.1
id
−30
apor
0.08 2.0 0.08
liqu
ted v
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.5
ted
0.4
0.06 0.06
ura
1.5
x=
−40
satura
sat
0.04 0.04
)
1.0
kg·K
−50 0.80
J/(
0
0
0
0
0
0k
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
2.2
1.60
2.0
1.9
1.30
1.8
1.40
2.1
1.50
1.70
2.3
0.02 0.02
s=
40
−60
2.
0.40
0.01 0.01
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Retrieved from: Green, Don W., and Perry, Robert H. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (8th Edition). Blacklick, OH, USA:
McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2007. Copyright © 2007. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. All rights reserved.
727
Figure F.2 PH diagram for tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a).

728 APPENDIX F. Thermodynamic Diagrams
Figure F.3 Mollier (HS) diagram for steam.

APPENDIX F. Thermodynamic Diagrams 729
Appendix G
UNIFAC Method
The UNIQUAC equation1 treats g ≡ GE/ RTas the sum of two parts, a combinatorial
term gC to account for molecular size and shape differences, and a residual term gR (not a
residual property as defined in Sec. 6.2) to account for molecular interactions:
g ≡ gC+ gR
(G.1)
Function gC contains pure-species parameters only, whereas function gR incorporates

two binary parameters for each pair of molecules. For a multicomponent system,
Φi θi
gC= ∑ xiln __
+ 5∑ qi xiln __
(G.2)
i
x
i i Φ
i
(j )
gR= −∑ qi xiln ∑ θj τji
(G.3)
i
xiri
Φi≡ ______
where     (G.4)
∑ xjrj
j
x iqi
θi≡ ______
    (G.5)
∑ xjqj
j
Subscript i identifies species, and j is a dummy index; all summations are over all species.
Note that τji ≠ τij;however, when i = j, then τii = τjj = 1. In these equations ri (a relative
molecular volume) and qi (a relative molecular surface area) are pure-species parameters. The
influence of temperature on g enters through the interaction parameters τjiof Eq. (G.3), which
are temperature dependent:
−(uji− uii)
τji= exp_______
(G.6)
RT
Parameters for the UNIQUAC equation are therefore values of (uji − uii).
1D. S. Abrams and J. M. Prausnitz, AIChE J., vol. 21, pp. 116–128, 1975.
730
APPENDIX G. UNIFAC Method 731
An expression for ln γi is found by application of Eq. (13.7) to the UNIQUAC equation

for g [Eqs.(G.1) through (G.3)]. The result is given by the following equations:
ln γi= ln γ  C
R
i  + ln γ  i  (G.7)
i  = 1 − Ji+ ln Ji− 5qi(1 − + ln )

_Ji _Ji
ln γ  C
(G.8)
Li Li
( sj)
τij
ln γ  Ri  = qi 1 − ln si− ∑ θj _
(G.9)
j
where in addition to Eqs. (G.5) and (G.6),

ri
Ji= ______
    (G.10)
∑ rjxj
j
qi
Li= ______
    (G.11)
∑ qjxj
j
Si= τli∑ θl
(G.12)
l
Again subscript i identifies species, and j and l are dummy indices. All summations are over
all species, and τij= 1 for i = j.Values for the parameters (uij− ujj)are found by regression of
binary VLE data and are given by Gmehling et al.2
The UNIFAC method for estimation of activity coefficients3 depends on the concept
that a liquid mixture may be considered a solution of the structural units from which the mole-
cules are formed rather than a solution of the molecules themselves. These structural units are
called subgroups, and a few of them are listed in the second column of Table G.1. A number,
designated k, identifies each subgroup. The relative volume Rk and relative surface area Qk
are properties of the subgroups, and values are listed in columns 4 and 5 of Table G.1. Also
shown (columns 6 and 7) are examples of molecular species and their constituent subgroups.
When a molecule can be constructed from more than one set of subgroups, the set containing
the least number of different subgroups is the correct set. The great advantage of the UNIFAC
method is that a relatively small number of subgroups combine to form a very large number
of molecules.
Activity coefficients depend not only on the subgroup properties Rk and Qk, but also
on interactions between subgroups. Here, similar subgroups are assigned to a main group,
as shown in the first two columns of Table G.1. The designations of main groups, such as
“CH2,” “ACH,” etc., are descriptive only. All subgroups belonging to the same main group are
2J. Gmehling, U. Onken, and W. Arlt, Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, Chemistry Data Series, vol. I,
parts 1–8 and supplements, DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main, 1974–1999.

3Aa. Fredenslund, R. L. Jones, and J. M. Prausnitz, AIChE J., vol. 21, pp. 1086–1099, 1975.
732 APPENDIX G. UNIFAC Method
Table G.1: UNIFAC-VLE Subgroup Parameters†
Examples of molecules and their

Main group Subgroup k Rk Qk constituent groups
1 “CH2” CH3 1 0.9011 0.848 n-Butane: 2CH3, 2CH2
CH2 2 0.6744 0.540 Isobutane: 3CH3, 1CH
CH 3 0.4469 0.228 2,2-Dimethyl
C 4 0.2195 0.000 propane: 4CH3, 1C
3 “ACH” ACH 10 0.5313 0.400 Benzene: 6ACH
(AC = aromatic carbon)
4 “ACCH2” ACCH3 12 1.2663 0.968 Toluene: 5ACH, 1ACCH3
ACCH2 13 1.0396 0.660 Ethylbenzene: 1CH3, 5ACH, 1ACCH2
5 “OH” OH 15 1.0000 1.200 Ethanol: 1CH3, 1CH2, 1OH
7 “H2O” H2O 17 0.9200 1.400 Water: 1H2O
9 “CH2CO” CH3CO 19 1.6724 1.488 Acetone: 1CH3CO, 1CH3
CH2CO 20 1.4457 1.180 3-Pentanone: 2CH3, 1CH2CO, 1CH2
13 “CH2O” CH3O 25 1.1450 1.088 Dimethyl ether: 1CH3, 1CH3O
CH2O 26 0.9183 0.780 Diethyl ether: 2CH3, 1CH2, 1CH2O
CH–O 27 0.6908 0.468 Diisopropyl ether: 4CH3, 1CH, 1CH–O
15 “CNH” CH3NH 32 1.4337 1.244 Dimethylamine: 1CH3, 1CH3NH
CH2NH 33 1.2070 0.936 Diethylamine: 2CH3, 1CH2, 1CH2NH
CHNH 34 0.9795 0.624 Diisopropylamine: 4CH3, 1CH, 1CHNH
19 “CCN” CH3CN 41 1.8701 1.724 Acetonitrile: 1CH3CN
CH2CN 42 1.6434 1.416 Propionitrile: 1CH3, 1CH2CN
†H. K. Hansen, P. Rasmussen, Aa. Fredenslund, M. Schiller, and J. Gmehling, IEC Research, vol. 30,
pp. 2352–2355, 1991.
considered identical with respect to group interactions. Therefore parameters characterizing

group interactions are identified with pairs of main groups. Parameter values amk for a few
such pairs are given in Table G.2.
The UNIFAC method is based on the UNIQUAC equation, for which the activity coef-
ficients are given by Eq. (G.7). When applied to a solution of groups, Eqs. (G.8) and (G.9) are
written:
i  = 1 − Ji+ ln Ji− 5qi(1 − + ln )

_Ji _Ji
ln γ  C
(G.13)
Li Li
[ ( sk sk) ]
βik βik
ln γ  Ri  = qi 1 − ∑  θk_
− ekiln _
(G.14)
k
Table G.2: UNIFAC–VLE Interaction Parameters, amk, in kelvins†
APPENDIX G. UNIFAC Method
1 3 4 5 7 9 13 15 19
1 CH2 0.00 61.13 76.50 986.50 1318.00 476.40 251.50 255.70 597.00
3 ACH −11.12 0.00 167.00 636.10 903.80 25.77 32.14 122.80 212.50
4 ACCH2 −69.70 −146.80 0.00 803.20 5695.00 −52.10 213.10 −49.29 6096.00
5 OH 156.40 89.60 25.82 0.00 353.50 84.00 28.06 42.70 6.712
7 H2O 300.00 362.30 377.60 −229.10 0.00 −195.40 540.50 168.00 112.60
9 CH2CO 26.76 140.10 365.80 164.50 472.50 0.00 −103.60 −174.20 481.70
13 CH2O 83.36 52.13 65.69 237.70 −314.70 191.10 0.00 251.50 −18.51
15 CNH 65.33 −22.31 223.00 −150.00 −448.20 394.60 −56.08 0.00 147.10
19 CCN 24.82 −22.97 −138.40 185.40 242.80 −287.50 38.81 −108.50 0.00
†H. K. Hansen, P. Rasmussen, Aa. Fredenslund, M. Schiller, and J. Gmehling, IEC Research, vol. 30, pp. 2352–2355, 1991.
733
The quantities J and L are still given by Eqs. (G.10) and (G.11). In addition, the following
definitions apply:
(i)
ri= ∑ v  k  Rk
(G.15)
k
(i)
qi= ∑ v  k  Qk
(G.16)
k
(i)
v    Qk
eki= ______
  k   (G.17)
qi
βik= ∑ emiτmk
(G.18)
m
∑ xiqieki
θk= ________
  i   (G.19)
∑ xjqj
j
sk= ∑ θm
τmk (G.20)
m
− amk
τmk= exp_____
(G.21)
T
Subscript i identifies a species, and j is a dummy index running over all species. Subscript
k identifies subgroups, and m is a dummy index running over all subgroups. The quantity
(i)
v  k  is the number of subgroups of type k in a molecule of species i. Values of the subgroup
parameters Rk and Qk and of the group interaction parameters amk come from tabulations in the
literature. Tables G.1 and G.2 show a few parameter values; the number designations of the
complete tables are retained.4
The equations for the UNIFAC method are presented here in a form convenient for com-
puter programming. In the following example we run through a set of hand calculations to
demonstrate their application.
Example G.1
For the binary system diethylamine(1)/n-heptane(2) at 308.15 K, find γ1 and γ2 when
x1 = 0.4 and x2 = 0.6.
Solution G.1
The subgroups involved are indicated by the chemical formulas:
CH3− CH2NH − CH2− CH3(1)∕ CH3− (CH2)5− CH3(2)

