By Fidea F.

Chambo
2020
 Computer Graphics involves technology to
access, process transforms and presents
information in a visual form.
 Computer Graphics refers to any sketch,
drawing, special art work or other material
generated with the help of computer to
pictorially depict an object or a process or to
convey information, as a
supplement to, instead
of written descriptions
 Computer graphics means the use of a computer to
produce and manipulate pictorial images on a video
screen. It is the technology that deals with designs
and pictures on computers.
 Computer graphics can also be defined as an art of
drawing pictures on computer screens with the help
of programming. This involves computations,
creation, and manipulation of data.
 In other way, Computer graphics generally means
creation, storage and manipulation of models and
images. Such models come from diverse and
expanding set of fields including physical, biological,
mathematical, artistic, and conceptual/abstract
structures
 Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with
the help of a computer. The end product of the
computer graphics is a picture it may be a business
graph, drawing, and engineering.
 It includes the creation storage of models and
image of objects.
 These models for various fields like engineering,
mathematical and so on.
 The pictures can be photographs, drawings,
movies, or simulations -such as medical images
from inside your body.
 Suppose a shoe manufacturing company wants to
show the sale of shoes for five years. In this
situation graphics is a better way to display by
using Graphics tools such as charts and graphs.
 Using graphs, data can be represented in pictorial
form and a picture can be understood easily just
with a single look.
 Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art
and image data effectively and meaningfully to the
consumer.
 Today, computer graphics is a core technology in
digital photography, film, video games, cell phone
and computer displays, and many specialized
applications. It is also used for processing image
data received from the physical world.
 Computer graphics is an integral part of everyday
computing.
 Graphical elements such as windows, cursors,
menus, and icons are so common place, it is
difficult to imagine computing without them.
 Today, nearly all professional programmers must
have an understanding of graphics in order to
accept input and present output to users.
 Today, computer graphics is widespread. Such
imagery is found on television, newspapers,
weather reports, and in a variety of medical
investigations and surgical procedures. A well-
constructed graph can present complex statistics
in a form that is easier to understand and interpret.
 Movies and Games Industry
◦ The highest driving force in CG
◦ Focus on interactivity
◦ Cost effective solutions
◦ Avoiding computation and other tricks
 Medical Imaging and Scientific
Visualization
◦ Tools for teaching and diagnosis
◦ New data representations and modalities
◦ Focus on presentation and interpretation of
data
◦ Construction of models from acquired data

Nanomanipulator, UNC
Joe Kniss, Utah Gordon Kindelman,
 Computer Aided Design (CAD)—designing
things on a computer screen instead of on
paper
◦ Mechanical, Electronic, and Architecture design
◦ Drives the high end of the hardware market
◦ Integration of computing and display resources
◦ the first ever CAD system, for creating
automobiles on a computer screen.
Computer graphics can be broadly divided into the
following classes:
 Business Graphics or the broader category of
Presentation Graphics, which refers to graphics, such
as bar-charts, pie-charts, pictograms (i.e., scaled
symbols), x-y charts, etc. used to present
quantitative information to inform and convince the
audience.
 Presentation Graphics is commonly used to
summarize: Financial Reports, Statistical Reports,
Mathematical Reports, Scientific Reports, Economic
Data for research reports, Managerial Reports,
Consumer Information Bulletins and other types of
reports
 Entertainment: The most familiar and useful area
of computer graphics is Entertainment. Computer
Graphics are now commonly used in making
motion pictures (movies), music videos, cartoon
and artwork, and TV shows.
 Movies generally need graphics that are
indistinguishable from physical reality, where as
video games need graphics that can
be generated quickly enough to be perceived as
smooth motion.
 Cartoons and artwork, Computer Graphics are
also used in the field of commercial arts. It is
used to generate television and advertising
commercial.
 Education and Training: Computer-generated
model of the physical, financial and economic
system is often used as educational aids.
 The model of physical systems, physiological
system, population trends or equipment can help
trainees to understand the operation of the system.
 Training with computer training applications-
generated models of specialized systems such as
the training of ship captains and aircraft pilots. For
example Flight Simulator.
 Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the
pilots of airplanes. These pilots spend much of
their training not in a real aircraft but on the
ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.
 Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used
in the development of educational software for
making computer-aided instruction.
 Used in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a
picture of molecules and gain insight into their
structure with the help of computer graphics.
 Scientific Graphics, such as x-y plots, curve-
fitting, contour plots, system or program flow
charts etc.
 Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and
transportation engineers can use computer-
generated maps which display data useful to them
in their planning work.
 Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are the images
that appear on almost all computer screens these
days, designed to help the user utilize the software
without having to refer to manuals or read a lot of
text on the monitor.
 Scaled Drawings, such as architectural
representations, drawings of buildings, bridges,
and machines.
 Visualization: Graphics is used for visualization
behavior of a large amount of information of
scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business
analysts.
 Converting data to visual form can help to
understand mass volume of data very efficiently.
 Image Processing: Image
processing is to apply
techniques to modify or
interpret existing pictures. It is
widely used in medical
applications.
 Medical Imaging - 3D MRIs, CAT
scans, etc. - Non-invasive
infernal examination : internal
body, Dental and bone scans
 Printing Technology: Computer
Graphics is used for printing
technology on T-shirts and
textile design etc.
 Computer graphics can be categorized in either of
the two ways:

