THE SCIENCE

OF READING
WINTER 2020

If We Know Better,
We Must Do Better.

Applying the Science of

Reading in Tennessee
 There is a clear science to teaching reading.
There is a clear science to teaching reading. Due to advancements
in cognitive science we know more about how kids learn to read
than ever before. The science of reading dispels misconceptions
and myths about reading instruction that have held students back
for decades.

We have a responsibility to use the science of reading to inform

policy that fosters classroom practices aligned to the science of
reading. Only then will students experience reading instruction
that prepares them for citizenship beyond K-12.

This resource lays out problematic misconceptions about reading

instruction and shares critical research headlines we should use to
inform decisions. It offers suggestions to carve a path forward that
leads to the end of the reading crisis in Tennessee.

“RESEARCH IS THE ONLY TOOL WE HAVE

THAT ALLOWS US TO DETERMINE THE
KINDS OF TEACHING MOST LIKELY TO
ADVANCE OUR STUDENTS’ LEARNING;
COMMONSENSE AND PAST EXPERIENCE
The Science of Reading

ARE USELESS BEFORE SUCH QUESTIONS.”

TIMOTHY SHANAHAN

2
Literacy rates in the US have been We have a
relatively flat for decades.
reading crisis
According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress
(NAEP), our country’s most representative and longest-standing in Tennessee.
assessment of what US students know and can do in core
subject areas, fourth- and eighth-grade students have shown
only modest increases in reading achievement since 1992.
• 35 percent of fourth-graders nation-wide performed at
or above proficiency in reading in 2019 compared to 29
percent in 1992.
• Eighth-graders have shown slower growth in achievement
(proficient or above), improving from 29 percent in 1992 to
34 percent in 2019.
• In 2019, the average reading scores for both fourth-graders
and eighth-graders were lower compared to the 2017
assessment (2 percent and 3 percent lower, respectively).
• Twelfth grade reading proficiency is on a decline, nationally.
In 1992, 40 percent of high school seniors were proficient
or above in reading, compared to 37 percent in 2015. (NAEP
did not test twelfth-graders in 2017 or 2019.)

The 2019 NAEP results highlight the stark disparities in reading

achievement for many student subgroups.
• In fourth and eighth grades, Black, Hispanic, American
Indian/Native Alaskan, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific
Islander reading achievement is hovering at the Basic level.
None of the groups had an average reading score in the
Proficient range.
• The same low performance trends hold true for students
who qualify for free/reduced lunch, have disabilities, or are
English Language Learners.

Literacy rates in Tennessee are no better

than the national average.
• In 2019, 35 percent of fourth-graders and 33 percent of
eighth-graders performed at or above proficient on the
NAEP reading assessment.
The Science of Reading

• Tennessee student achievement data show that an average

of 32.8 percent of students across grade levels are meeting
grade level expectations in English Language Arts. (TN DOE,
2018)
• Only 13 districts state-wide have ACT results that meet the
college-ready benchmarks for both English and Reading
(The ACT college-ready benchmarks for English and Reading
are 18 and 22, respectively.)

3
 The human brain is not naturally wired to read. Reading is a
complex set of skills that must be explicitly taught.

A widely-held misconception is that learning to read is a natural process – much like

learning to speak- and that kids will naturally pick up the skills if given enough time

“
and access to text at their “just right” reading level. This is not true.

We are all born with the ability to process

oral language.
Humans are born with areas of the brain that are dedicated to oral
language development. We are born to speak and use speech to
connect with others and make sense of the world around us.
THE IDEA THAT
We are also all born with the ability to
LEARNING TO process visual images.
READ IS JUST We have a visual system in our brains that helps us make sense of
the things we see, including written words.
LIKE LEARNING
But we are NOT born with connections
TO SPEAK IS between those parts of the brain.
ACCEPTED BY NO Reading instruction must build the bridge between the oral
language and visual image processing. We must train our

RESPONSIBLE brains to translate the shapes we see on a page (words) into

meaningful information. We make meaning by connecting the
visual information to the knowledge and vocabulary we have built
LINGUIST, through oral language and life experiences.

PSYCHOLOGIST,
OR COGNITIVE
SCIENTIST IN
The Science of Reading

THE RESEARCH
COMMUNITY.”
KEITH STANOVICH
4
 Reading requires a complex set of mental processes.

Effective reading instruction requires teaching of two types of competencies:

foundational reading skills and knowledge-based competencies. Skilled readers
have both solid foundational reading skills that allow them to translate written
words to spoken language and the ability to make meaning from what they read.

Foundational Reading Skills—often referred Knowledge-based competencies are rooted