4H. K. Hansen, P. Rasmussen, Aa. Fredenslund, M. Schiller, and J. Gmehling, IEC Research, vol. 30,
pp. 2352–2355, 1991.

APPENDIX G. UNIFAC Method 735
The following table shows the subgroups, their identification numbers k, values
of parameters Rk and Qk (from Table G.1), and the numbers of each subgroup in
each molecule:
( 1
) ( 2
)
k Rk Qk v   k  v  k 
CH3 1 0.9011 0.848 2 2
CH2 2 0.6744 0.540 1 5
CH2NH 33 1.2070 0.936 1 0
By Eq. (G.15)
r1= (2)(0.9011)+ (1)(0.6744)+ (1)(1.2070)= 3.6836
Similarly,
r2= (2)(0.9011)+ (5)(0.6744)= 5.1742

In like manner, by Eq. (G.16),

q1= 3.1720 and q2= 4.3960
The ri and qi values are molecular properties, independent of composition. Substi-
tuting known values into Eq. (G.17) generates the following table for eki:
eki
k i=1 i=2
1 0.5347 0.3858
2 0.1702 0.6142
33 0.2951 0.0000
The following interaction parameters are found from Table G.2:

a1,1= a1,2= a2,1= a2,2= a33,33= 0 K
a 1,33= a2,33= 255.7 K
   
  
a33.1= a33.2= 65.33 K
Substitution of these values into Eq. (G.21) with T = 308.15 K gives
τ1,1= τ1,2= τ2,1= τ2,2= τ33,33= 1
τ  
   1,33= τ2,33= 0.4361
τ33,1= τ33,2= 0.8090
Application of Eq. (G.18) leads to the values of βik in the following table:
βik
i k=1 k=2 k = 33
1 0.9436 0.9436 0.6024
2 1.0000 1.0000 0.4360
Substitution of these results into Eq. (G.19) yields:

θ1= 0.4342 θ2= 0.4700 θ33= 0.0958
and by Eq. (G.20),

s1= 0.9817 s2= 0.9817 s33= 0.4901
The activity coefficients may now be calculated. By Eq. (G.13),
ln γ  C C
1  = −0.0213 and ln γ  2  = −0.0076
and by Eq. (G.14),
ln γ  R1  = 0.1463 and ln γ  R2  = 0.0537
Finally, Eq. (G.7) gives:
γ1= 1.133 and γ2= 1.047

Appendix H
Newton’s Method
Newton’s method is a procedure for the numerical solution of algebraic equations, applicable
to any number M of such equations expressed as functions of M variables.
Consider first a single equation f (X) = 0, in which f (X) is a function of the single
variable X. Our purpose is to find a root of this equation, that is, the value of X for which the
function is zero. A simple function is illustrated in Fig. H.1; it exhibits a single root at the
point where the curve crosses the X-axis. When it is not possible to solve directly for the root,1
a numerical procedure, such as Newton’s method, is employed.
f (X0)
Figure H.1: Newton’s f (X)

method applied to a sin- f (X1)
gle function.
f (X2)
0
X0 X1 X2 X
Root
1For example, when eX + X 2 + 10 = 0.
737
738 APPENDIX H. Newton’s Method
The application of Newton’s method is illustrated in Fig. H.1. In the neighborhood of

an arbitrary value X = X0 the function f (X) can be approximated by the tangent line drawn at
X = X0. The equation of the tangent line is given by the linear relation:
[ dX ]
df (X)
g(X)= f(X0 )+ _____
    (X − X0 )
X=X
0
where g(X ) is the value of the ordinate at X, as shown in Fig. H.1. The root of this equation is
found by setting g(X ) = 0 and solving for X; as indicated in Fig. H.1, the value is X1. Because
the actual function is not linear, this is not the root of f (X). However, it lies closer to the root
than does the starting value X0. The function f (X) is now approximated by a second line,
drawn tangent to the curve at X = X1, and the procedure is repeated, leading to a root for this
linear approximation at X2, a value still closer to the root of f (X). This root can be approached
as closely as desired by continued successive linear approximation of the original function.
The general formula for iteration is:
[ dX ]
df( X)
f(Xn )+ ____
    ΔXn = 0 (H.1)
X=X n
where
ΔXn ≡ Xn+1
− Xn or Xn+1
= Xn + ΔXn
Equation (H.1), written for successive iterations (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .), produces successive values
of ΔXn and successive values of f (Xn). The process starts with an initial value X0 and contin-
ues until either ΔXn or f (Xn), or some combination thereof, approaches zero to within a preset
tolerance.
Newton’s method is readily extended to the solution of simultaneous equations. For the
case of two equations in two unknowns, let fI ≡ fI(XI, XII) and fII ≡ fII(XI, XII) represent two
functions, the values of which depend on the two variables XI and XII. Our purpose is to find
the values of XI and XII for which both functions are zero. In analogy to Eq. (H.1), we write:
( ∂ XI) I ( ∂ XII ) II
∂ fI ∂ fI
fI+ _
ΔX+ _
ΔX = 0 (H.2a)
( ∂ XI) I ( ∂ XII ) II
∂ fII ∂ fII
fII + _
ΔX+ _
ΔX = 0 (H.2b)
These equations differ from Eq. (H.1) in that the single derivative is replaced by two partial
derivatives, reflecting the rates of change of each function with each of the two variables. For
iteration n the two functions fI and fII and their derivatives are evaluated at X = Xn from the
given expressions, and Eqs. (H.2a) and (H.2b) are solved simultaneously for ΔXI and ΔXII.
These are specific to the particular iteration, and they lead to new values XI and XII, applicable
to the next iteration:
XIn+1= XIn+ ΔXInand XIIn+1= XIIn+ ΔXIIn
The iterative procedure based on Eqs. (H.2) is initiated with starting values for XI and XII and
continues until the increments ΔXIn and ΔXIIn or the computed values of fI and fII approach
zero.
APPENDIX H. Newton’s Method 739
Equations (H.2) can be generalized to apply to a system of M equations in M unknowns;

the result for each iteration is:
J=I( ∂ XJ )
M ∂ f
fk +   ∑   _
k
ΔXJ = 0 (K = I, II, . . . , M) (H.3)
with

XJn+1
= XJn + ΔXJn (J = I, II, . . . , M)
Newton’s method is well suited to application to multireaction equilibria. As an illustra-

tion, we solve Eqs. (A) and (B) of Ex. 14.13 for the case of T = 1000 K. From these equations
with values given there for Ka and Kb at 1000 K and with P/P° = 20, we find the functions
fa = 4.0879 ε2b  + ε2b  + 4.0879 εa εb + 0.2532 εa − 0.0439εb− 0.1486
(A)
and
fb = 1.2805 ε2b  + 2.12805 εa εb − 0.12805 εa + 0.3048 εb − 0.4328
(B)
Equations (H.2) are written here as:
( ∂ εa ) a ( ∂ εb ) b
∂ fa ∂ fa
fa + _
Δε + _
Δε = 0 (C)
( ∂ εa ) a ( ∂ εb ) b
∂ fb ∂ fb
fb + _
Δε + _
Δε = 0 (D)
The solution procedure is initiated with a choice of starting values for εa and εb. Numerical
values are obtained for fa and fb and for their derivatives from Eqs. (A) and (B). Substitution
of these values in Eqs. (C) and (D) yields two linear equations which are readily solved for the
unknowns Δεa and Δεb. These yield new values of εa and εb with which to carry out a second
iteration. The process continues until Δεa and Δεb or fa and fb approach zero.
Setting εa = 0.1 and εb = 0.7 as starting values,2 we find initial values of fa and fb and
their derivatives from Eqs. (A) and (B):
( ∂ εa ) ( ∂ εb )
∂ fa ∂ fb
fa = 0.6630 _ = 3.9230 _
= 1.7648
      