◦ Interactive Computer Graphics - which is

interactively used by users e.g., games.

◦ Passive (Non-Interactive) Computer Graphic -

which has no option for users to interact or use
computer graphics e.g., movies
 Interactive Computer Graphics involves a two
way communication between computer and user.
Here the user is given some control over the
image by providing him with an input device for
example the video game controller of the ping
pong game. This helps him to signal his request
to the computer or can make any change in the
produced image.
 The user can give a series of commands, each
one generating a graphical response from the
computer. In this way he maintains a
conversation, or dialogue, with the computer.
 Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way
communication between the computer and the
user. User can see the produced image, and he
cannot make any change in the image.
 It is the computer graphics in which user does
not have any kind of control over the image.
 Image is merely the product of static stored
program and will work according to the
instructions given in the program linearly. The
image is totally under the control of program
instructions not under the user. Example: screen
savers or the titles shown on T.V.
 Computer graphics can be categorized into several
different types:
◦ two dimensional (2D),
◦ three dimensional (3D), and
◦ animated graphics.
 A 2D computer graphics are usually split into two
categories:
◦ vector graphics (composed of paths) and
◦ raster graphics (composed of pixels).
 Simple computer graphic programs like Microsoft
Paint and Paint Shop Pro are based on raster
graphics, while more sophisticated programs such as
Corel DRAW, AutoCAD, and Adobe Illustrator use
vector graphics.
 2D computer graphics are the computer-based
generation of digital images mostly from models,
such as digital image, and by techniques specific
to them.
 2D is used to create flat digital images. X and Y
horizontal and vertical axis are used in 2D.
 2D graphics are used for printing and drawing
applications.
 2D computer graphics are usually split into two
categories: vector graphics and raster graphics.
 Vector graphics use lines, shapes,
and text to create a more complex
image.
 Vector graphic is composed of
drawing paths.
 Vector graphics use mathematical
relationships between points and
the paths connecting them to
describe an image.
 Vector graphics are made with
programs like Adobe Illustrator
CorelDRAW, AutoCAD and were
used for some older computer
games.
 Raster graphics use pixels to make up an image.
The raster graphic is composed of pixels
 Simple computer graphic programs like Microsoft
Paint and Paint Shop Pro are based on raster
graphics,
 Other programs used to make raster graphics
include Adobe Photoshop and Corel Paint Shop
Pro.
 The screen is represented by a 2D array of
locations called pixels