( ∂ εa ) ( ∂ εb )
∂ fb ∂ fb
fb = 0.4695 _ = 1.3616 _ = 2.0956
These values are substituted in Eqs. (C) and (D) to yield:

0.6630 + 3.9230Δεa + 1.7648Δεb = 0

   
0.4695 + 1.3616Δεa + 2.0956Δεb = 0
The values of the increments that satisfy these equations are:
Δεa = − 0.0962 and Δεb = − 0.1614
2These are well within the limits, −0.5 ≤ εa ≤ 0.5 and 0 ≤ εb ≤ 1.0, noted in Ex. 14.13.
740 APPENDIX H. Newton’s Method
from which,
εa = 0.1 − 0.0962 = 0.0038 and εb = 0.7 − 0.1614 = 0.5386
These values are the basis for a second iteration, and the process continues, yielding results as
follows:
n εa εb Δεa Δεb
0 0.1000 0.7000 −0.0962 −0.1614
1 0.0038 0.5386 −0.0472 −0.0094
2 −0.0434 0.5292 −0.0071 0.0043
3 −0.0505 0.5335 −0.0001 0.0001
4 −0.0506 0.5336 0.0000 0.0000
Convergence is clearly rapid. Moreover, any reasonable starting values lead to convergence on
the same answers.
Convergence problems can arise with Newton’s method when one or more of the func-
tions exhibit extrema. This is illustrated for the case of a single equation in Fig. H.2. The
function has two roots, at points A and B. If Newton’s method is applied with a starting value
of X smaller than a, a very small range of X values produces convergence on each root, but for
most values it does not converge, and neither root is found. With a starting value of X between
a and b, it converges on root A only if the value is sufficiently close to A. With a starting value
of X to the right of b, it converges on root B. In cases such as this, a proper starting value can
be found by trial, or by graphing the function to determine its behavior.
f (X)
Figure H.2: Finding the

roots of a function showing
extrema.
0
A B X
b
Index
Absolute entropy, 197–198 described, 237–238 Carnot cycle

Absolute humidity, 510 and gamma/phi formulation, 453 refrigerator operating on,
Absolute pressure, 8 Area 327–328
Absorption refrigeration, 334–336 molar, 611 on TS diagram, 300, 301
Acentric factor specific surface, 612, 620 Carnot engines
and corresponding-states correlations, on thermodynamic diagram, 243 cycles of heat pumps and, 178–179
101–103, 238 Athermal solutions, 635 described, 176–177
defined, 102 Azeotropes, 429, 431 with ideal-gas-state working fluid,
for mixtures, 234, 381 179–180
of pure species, 650–652 Bancroft point, 513 in vapor-compression refrigeration,
Activity coefficient(s) Barker’s method, 481 335
defined, 451 BET (Brunauer/Emmett/Teller) Carnot refrigerator, 327–328, 334–335
and excess Gibbs energy, 468 equation, 620 Carnot’s equations, 177
for liquid/liquid equilibrium, 590–592 Binary mixtures Cascade refrigeration cycles, 332, 334
in liquid-phase reactions, 540–541 correlations of activity coefficients Celsius scale, 7–8
for mixed-gas adsorbate, 623 for, 468–471 Characteristic properties of pure species,
and modified Raoult’s law, 456–457, critical points of, 426–428 650–652
460–462 enthalpy/concentration diagrams for, Chemical potential
for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 451–453, 406–409 defined, 348, 350
468–473 evaporation of, 432–435 in determination of multireaction
Activity coefficient models, 473–487 excess properties in, 388–389 equilibria, 567
data reduction for, 475–478 excess Gibbs energy for, 587–588 in ideal-gas-state mixture model,
extrapolation of, for higher Gibbs/Duhem equation in, 358, 365–366, 382
temperatures, 483–487 462–465 in ideal-solution model, 382–383
thermodynamic consistency of, Henry’s law for, 464–465 in mixed-gas adsorption, 621, 622
478–482 in solid/vapor equilibrium, 607 and partial molar Gibbs energy,
vapor-phase fugacity coefficients in, liquid/liquid equilibrium in, 591–592 353–354
482–483 partial excess properties for, 403–404 and phase equilibrium, 351–352
Adiabatic processes partial properties for, 357–361 and stoichiometric number, 531
in ideal-gas state, 81–83 stability of, 438, 587 Chemical-reaction equilibria, 524–575
in Rankine cycle, 302 vapor/liquid equilibrium in, 590 effect of temperature on, 533–536
in turbines and expanders, 278–279 vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium in, equilibrium constant for, 530–542
Adsorbate, 610, 623, 624 600–601 equilibrium criteria in, 529–530
Adsorbate compressibility factor, 614 Binodal curves, 438–439 in fuel cells, 570–574
Adsorbents, 610 Boyle temperature, 129 in industrial reactions, 524
Adsorption, 609–625 Brayton cycle, 316–317 for multiple reactions, 559–569
classes and uses of, 609–611 Brunauer/Emmett/Teller (BET) phase composition at, 539–555
heat of, 620–621 equation, 620 phase rule and Duhem’s theorem for,
mixed-gas, 621–625 Bubblepoint(s) 555–559
pure-gas, 613–620 and flash calculations, 506–507 reaction coordinate for, 525–529
thermodynamic equations for, with modified Raoult’s law, 457–459 for single-phase reactions, 543–555
611–613 with Raoult’s law, 455–456 standard Gibbs-energy change in,
Adsorption isotherm, 612, 613 for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 424, 530–532
Air-standard Diesel cycle, 314 494–495 Chemical reactions
Air-standard Otto cycle, 312 and vapor-phase fugacity determining number of, 556
Antoine equation coefficients, 483 reversible, 37–38
and bubblepoint/dewpoint total Gibbs energy in, 529–530
calculations, 456 Calorie, nutritional, 17 Chemisorption, 610–611
constants for, 650, 653–654 Canonical variables, 212–213, 349, 350 Clapeyron equation, 142, 236–237, 620
741
742 INDEX
Claude liquefaction process, 339–340 in first law of thermodynamics, 1–2, Duhem’s theorem
Clausius/Clapeyron equation, 237 25–26 for chemical-reaction equilibria,
Closed systems Constant-pressure heat capacity, 43, 79, 558–559
chemical-reaction equilibrium in, 351 213, 387 for phase equilibrium, 421–422
defined, 26 Constant-pressure liquefaction process,
energy balance in, 26–30, 39–40 337–338 Edmister’s formula, 252
enthalpy in, 39–41 Constant-volume heat capacity, Effective critical parameters for quantum
equilibrium state in, 422, 42–43, 79 gases, 104–105
436–437, 530 Continuity equation, 49 Efficiency
phase equilibrium in, 351 Control surfaces, 48 compressor, 284
reversible processes in, 35–41 Control volume, 48–51 in reversible work calculations, 35, 38
Cocurrent flow patterns, 195–197 Converging nozzles, 270–271 turbine, 278
Coefficient of performance, 179, 328 Conversion factors, 648, 649 Electric current, 18
Combining rules, 495, 500 Corresponding states, 101–103 Electrical power, sources of, 299–300
Combustion reactions Corresponding-states correlations Endothermic behavior, 402
defined, 148 for pure fluids, 101–103 Endothermic reactions, 540
and fuel cells, 570 for vapor pressure, 238–242 Energy, 11–16
in internal-combustion engines, Countercurrent flow patterns, 195–197 conservation of, 1–2, 13, 25–26
311–319 Cracking reactions, 584 conversion factors for, 649
Composition Critical molar volume, 650–652 external, 25
equilibrium, 593 Critical point as function, 1
eutectic, 606 of binary mixture, 426–428 heat and work as flows of, 26
and fugacity, 465–468 defined, 71 Helmholtz, 211–212
local, 471–473 pure substances at, 73–74 kinetic, 11–13
measures of, 349 Critical pressure, 650–652 potential, 12–13
and mixture parameters, 494 Critical temperature, 650–652 quantities vs. flows of, 26
and partial properties, 356–357, 362 Cross coefficients, 377 Energy balance
on PTxy diagrams, 423–425 Cubic equations of state in closed systems, 26–30, 39–40
and second virial coefficient, 376 for corresponding states, 101–103 general, 49–52, 266
Composition (yx) diagrams, for vapor/ determining parameters for, 98 mechanical, 66
liquid equilibrium, 432 fugacity coefficient from, 495–503 in open systems, 49–58, 265, 266
Compressibility, isothermal, 76 for pure fluids, 95–103 for reversible processes, 39–40
Compressibility factor residual properties by, 487–490 for steady-state flow processes,
adsorbate, 614 roots of, 99–101 52–53
defined, 90–91 for solid/vapor equilibrium, 608–609 Energy use, 299
Lee/Kesler tables for, 104, 105, vapor/liquid equilibrium from, Engines
664–667 490–503 Carnot, 176–180, 335
Pitzer correlations for, 103–105 Diesel, 314–315
of pure species, 650–652 Dead-weight gauge, 8 gas-turbine, 315–319
and residual properties by cubic Defined functions, 140–141 heat, 175–180
equations of state, 487–488 Degrees of freedom internal-combustion, 300, 311–319
and roots of generic cubic equation of in mixed-gas adsorption, 622 jet, 319–320
state, 99 in phase rule, 422 Otto, 311–313
for species in mixtures, 381 for reacting system, 555–558 rocket, 320–321
virial equations to determine, 92–94 of system, 69–70 Enthalpy
Compressible flow processes, 265 Density in closed systems, 39–41
Compression processes, 283–289 conversion factors for, 649 defined, 40
in absorption refrigeration, 335–336 correlation of reduced, 113–114 as function of T and P, 214
in compressors, 283–287 molar, 6 fundamental property relations for,
entropy generation in, 644 Derived units, 4 350
isentropic, 285–286, 318 Desorption, 620–621 in ideal-gas state, 79, 215
in pumps, 288–289 Dewpoint in ideal-gas-state mixture, 364, 365
in Rankine cycle, 302 and flash calculations, 506–507 in ideal-solution model, 383, 384
in vapor-compression refrigeration with modified Raoult’s law, 457–459 in liquids, 215
cycle, 328–331 with Raoult’s law, 455–456 in open systems, 54–58
work done by, 10–11 for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 424 partial, 362
Compression ratio, 312–314 Diesel engine, 314–315 partial molar, 364
Compressor efficiency, 284 Dissipative processes, 35 from residual properties, 222–226
Compressors, 210, 283–287 Diverging nozzles, 270–271 specific, 684–723
Computational paths for system, Duct flow of compressible fluids, in terms of primary properties, 211
231–232 265–277 Enthalpy change
Condensers, 305, 641 in nozzles, 270–273 for closed-system reversible process,
Conservation of energy pipe flow, 268–269 40–41
described, 13 throttling process for, 274–277 in fuel cells, 573
INDEX 743
from generalized property and fugacity, 532 External energy, 25

correlations, 231–232 and fundamental property relations, 211 External irreversibilities, 181–182, 186
in ideal-gas state, 79, 81 internal, 38
in pumps, 288 osmotic, 625–628 Fans, 295
of mixing, 401, 402 Equilibrium constant(s), 530–542 First law of thermodynamics, 24–59
for steady-state flow process, 52–53 for adsorption, 615 described, 25–26
Enthalpy/concentration (H–x) diagrams, defined, 531–532 and energy balance for closed
406–409 effect of temperature on, 533–536 systems, 26–30
Enthalpy/entropy (HS) diagrams; see evaluation of, 536–538 energy in, 1–2
Mollier diagram(s) in flash calculations, 504–506 and enthalpy in closed systems, 39–41
Entropy in gas-phase reactions, 539–540 equilibrium as application of, 30–34
absolute, 197–198 for multiple simultaneous reactions, for fuel cells, 572
excess, 387–389, 402 559–565 and heat capacity, 42–46
as function of T and P, 213–214 and phase composition, 539–542 and internal energy, 25
as function of T and V, 217–219 for reactions in heterogeneous Joule’s experiments leading
in ideal-gas state, 182, 215 systems, 552 to, 24–25
in ideal-gas-state mixture, 364, 365 and standard Gibbs-energy change, and mass/energy balances for open
in ideal-solution model, 383, 384 530–532 systems, 47–58
in liquids, 215 Eutectic state, 606 for reversible processes, 35–41
microscopic view of, 198–200 Exact differential expressions, 212 Flash calculations, 503–507
molar, 210–211, 350, 364 Excess enthalpy, 387–389 Flashing, liquid, 274
partial, 362 and activity coefficients, 452 Flow, measures of, 47–48
from residual properties, 222–226 and enthalpy change of mixing, 402 Flow calorimeters, 54–58
in second law of thermodynamics, 2, and enthalpy/concentration diagrams, Flow processes, 264–290
180–190, 198–200 407–408 compressible, 265
specific, 684–723 at higher temperatures, 485 duct flow of compressible
system, 174 partial, 409 fluids, 265–277
total, 174 Excess entropy, 387–389, 402 enthalpy in, 40
Entropy balance Excess Gibbs energy, 388–389 laminar, 51
equation of, 186 and activity coefficients, 462, 468 steady-state, 49, 52–53, 187, 636–645
for open systems, 185–190, 266–268 for binary mixture, 587–588 in turbines, 278–283
Entropy change and fit of activity coefficient models, turbulent, 51
from generalized property 473–476 Fluid mechanics, 264
correlations, 231–232 and Gibbs energy change of mixing, Fluids
for ideal-gas state, 182–185, 365 402 compressible, duct flow of, 265–277
in irreversible processes, 181 at higher temperatures, 483–484 ideal-gas-state working, 179–180
in pumps, 288 in liquid/liquid equilibrium, 591–597 incompressible, 76, 218–219, 269
in reversible processes, 180–182 and Redlich/Kister expansion, 469 in PVT systems, 31
standard entropy change of reaction, for vapor/liquid equilibrium, saturated, 72
535, 537 451–453 supercritical, 72
Entropy-generation analysis, 636, 641, Excess heat capacity, 387, 485 Force, 649
643–644 Excess properties Formation reactions, 146
Entropy generation rate, 186–187 and activity coefficients, 452, 453 Fourth virial coefficient, 91–92
Equations of state in binary solutions, 388–389 Free energy, 211
a parameter of, 98, 492, 495 defined, 348, 385 Freundlich equation, 616
b parameter of, 98, 492, 495 fundamental property relations for, Fuel cells, 300, 570–574
β parameter of, 99, 492, 494, 500 386, 452, 453 Fugacity
defined, 68 partial, 403–404, 409 and activity coefficients, 460–461
ε parameter of, 100, 488–489 and property changes of mixing, composition dependence of, 465–468
Ω parameter of, 100 402–404 defined, 348, 366
pressure- vs. volume-explicit, 226 and residual properties, 385–387 and fugacity coefficient, 539
Ψ parameter of, 100 in solution thermodynamics, in ideal solutions, 384
PVT, 75–76 385–389 in liquid-phase reactions, 540–542
q parameter of, 492, 494, 495, 497, 500 Excess volume, 387, 402, 452 in mixed-gas adsorption, 622
σ parameter of, 100, 488–489 Exothermic behavior, 402 of pure liquids, 369–372
van der Waals, 95–97 Exothermic reactions, 540 of pure species, 366–372
(See also Cubic equations of state; Expanders, 278–283 for reactions in heterogeneous
Virial equations of state) Expansion processes systems, 553
Equilibrium(--ia) isentropic, 318, 338 of species in equilibrium, 451
activity coefficient models of, as reversible process, 35–37 of species in solution, 372–378
473–487 work done by, 10–11 and standard/equilibrium state, 532
criteria for, 529–530, 590–591 Expansivity, volume, 76 and standard Gibbs-energy
and first law of thermodynamics, Extensive properties, 27 change, 531
30–34 Extensive state, 422 at vapor/liquid equilibrium, 368
744 INDEX
Fugacity coefficient(s), 366–382 for second virial coefficient, Heat capacity ratio, 82
defined, 367 105–107, 230 Heat effects, 133–163
in determination of multireaction in solution thermodynamics, 379–382 defined, 133
equilibria, 567–568 and thermodynamic properties of of industrial reactions, 152–162
and fugacity, 539 fluids, 228–235 latent heats of pure substances,
generalized correlations for, 379–382 for third virial coefficient, 107–108 141–143
from generic cubic equation of state, Generating functions, 219–220, 351 of mixing processes, 405–415
495–503 Generic cubic equations of state, sensible, 134–141
and Henry’s law, 462–463 97–101, 487 standard heat of combustion,
in ideal solutions, 385 defined, 97–98 148–149
Lee/Kesler tables for, 676–679 fugacity coefficient from, 495–503 standard heat of formation, 146–148
for mixtures, 381–382, 495 parameters for, 98 standard heat of reaction, 144–146
and partial residual Gibbs energy, 374 roots of, 99–101 and temperature dependence of ΔH°,
for pure species, 366–372, 379–380 Generic residual property, 220–221 149–152
of species in solution, 372–378 Gibbs adsorption isotherm, 612 Heat engines, 175–180
at vapor/liquid equilibrium, 368, Gibbs/Duhem equation defined, 175
490, 495 activity coefficient in, 452 with ideal-gas-state working fluid,
vapor-phase, 451, 482–483 for adsorbate, 612 179–180
from virial equation of state, 376–378 for binary solutions, 358, 462–465 Heat of adsorption, 620–621
Fundamental property relations for binary systems, 475 Heat of combustion, 144, 148–149
defined, 211 and consistency of activity coefficient Heat of formation
for enthalpy, 213–214 models, 478–482 heat of solution from, 410–411
for entropy, 213–214, 217–219 and Henry’s law, 462–465 standard, 146–148
for excess properties, 386, 452, 453 and partial properties, 356, 357 of water of hydration, 411
for fluids, 210–220 and stability of binary mixtures, 588 Heat of mixing, 401, 402, 405–406
for Gibbs energy, 219–220 Gibbs energy Heat of reaction, 133, 144, 405–406
in ideal-gas state, 214–215 as generating function, 219–220, 351 Heat of solution, 409–415
for internal energy, 210–212, in ideal-gas-state mixture, 364–366 Heat pumps
215–219 in ideal-solution model, 383, 384 and heat engines, 178–179
for liquids, 215 in mixed-gas adsorption, 621, 622 refrigeration in, 336–337
for residual properties, 221, 374–376, molar, 235–236, 364–365 Heat reservoirs, 174–175, 181
452–453 standard Gibbs energy of formation, Heat transfer
for single-phase systems, 530 658–662 at constant pressure, 337–338
in solution thermodynamics, 348–351 in terms of primary properties, entropy change with, 181–182
for two-dimensional phase, 611–612 211–212 from reversible fuel cells, 572, 573
Fusion curve, 71 Gibbs energy change second law of thermodynamics and
in fuel cells, 572–573 simple, 174–175
Gamma/phi formulation, 453–454 of mixing, 402, 437–438 Helmholtz energy, 211–212
Gas constant; see Universal gas constant and stability of single-phase binary Henry’s constant, 463, 614, 623
Gas-phase reactions mixture, 587 Henry’s law, 462–468
equilibrium constant for, 559 Gibb’s theorem, 364 for adsorption, 614
phase composition for, 539–540 defined, 463
Gas-turbine engines, 315–319 Heat for deviations from ideality,
Gases in closed systems, 32 465–468
generalized correlations for, 103–112, and energy balance in closed systems, and Gibbs/Duhem equation in binary
228–235 26–27 solutions, 462–465
Henry’s constant for gases dissolved in ideal-gas state, 80 for liquid-phase reactions, 541
in water, 463 Joule’s experiments on work and, for mixed-gas adsorption, 623
standard state for, 144 24–25 for vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium, 598
Gauge pressures, 8 measurements and units for, 16–17 Heterogeneous systems
General energy balance, 49–52, 266 in Rankine cycle, 303 phase composition at equilibrium
General equations of balance, 266 Heat capacity(-ies), 42–46 in, 543
Generalized correlations constant-pressure, 43, 79, 213, 387 phase composition for reactions in,
for compressibility factor, 103–105 constant-volume, 42–43, 79 551–555
for fugacity coefficient, 379–382 excess, 387, 485 Higher heating value (HHV), 168
for gas mixtures, 234–235 of gases in ideal-gas state, 656 HRB function, 231
for gases, 103–112, 228–235 in ideal-gas state, 136–139 Humidity, 510
and ideal-gas state, 108 of liquids, 657
isentropic work for turbines from, mean, 139, 183 ICPH function, 140
280–283 residual, 387 ICPS function, 183
Lee/Kesler tables, 663, 664–679 of solids, 657 IDCPH function, 151, 535
for liquids, 112–114 standard heat-capacity change of IDCPS function, 536
Pitzer correlations, 103–107 reaction, 150, 535, 536 Ideal-adsorbed-solution theory, 624–625
for pure fluids, 103–114 temperature dependence of, 135–136 Ideal gas law, 77–78
INDEX 745
Ideal-gas state, 77–89 in ideal-gas state, 78 Latent heat of vaporization at normal