 Zooming in on an image made up of pixels

 Most of the simple computer graphic images we
come across are pixelated , just like walls are built
out of bricks.
 The first computer screens, developed in the mid-
20th used to build up their moving pictures by
"scanning" beams of electrons (tiny charged
particles inside atoms, also called cathode rays)
back and forth from top to bottom and left to
right—like a kind of instant electronic paintbrush.
 This way of making a picture is called raster
scanning and that's why building up a picture on a
computer screen out of pixels is called raster
graphics.
 Each pixel in raster graphics is represented by
one or more memory bits.
 Example:
◦ 1 bit per pixel suffices for black-and-white images,
◦ 4 bits per pixel specify a 16-step gray-scale image.
◦ 8 bits per pixel specify an image with 256 color levels;
◦ 24 bits per pixel specifying more than 16 million colors
-called “true color”.
 At that resolution, or bit depth, a full-screen
image requires several megabytes (millions of
bytes) of memory.
 BMP, TIF, GIF, JPG, PNG and most other graphics
formats are raster graphics.
 3D graphics are graphics that look like objects
because they are three-dimensional.
 This means the computer thinks it has a height,
a length, and a depth, and displays them as this.
 This includes images that may be for later
display or for real-time viewing.
 Among other things they use solid geometry and
trigonometry to create correct perspectives.
 3D graphics are used many times
in movies and TV shows and
video games.
 Raster images are more commonly called bitmap
images.
 A bitmap image uses a grid of individual pixels
where each pixel can be a different color or
shade. Bitmaps are composed of pixels.
The image to the left below is representative of a
bitmap and the image to the right is representative
of a vector graphic.
 Animation is a sequence of images that, when
displayed quickly one after the other, will produce the
impression of continuous motion or change.
 Computer animation is the art of creating moving
images via the use of computers. Animation is the
change of an attribute over time.
 Animation is the process of automatically adjusting the
positions and shapes of the various elements in the
model, so as, for example, to simulate a natural
behavior or to demonstrate how a computed model
evolves over time.
 The basic idea behind animation is to play back the
recorded images at the rates fast enough to fool the
human eye into interpreting them as continuous
motion.
 Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer
graphics, and It can be presented via film or video
format.
 Graphics is...Modeling , Visualization, Rendering,
Animation, Physical Simulation
 Graphics is...Digital Capture, Graphics mage
Processing, Geometric Computing
 Graphics is...Entertainment and Interaction
 Graphics is...Virtual Environments
 Graphics is...User Interface, Design, Art
 Modeling - the process of representing a real-
world object or phenomenon as a set of
mathematical equations. More specifically, the
term is often used to describe the process of
representing 3-dimensional objects in a
computer. All 3-D applications, including
CAD/CAM and animation software, perform
modeling.
 Visualization is the process of automatically
interpreting the model's data to derive visual
representations that help the user understand
specific characteristics of the model (such as
highlighting a tumor with a different color).
 Interaction is the process of manually controlling
the view, i.e.: the position and orientation of the
model with respect to the view point.
 Control mechanisms in general involve multi-
dimensional input devices (mouse, head tracker)
and are most effective when the effect of a gesture
is immediate (real-time feedback) and can be
anticipated (a natural, easy-to-use metaphor).
 The rendering process starts with the geometric
descriptions captured in the model (for example
the vertices and faces of a car engine
compartment) or generated by the visualization
programs (the lines showing the air flow in a wind
tunnel).
 These descriptions are traversed by the application
software, which issues low level commands to a
standard graphics API (such as OpenGL or
Renderman).
 Typical commands may specify the color or the
relative position of a component of the model or
the location of the vertices of one of its faces.
 Popular rendering techniques include shading,
radiosity, raytracing, and volumetric
visualization.
◦ Shading exploits dedicated hardware and
optimized software techniques to produce
shaded images of 3D objects or scenes at
interactive rates.
◦ Radiosity techniques do not produce an image,
but rather compute, through a numerically
intensive software process, the energy radiated
from all surfaces under the specified lighting
conditions.
  Raytracing is a numerically intensive process
developed for photorealistic rendering.
 Radiosity and raytracing are based on global
illumination computation which accesses to all
parts of the 3D scene or model. They may require
constructing and processing special purpose
models of the 3D geometry and of the lighting
parameters, and hence use a retained mode, in
which the rendering software uses random access
to the various pars of the 3D model.
◦ Volumetric visualization applies to models
represented by samples of one or more
functions over a 3D domain