adiabatic processes in, 81–83 molar, 210–212 boiling point,
adsorption involving, 613 residual, 249 142–143, 653–654
defined, 78 total, 27, 436 Law of mass action, 541
entropy change for, 182–185 Internal energy change, 25, 79–81 LCST (lower consolute temperature),
equilibrium constant for mixtures in, Internal equilibrium, 38 438, 439
540, 559 Internal irreversibilities, 186 Lee/Kesler generalized correlations
fundamental property relations in, Internal pressure, 262 tables, 663, 664–679
214–215 International System of Units (SI units), for compressibility factor, 104, 105,
and generalized correlations, 108 4–6, 648, 649 664–667
heat capacity in, 136–139, 656 International Temperature Scale of 1990 for fugacity coefficient, 676–679
irreversible processes in, 83 (ITS-90), 7 for residual enthalpy, 229, 668–671
isobaric processes in, 81 Intramolecular interactions, 406 for residual entropy, 672–675
isochoric processes in, 81 Irreversible processes Lewis/Randall rule, 384–385, 461, 465
isothermal processes in, 81 dissipative processes as, 35 Linde liquefaction process, 338–340
process calculations for, 80 entropy changes in, 181 Liquefaction processes, 337–343
property relations for, 79–80 with external irreversibilities, heat exchange at constant pressure,
real-gas properties from, 223 181–182, 186 337–338
second law of thermodynamics in, in ideal-gas state, 83 isentropic expansion, 338
182–185 with internal irreversibilities, 186 throttling processes, 338–340
in vapor/liquid equilibrium; (see lost work for, 195 Liquid/liquid equilibrium (LLE),
Raoult’s law) thermodynamic analysis of, 636 587–597
Ideal-gas-state mixture model, work for, 38 binary, 591–592
363–366, 382 Isentropic nozzles, 271 equilibrium criteria for, 590–591
Ideal-gas-state working fluid, 179–180 Isentropic processes excess Gibbs free energy in, 591–597
Ideal-gas temperature scale, 90 compression, 285–286, 318 phase stability in, 438–439
Ideal gases, 19, 77 defined, 181 and stability criteria for single-phase
Ideal-lattice-gas equation, 614 expansion, 318, 338 binary systems, 587–590
Ideal refrigeration cycle, 645–646 in Rankine cycle, 302 Liquid-phase activity coefficients,
Ideal-solution model, 348, 382–385 Isentropic work 468–473
for solid/liquid equilibrium, 604–606 by compressors, 284–286 local-composition models for,
for vapor/liquid equilibrium; (see by pumps, 288 471–472
Raoult’s law) by turbines/expanders, 278–283 for multicomponent systems, 472–473
Ideal solutions, 383, 402, 539 Isobaric processes, 81 Redlich/Kister expansion of,
Ideal work Isochoric processes, 81 468–470
calculation of, 190–194 Isosteric heat of adsorption, 621 van Laar equation for, 470–471
in steady-state flow processes, 637, Isothermal compressibility, 76 Liquid-phase reactions, 540–542
641, 643 Isothermal processes Liquids
Immiscible solids, SLE with, 604–606 of Carnot engines, 178–180 fundamental property relations
Immiscible systems, VLLE in, 441–442 in fuel cells, 572–574 for, 215
Incompressible fluids in ideal-gas state, 81 generalized correlations for, 112–114
defined, 76 Isothermal reactions, 144 heat capacities of, 657
pipe flow of, 269 Isotherms pure, 369–372
property relations for, 218–219 adsorption, 612, 613 saturated, 112–113, 243, 491, 494
Independent reactions, determining Langmuir, 614–616, 621, 624 standard state for, 144
number of, 556 Local composition, 471–473
Industrial reactions Local states, in flow processes, 265
Jet engines, 319–320
heat effects of, 152–162 Lost work, 194–197, 636
Joule (unit)
reaction rates and equilibrium Low-pressure vapor/liquid equilibrium,
conversions for, 649
considerations for, 524 428–432
as unit of energy, 12, 13
Intensive properties, 27 Low-pressure vapor/liquid/liquid
as unit of heat, 17
Intensive state, 69, 422 equilibrium, 599–602
as unit of work, 10
Intensive variables, 6, 423 Lower consolute temperature (LCST),
Joule/Thomson coefficient, 276
Intermolecular interactions, 406 438, 439
Internal-combustion engines, 300, Lower heating value (LHV), 168
311–319 Kelvin scale, 7
Diesel engine, 314–315 Kinetic energy, 11–13 Mach number, 267–268
gas-turbine engine, 315–319 Margules equations, 470, 476, 478
Otto engine, 311–313 Lagrange multipliers, 566 Mass, 6, 649
Internal energy Laminar flow, 51 Mass balance, for open systems, 48–49,
in closed systems, 27 Langmuir isotherm, 614–616, 621, 624 265, 266
defined, 25 Latent heat Mass flow rate, 47, 49
as function of P, 215–217 defined, 133, 141 Mass fraction, 349, 407
as function of T and V, 217–219 of pure substances, 141–143 Material balances, 566
746 INDEX
Maximum work obtainable, 191 Molar volume Partial excess properties, 403–404, 409
Maxwell relations, 213, 361 critical, 650–652 Partial molar enthalpy, 364
MCPH function, 140–141 defined, 6 Partial molar entropy, 364
MCPS function, 184 fundamental property relations for, Partial molar Gibbs energy,
MDCPH function, 151 210–211, 350 353–354, 364–365
Mean heat capacity, 139, 183 partial, 363 Partial molar properties, 363–364
Mechanical-energy balance, 66 in PVT systems, 31 defined, 352
Mechanically reversible processes, 38, for two-phase system, 243 equations relating molar/solution
181–182 Mole fraction, 349 properties and, 354–356
Methane, pressure/enthalpy diagram from activity coefficient model, 476 in ideal-gas-state model, 364
for, 726 in liquid/liquid equilibrium, 590–592 Partial molar volume, 363
Microscopic descriptions of systems, 3–4 in multireaction stoichiometry, 528 Partial pressure, 363, 454
entropy in, 198–200 and reaction coordinate, 526 Partial properties, 352–362
at equilibrium, 421 Mole of reaction, 528 activity coefficient as, 452
Minimum work required, 191 Mollier diagram(s) in binary solutions, 357–361
Mixed-gas adsorption, 621–625 features of, 243–245 defined, 348, 357
Mixing processes, 400–415 for steam, 728–729 and molar properties, 354–356
heat effects of, 405–415 Monolayer adsorption, 611 rationale for, 356–357
property changes in, 400–405 Multicomponent systems, activity relations among, 361–362
Mixing rules, 377, 495, 500 coefficients for, 472–473 solution and pure-species properties
Mixtures Multilayer adsorption, 611 vs., 352–353
acentric factor for, 234, 381 Multiple simultaneous reactions Partial residual Gibbs energy, 373–374
compressibility factor for species chemical-reaction equilibria for, Partial residual properties, 373–374
in, 381 559–569 Partial specific properties, 352
enthalpy/concentration diagrams for, Newton’s method for, 739–740 Partial volume, 362
406–408 reaction coordinate in stoichiometry Partially miscible systems, 598
equilibrium coefficient for, 540 for, 528–529 Peng/Robinson (PR) equation, 491–492
fugacity coefficients for, Phase composition
381–382, 495 Newton’s method, 506, 737–740 at chemical-reaction equilibria, 539–555
generalized correlations for, Newton’s second law, 4, 11, 12 and equilibrium constants, 539–542
234–235 Non-Random-Two-Liquid (NRTL) for gas-phase reactions, 539–540
ideal-gas-state model for, equation, 471, 472 for liquid-phase reactions, 540–542
365–366, 382 Normal boiling point and pressure for vapor/liquid
molar mass of, 349 latent heat of vaporization at, 142– equilibrium, 590
parameters for species in, 494 143, 653–654 and pressure for vapor/liquid/liquid
pressure for species in, 381 for pure species, 650–654 equilibrium, 600–601
temperature for species in, 381 Nozzles for reactions in heterogeneous
volume for species in, 381 flow of compressible fluids through, systems, 551–555
Modified Raoult’s law, 456–462 270–273 for single-phase reactions, 543–551
and activity coefficients, 460–462 in jet and rocket engines, 319, 320 and temperature/pressure for VLLE,
bubblepoint and dewpoint 439–442
calculations with, 457–459 Open systems, 47–58 Phase envelope, 424
for vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium, adsorption in, 611 Phase equilibrium(--a), 421–443, 587–629
598 defined, 26 adsorption of gases on solids, 609–625
Molality, 542 energy balances for steady-state flow and chemical potential, 351–352
Molar area, 611 processes in, 52–53 Duhem’s theorem for, 421–422
Molar concentration, 349 enthalpy measurements in, 54–58 fugacity at, 373
Molar density, 6 entropy balance for, 185–190 liquid/liquid, 438–439, 587–597
Molar enthalpy, partial, 364 equations of balance for, 265, 266 nature of, 421
Molar entropy general energy balance for, 49–52 and osmotic equilibrium/pressure,
fundamental property relations for, mass balance for, 48–49 625–628
210–211, 350 measures of flow in, 47–48 phase rule for, 69, 421
partial, 364 phase equilibrium in, 351 and phase stability, 435–439
Molar flow rate, 47 second law of thermodynamics for, qualitative behavior at, 423–435
Molar Gibbs energy 185–190 solid/liquid, 602–606
partial, 353–354, 364–365 Osmotic equilibrium, 625–628 solid/vapor, 606–609
in two-phase systems, 235–236 Osmotic pressure, 626–628 vapor/liquid/liquid, 439–442,
Molar internal energy, fundamental Otto engine, 311–313 597–602
property relations for, 210–212 Phase rule
Molar mass Partial enthalpy, 362 for chemical-reaction equilibria,
of mixtures and solutions, 349 Partial entropy, 362 555–558
and number of moles, 6 Partial equation-of-state parameters, for phase equilibrium, 69, 421
of pure species, 650–652 495, 497 for pure fluids, 68–70
Molar properties, 354–356 Partial excess enthalpy, 409 for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 423
INDEX 747
Phase stability, 435–439, 587–590 vapor-compression refrigeration cycle PVT equations of state, 75–76
Phases, defined, 69 on, 329–330 PVT surfaces, 74–75
PHIB function, 380 Pressure-explicit equations of state, 226 PVT systems
Physical adsorption, 610–611 Pressure/temperature/composition chemical-reaction equilibrium in, 351
Pipe flow, 268–269 (PTxy) diagrams, for vapor/liquid defined, 31
Pitzer correlations, 103–107 equilibrium, 423–425 fundamental property relations
for compressibility factor, 103–105 Pressure/temperature (PT) diagrams in, 211
for second virial coefficient, 105–107 components of, 70–72 intensive state of, 422
for third virial coefficient, 107 critical point on, 73
Potential energy, 12–13 and PVT surfaces, 74–75 Quantum gases, 104–105
Power for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 425–426
conversion factors for, 649 Pressure/volume (PV) diagrams, 72–73 Rankine cycle, 301–305
electrical, sources of, 299–300 for ideal-gas-state working fluid in Raoult’s law, 428, 454–456
Power from heat, 299–321 Carnot cycle, 179–180 dewpoint and bubblepoint
in internal-combustion engines, PVT surfaces from, 74–75 calculations with, 455–456
311–319 single-phase regions on, 75–77 limitations on, 455
in jet and rocket engines, 319–321 Primitives (defined), 4, 25, 211 and mixed-gas adsorption, 623
in steam power plants, 300–311 Process calculations, ideal-gas state, 80 modified, 456–462, 598
Poynting factor, 370, 453, 627 Properties positive deviations from, 473
Pressure characteristic, 650–652 for vapor/liquid/liquid
absolute, 8 derived values for, 479 equilibrium, 598
from activity coefficient model, 476 extensive, 27 Reaction coordinate
bubblepoint and dewpoint, fundamental, 3 changes in, 526
455–456, 457 intensive, 27 for chemical-reaction equilibria,
conversion factors for, 649 molar, 354–356 525–529
critical, 650–652 pure-species, 352–353 in multireaction stoichiometry,
defined, 4 solution, 352–353, 354–356 528–529
effect on activity coefficient of, 452 Property changes and total Gibbs energy in chemical
enthalpy and entropy as function of, equations for, 83 reactions, 529–530
213–214 in mixing processes, 400–405 Reactor design, chemical-reaction
of flow in nozzles, 270–271 standard property changes of equilibria in, 524–525
gauge, 8 reaction, 532 Redlich/Kister expansion, 468–470
Gibbs energy in terms of, 219–220 Property changes of mixing, 401–404 Redlich/Kwong (RK) equation, 97
internal, 262 Property relations Reduced second virial coefficient, 106
internal energy as function of, for ideal-gas state, 79–80 Reduced third virial coefficient, 107
215–217 from internal energy changes in Reference temperature, 146
measures and units of, 8–10 closed system, 28 Refrigerants
osmotic, 626–628 Pseudocritical parameters, 234 cascade cycles of, 332, 334
partial, 363, 454 Pumps, 288–289, 641 circulation rate for, 328
in pipe flow, 268 Pure-component pressure, 391 selecting, 331–334
processes with constant, 81 Pure-gas adsorption, 613–620 Refrigeration, 327–337
pseudocritical, 234 Pure liquids, fugacity of, 369–372 absorption, 334–336
pure-component, 391 Pure species defined, 327
residual properties in zero-pressure acentric factor for, 650–652 in heat pumps, 336–337
limit, 249–250 Antoine equation constants for, 650, and refrigerant selection, 331–334
saturation, 72, 97, 607 653–654 tons of, 329
solubility of solids at high, 607–609 characteristic properties of, 650–652 two-stage cascade system, 332, 334
for species in mixtures, 381 fugacity coefficient for, 366–372, vapor-compression cycle for,
spreading, 611, 612, 615–616, 623 379–380 328–331
standard atmospheric, 9, 648 fugacity of, 366–372 Refrigerators
standard-state, 144 Langmuir isotherms for, 624 Carnot, 327–328, 334–335
total Gibbs energy as function in solid/vapor equilibrium, 607 heat transfer with, 17
of, 349–350 standard Gibbs-energy change Regenerative cycle, in steam power
and volume/temperature of pure for, 531 plants, 305–311
substances, 70–77 vapor/liquid equilibrium for, 368 Relative volatility, 459
Pressure/composition (Pxy) diagrams vapor pressure for, 490–493 Residual enthalpy, 375
for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 425, Pure substances from cubic equations of state, 488
430, 432–434 at critical point, 73–74 and excess enthalpy, 387
for vapor/liquid/liquid latent heats of, 141–143 from generalized property
equilibrium, 441 pressure, volume, and temperature correlations, 228–234
Pressure/enthalpy (PH) diagrams of, 70–77 Lee/Kesler tables for, 668–671
features of, 243–245 PV diagrams for, 72–73 from virial equations of state,
for methane, 726 PVT surfaces for, 74–75 226–228
for tetrafluoroethane, 727 in single-phase regions, 75–77 in zero-pressure limit, 249–250
748 INDEX
Residual entropy Saturation pressure, 72, 97, 607; See also Solids
from cubic equations of state, 489 Vapor pressure adsorption of gases on;
and excess entropy, 387 Second law of thermodynamics, (see Adsorption)
from generalized property 173–200 crystalline, 197
correlations, 228–234 axiomatic statements of, 173–178 heat capacities of, 657
Lee/Kesler tables for, 672–675 entropy in, 2, 180–190, 198–200 immiscible, 604–606
from virial equations of state, for heat engines, 175–180 solubility of, at high pressure, 607–609
226–228 in ideal-gas state, 182–185 standard state for, 144
Residual Gibbs energy, 220, 221 and ideal work, 190–194 Solubility, 607–609
from cubic equations of state, 488 and lost work, 194–197 Solubility diagrams, 438–439, 593,
and fundamental residual-property for open systems, 185–190 595, 596
relation, 374–375 and third law of thermodynamics, Solution properties
partial, 373–374 197–198 partial and pure-species properties
from virial equations of state, 227 Second virial coefficient vs., 352–353
in zero-pressure limit, 250 and compressibility factor, 92–94 partial molar properties and, 354–356
Residual heat capacity, 387 defined, 91–92 Solution thermodynamics, 348–390
Residual internal energy, 249 and fugacity coefficient, 376–378 chemical potential and equilibrium in,
Residual properties generalized correlations for, 351–352
and activity coefficients, 452–453 105–107, 230 excess properties in, 385–389
enthalpy and entropy from, 222–226 reduced, 106 fugacity coefficient in, 366–382
and excess properties, 385–387 Sensible heat effects, 134–141 fundamental property relation in,
of fluids, 220–228, 249–250 defined, 133 348–351
fundamental property relations for, and defined functions, 140–141 generalized correlations in, 379–382
221, 374–376, 452–453 evaluation of sensible-heat integral, ideal-gas-state mixture model in,
generic, 220–221 139–140 363–366
partial, 373–374 heat capacity in ideal-gas state, ideal-solution model in, 382–385
at vapor/liquid equilibrium, 487–490 136–139 measures of composition for, 349
from virial equations of state, temperature dependence of heat partial properties in, 352–362
226–228 capacity, 135–136 Special constraints, systems with, 556
in zero-pressure limit, 249–250 Sensible-heat integral, 139–140 Specific amount adsorbed, 612
Residual volume, 375 Shaft work, 50 Specific density, 6
defined, 220 and ideal work, 191 Specific enthalpy
and excess volume, 387 for steady-state gas compressor, 210 for saturated steam, 684–691
in zero-pressure limit, 249 in turbines/expanders, 278–279 for superheated steam, 692–723
Residuals, 479 in work analysis for steady-state flow Specific entropy
Response function, 352 processes, 637 for saturated steam, 684–691
Retrograde condensation, 426–427 Shomate equation, 158 for superheated steam, 692–723
Reverse osmosis, 626, 628 SI units; see International System of Specific internal energy
Reversible processes, 35–41 Units as intensive property, 27
of Carnot engines, 178, 179 Single-phase binary systems, stability for saturated steam, 684–691
chemical reactions as, 37–38 criteria for, 587–590 for superheated steam, 692–723
completely, 186–187, 190–191 Single-phase reactions Specific surface area, 612, 620
defined, 35 chemical-reaction equilibria for, Specific volume, 27
enthalpy for, 39–41 543–555 defined, 6
entropy change in, 180–182 phase composition of, 543–551 in PVT systems, 31
expansion as, 35–37 total Gibbs energy for, 566 for saturated steam, 684–691
in fuel cells, 572–574 Single-phase regions, pure substances for superheated steam, 692–723
mechanically, 38, 181–182 in, 75–77 Spinodal curve, 634
in Rankine cycle, 302 Single-stream steady-flow processes, 266 Spreading pressure, 611, 612,
work for, 38–39 Sites, adsorption, 610 615–616, 623
Rocket engines, 320–321 Soave/Redlich/Kwong (SRK) equation, SRB function, 231
Roots of cubic equations of state, 99–101 491–492, 608–609 Stability, phase, 435–439, 587–590
Solid/liquid equilibrium (SLE), 602–606 Standard atmospheric pressure, 9, 648
Saturated liquids with ideal-solution behavior for both Standard enthalpy change of formation,
bubblepoint for, 494 phases, 604–605 658–662
equilibrium pressure for, 491 with ideal-solution behavior for liquid Standard entropy change of reaction,
generalized equations for, 112–113 phase and immiscibility for 535, 537
in two-phase systems, 243 solids, 604–606 Standard Gibbs-energy change
Saturated steam, 683–691 Solid/vapor equilibrium (SVE), 606–609 defined, 532
Saturated vapors phase-equilibrium equations and equilibrium constant, 530–532
bubblepoint for, 494 for, 606–607 for formation reactions, 536–538
equilibrium pressure for, 491 solid solubility at high pressure, and standard heat of reaction, 532
in two-phases systems, 243 607–609 and temperature, 533
INDEX 749
Standard Gibbs energy of formation, microscopic descriptions of, 3–4, of Carnot cycle, 301
658–662 198–200, 421 of Carnot engines, 178
Standard heat-capacity change of multicomponent, 472–473 of compressor, 312–313
reaction, 150, 535, 536 partially miscible, 598 of gas-turbine engine, 317
Standard heat of combustion, 148–149 PVT, 31, 211, 351, 422 of heat engines, 177, 178
Standard heat of formation, 146–148 with special constraints, 556 Thermodynamic consistency, 478–482
Standard heat of reaction, 532 two-phase, 235–243 Thermodynamic diagrams, 725–729
for combustion, 148–149 work and energy changes in, 13 Thermodynamic properties of fluids,
defined, 144–146 System entropy, 174 210–250
and temperature, 149–152, 533 fundamental property relations,
Standard mixing processes, 400–401 Temperature 210–220
Standard property changes of and activity coefficient, 452 generalized property correlations,
reaction, 532 activity coefficient models at higher, 228–235
Standard state, 144, 400, 531, 532 483–487 residual properties, 220–228,
Standard-state pressure, 144 actual discharge, 286 249–250
State function Boyle, 129 tables of, 245–248
defined, 31 bubblepoint and dewpoint, 455–457 on thermodynamic diagrams,
enthalpy as, 40–41 and chemical-reaction equilibria, 243–245
path- and process- independence 533–536 in two-phase systems, 235–243
of, 43 critical, 650–652 and virial equations of state, 226–228
Statistical mechanics (statistical and efficiency of Carnot Thermodynamic state, 31–32
thermodynamics), 3–4, 200 engines, 178 Third law of thermodynamics, 197–198
Steady-flow processes, 266 enthalpy as function of, 213–214 Third virial coefficient
Steady-state flow processes entropy as function of, 213–214, and compressibility factor, 93–94
defined, 49 217–219 defined, 91–92
energy balances for, 52–53 and equilibrium constants, 533–536 generalized correlations for, 107–108
entropy balance for, 187 eutectic, 606 reduced, 107
thermodynamic analysis of, 636–645 Gibbs energy in terms of, 219–220 Three-parameter corresponding-states
Steam and heat capacity, 135–136 correlations, 102–103
Mollier diagram for, 728–729 and heat transfer, 17, 175 Throttling processes, 88
saturated, 683–691 internal energy as function of, and flow of compressible fluids,
superheated, 683, 692–723 217–219 274–277
wet, 274 in local-composition models, 473 liquefaction by, 338–340
Steam power plants, 300–311 measures and units of, 7–8 Tie lines, 424, 438
Rankine cycle in, 301–305 and pressure/phase composition for Tons of refrigeration (rating), 329
regenerative cycle in, 305–311 VLLE, 439–442 Total Gibbs energy
Steam tables, 680–723 and pressure/volume of pure in chemical reactions, 529–530
defined, 55 substances, 70–77 determining multireaction equilibria
features of, 245 in PVT systems, 31 from, 566–569
interpolation from, 680–682 reference, 146 as function of temperature and
for saturated steam, 683–691 and standard heat of reaction, pressure, 349–350
for superheated steam, 683, 692–723 149–152 at phase equilibrium, 436–437
Stirling’s formula, 200 and standard state functions, 145 Toth equation, 616
Stoichiometric number, 525, 531 theoretical flame, 153 Triple line, 72, 243
Subcooled-liquid region total Gibbs energy as function of, Triple point, 71
(PV diagram), 73 349–350 Trouton’s rule, 142
Sublimation curve, 71, 606–607 and vapor pressure, 237–238 Turbine efficiency, 278
Summability relations, 355, 357, 452 Temperature/composition (Txy) Turbines
Supercritical fluids, 72 diagrams entropy generation in, 641
Superheated steam, 683, 692–723 for vapor/liquid equilibrium, 425, flow processes in, 278–283
Superheated-vapor region 431, 434–435 gas-turbine engines, 315–319
(PV diagram), 73 for vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium, Turbojet engines, 319–320
Superheating, 243 440–441 Turbulent flow, 51
Surface area, specific, 612, 620 Temperature/entropy (TS) diagrams, Two-parameter corresponding-states
Surfaces, control, 48 243–245 correlations, 101–102
Synthesis gas, 154, 581 Carnot cycle on, 300, 301 Two-phase systems, 235–243
System(s) liquefaction processes on, 338 and corresponding-states correlations
defined, 3, 26 Rankine cycle on, 302 for vapor pressure, 238–242
degrees of freedom of, 422 of vapor-compression refrigeration liquid/vapor, 243
elements of, 556 cycle, 328–329 temperature dependence of vapor
invariant, 69 Theoretical flame temperature, 153 pressure in, 237–238
liquid/vapor, 243 Thermal efficiency Two-stage cascade refrigeration system,
macroscopic descriptions of, 3 of air-standard Otto cycle, 312–313 332, 334
750 INDEX
UNIFAC method, 471, 472, 730–736 Vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium (VLLE) in ideal-solution model, 383, 384
UNIQUAC (UNIversal equilibrium calculations for, 597–602 and pressure/temperature of pure
QUAsi-Chemical) equation, 471, low-pressure, 599–602 substances, 70–77
472, 730–733 temperature, pressure, and phase residual, 220, 249, 375, 387
U.S. customary system of units, 6, composition for, 439–442 for species in mixtures, 381
648, 649 Vapor-phase fugacity, 553 total, 6, 27
Units, defined, 4 Vapor-phase fugacity coefficients, Volume change of mixing, 401, 402
Universal gas constant 482–483 Volume expansivity, 76
conversion factors of, 648, 649 Vapor pressure Volume-explicit equations of state, 226
values of, 649 corresponding-states correlations Volumetric flow rate, 47
from virial equations of state, 90 for, 238–242 Volumetric properties of pure fluids,
Upper consolute temperature (UCST), from cubic equations of state, 68–116
438, 439 492, 493 cubic equations of state, 95–103
on PT diagrams, 70–72 generalized correlations, 103–114
Van der Waals equation of state, 95–97 for pure species, 490–493 in ideal-gas state, 77–89
Van Laar equation, 470–471 temperature dependence of, 237–238 and phase rule, 68–70
Van’t Hoff equation, 628 Vaporization PVT relationship for pure substances,
Vapor(s) Clapeyron equation for, 236–237 70–77
liquid/vapor systems, 243 latent heat of vaporization at normal virial equations of state, 89–95
saturated, 243, 491, 494 boiling point, 142–143,
Vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, 653–654 Wagner equation, 238
328–331 Vaporization curve, 71 Water-gas-shift reaction, 147–148
Vapor/liquid equilibrium (VLE), Velocity Water of hydration, 411
450–508 bulk-mean, 50–51 Weight, 5, 6
correlations for liquid-phase activity and kinetic energy, 11–12 Wet steam, throttling of, 274
coefficients, 468–473 as measure of flow, 47 Wilson equation, 471–473, 597
critical points of binary mixtures, in nozzles, 270–271 Work
426–428 of pipe flow, 268 in adiabatic processes, 82–83
and cubic equations of state, 487–503 Virial coefficients in closed systems, 26–27, 32
evaporation of binary mixture in, and compressibility factor, 92–94 and energy balance, 26–27
432–435 defined, 91–92 of heat engines, 175–177
excess Gibbs energy and activity and fugacity coefficient, 376–378 ideal, 190–194, 637, 641, 643
coefficients for, 451–453 generalized correlations for, in ideal-gas state, 80
fitting activity coefficient models to 105–108, 230 isentropic, 278–286, 288
data on, 473–487 reduced, 106, 107 Joule’s experiments on heat and,
and flash calculations, 503–507 Virial equations of state, 89–95 24–25
gamma/phi formulation of, 453–454 applications of, 92–95 and kinetic/potential energy, 13
Henry’s law for, 462–468 forms of, 90–92 lost, 194–197, 636
low-pressure, 428–432 fugacity coefficient from, 376–378 maximum work obtainable, 191
modified Raoult’s law for, 456–462 residual properties from, 226–228 measurements and units for, 10–11
and phase composition for reactions and thermodynamic properties of minimum work required, 191
in heterogeneous systems, 551 fluids, 226–228 of reversible fuel cells, 572, 573
for pure species, 368 Virial expansions, 91–92 for reversible processes, 38–39, 83
qualitative behavior at, 423–435 Volatility, relative, 459 Work analysis, 637, 641–642, 644–645
Raoult’s law for, 454–456 Volume Work rate, 50
residual properties at, 487–490 control, 48–51, 49–51
retrograde condensation for, 426–427 conversion factors for, 649 Zero-pressure limit, residual properties
schematic representation of, 454 excess, 387, 402, 452 in, 249–250

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Conversion Factors and Values

(ft)=≡ U.S. defined foot ≡ 0.3048 m

Table A.1: Conversion Factors

Table A.2: Values of the Universal Gas Constant

R = 8.314​J·mol​−1 ​ ​·K​−1​ ​= 8.314 ​m3​ ​·Pa·mol​−1

Properties of Pure Species

Table B.1 Characteristic Properties of Pure Species

Table B.1: Characteristic Properties of Pure Species

Table B.1 (Continued)

Table B.1 (Continued)

Parameters for Antoine Eqn. Temp. Range ΔH

Table B.2 (Continued)

Parameters for Antoine Eqn. Temp. Range ΔH

Heat Capacities and Property

Table C.1 Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State

Table C.1: Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal-Gas State†

Table C.2: Heat Capacities of Solids†

Table C.3: Heat Capacities of Liquids†

Table C.4: Standard Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation

State ​ ​H​ ​f°​298​​

Table C.4 (Continued)

State ​Δ​H​ ​f°​298​​ ​Δ​G​ ​f°​298​​​

Chemical species ​Δ​H​ ​f°​298​​​​ ​Δ​G​ ​f°​298​​​​

Acetaldehyde C2H4O −212.2 −139.0

Table C.5 (Continued)

Chemical species ​Δ​H​ ​f°​298​​​​ ​Δ​G​ ​f°​298​​​​

Carbon monoxide CO −121.0 −119.9

Table C.5 (Continued)

Chemical species ​Δ​H​ ​f°​298​​​​ ​Δ​G​ ​f°​298​​​​

Tables D.1 – D.4 Correlation for the compressibility factor

Table D.1: Values of Z0

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.2: Values of Z 1

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.3: Values of Z0

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.4: Values of Z1

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.5: Values of (HR)0∕RTc

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.6: Values of (HR)1∕RTc

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.7: Values of (HR)0∕RTc

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.8: Values of (HR)1/RTc

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.9: Values of (SR)0∕R

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.10: Values of (SR)1∕R

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.11: Values of (SR)0∕R

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.12: Values of (SR)1∕R

Pr = 1.0000 1.2000 1.5000 2.0000 3.0000 5.0000 7.0000 10.000

Table D.13: Values of ϕ0

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

Table D.14: Values of ϕ1

Pr = 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000

R = 8.314J·mol−1 ·K−1 = 8.314 m3 ·Pa·mol−1

State H  f°298

State ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298

Chemical species ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298

Chemical species ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298

Chemical species ΔH  f°298 ΔG  f°298

( X2− X1) 1 ( X2− X1) 2

[( X2− X1) ( X2− X1) 1, 2] Y2− Y1

[( X2− X1) 2,1 ( X2− X1) 2, 2] Y2− Y1

STEAM TABLES Page

Table E.1 Properties of Saturated Steam 684

Table E.2 Properties of Superheated Steam 692

i  = 1 − Ji+ ln Ji− 5qi(1 − + ln )

i  = 1 − Ji+ ln Ji− 5qi(1 − + ln )

ln γ  R1  = 0.1463 and ln γ  R2  = 0.0537

γ1= 1.133 and γ2= 1.047