to collectively as decoding—help early readers in overall language comprehension and help
understand how letters, sounds, and words students create meaning from text. They are
work. Foundational reading skills are finite and dynamic and are developed over a reader’s
can be fully mastered. They include things like: lifetime, starting at birth. Knowledge-based
competencies include things like:
• Concepts of print: Readers learn how to
approach a text and can read left to right • Vocabulary: Readers have vast knowledge of
and top to bottom on a page. words and their meanings.
• Phonemic awareness: Students learn to • Background knowledge: Readers
hear, identify, and manipulate individual accumulate knowledge of the world,
sounds (phonemes) in words. For example, facts, and skills to build their background
a kindergartener can identify the three knowledge. They use this background
sounds in the word cat: /k/ /a/ /t/. She can knowledge to make sense of the information
also identify how the word changes if the /k/ they come across through reading.
sound is replaced with /m/.
• Oral language skills: Students develop
• Phonological awareness: Students learn to command over word form, sentence
hear, identify, and manipulate units of oral structure, and discourse. They can make
language, including words, syllables, and meaning from spoken language using
other word parts. For example, a second their background knowledge, vocabulary,
grader can clap twice to show he can and understanding of how language is
accurately identify the number of syllables structured.
he hears in the word “sister”: sis-ter. He can
• Reading comprehension skills: Readers
tap three times to count the syllables in
learn to unlock the meaning of text because
“artichoke”: ar-ti-choke.
they can decode the words on the page and
• Phonics: Readers learn the predictable simultaneously understand the meaning of
relationships between sounds (phonemes) those words.
and the letters and spellings that represent
those sounds in written language. With
phonics, students have a system for
remembering how to read and write words.
For example, once a child learns that bone The Science of Reading
is spelled b-o-n-e rather than b-o-a-n, her
memory will help her read and spell the
word instantly and more accurately in
the future.
• Spelling: Students use their knowledge of
phonics to accurately write the letters to
represent the sounds they hear in words.
• Fluency: Readers learn to read text
accurately, quickly, and with appropriate
expression to show they understand
emphasis and tone. Fluency is the link
between decoding and comprehension. 5
 Since 1986, reading experts
have used these two
categories of competencies
to clarify the relationships Skills competencies must be
between decoding and automatic; knowledge competencies
language comprehension
in reading, and elevate the must be applied strategically, as the
critical role skills-based reading rope model emphasizes.
competencies have in reading Tennessee schools must give attention
ability, particularly for early
readers. to both sets of competencies to
develop skilled readers.
Both decoding skills and
language comprehension
abilities are critical, and both
must be strong for proficient
reading comprehension.
Strength in one area cannot
compensate for a deficit in
the other area, particularly
for young readers. In other
words, a young reader with
excellent decoding skills will
not understand a text if she
does not also have knowledge
of the topic. The opposite is
also true. A beginning reader
with a great deal of knowledge
of the topic will struggle to
understand the text if he
cannot read the words on the
page.
Reading Rope image courtesy of the author, Hollis Scarborough.
The Science of Reading

6
 Foundational reading skills must be taught explicitly and
systematically.

Some educators have the misconception that teaching phonemic awareness is

neither necessary nor beneficial to learning to read. Others have the misguided
notion that phonics is beneficial only for struggling readers or students with
dyslexia.

The National Reading Panel evaluated existing research and Explicit: pre-determined skills
evidence to find the best ways of teaching children to read. The are taught directly
Panel considered roughly 100,000 reading studies published since
1966, and another 10,000 published before that time. The National Systematic: skills are taught in
Reading Panel’s analysis made it clear that the best approach to a logical progression
early reading instruction is one that incorporates:

• Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness

• Systematic phonics instruction

• Methods to improve fluency

Phonemic awareness is essential to reading. The 14-member National

Reading Panel included
Regarding phonemic awareness, the National Reading Panel school leaders, teachers, and
confirmed that: reading researchers.
• Phonemic awareness can be taught. Children learn to hear, Donald N. Langenberg, Ph.D.
think about, and work with the sounds they hear in words. (chair)
• Phonemic awareness is required for reading. It enables
children to read words rapidly and accurately, freeing up brain Gloria Correro, Ed.D.
space for comprehension.
Linnea Ehri, Ph.D.
• Phonemic awareness helps children learn to spell. Students
learn to connect sounds to letters in predictable patterns. Gwenette Ferguson, M.Ed.

Norma Garza, C.P.A.

Michael L. Kamil, Ph.D.

Cora Bagley Marrett, Ph.D. The Science of Reading

S.J. Samuels, Ed.D.

Timothy Shanahan, Ph.D.

Sally E. Shaywitz, M.D.

Thomas Trabasso, Ph.D.

Joanna Williams, Ph.D.

Dale Willows, Ph.D.

Joanne Yatvin, Ph.D.

7
 Case closed: Phonics instruction matters—
a lot.
When it comes to phonics instruction, the report of the National
Reading Panel closed the case on any lingering questions about
the benefits of phonics instruction. First, the research confirms
what may seem obvious: for students to understand what they
read, they must first read the words on the page. The research
also clearly found that:
• Students who receive explicit phonics instruction become
better readers than students who do not receive phonics
instruction, or who receive spotty phonics instruction. The
most effective phonics instruction is systemic; it teaches
a clearly defined sequence of the major sound-spelling
relationships of consonants and vowels. Effective phonics
instruction is also explicit; the teacher provides precise and
direct instruction.
• Systematic phonics instruction has the greatest benefits
when it begins in kindergarten or first grade.
• Systematic phonics instruction improves reading
comprehension, as the ability to read words accurately and
quickly is correlated to reading comprehension.
• All students, regardless of their backgrounds, make greater
gains in their reading when they receive systematic phonics
instruction. Even students who learn phonics quickly and
easily gain vocabulary, increase their reading fluency and build
critical thinking skills when they receive systematic phonics
instruction.
The abundance of research examined by the National Reading
Panel is bolstered by the findings of the National Assessment
of Educational Progress (NELP). NELP confirms that alphabet
knowledge, oral language, and phonological awareness provide
the basis for reading success.

“But I didn’t have phonics instruction, and I

can read just fine!”
If this thought crossed your mind, you are likely a rare exception to
the rule.
• A very small minority of students—only 5 percent—learn to
The Science of Reading

read effortlessly and with minimal phonics-based instruction.

• Another 35 percent of students learn to read easily and at a
rapid pace with explicit, systematic phonics-based reading
instruction.
• 40-50 percent of students require support through explicit and
systematic phonics-based instruction. This group represents
the average learner who can meet grade-level expectations
when provided effective reading instruction.
• 10-15 percent of the population have symptoms of dyslexia
and require explicit and systematic phonics-based instruction,
with intensive intervention and many repetitions.
8
Some worry that phonics
instruction may harm the What does explicit, systematic
reading progress of students
who can learn to read foundational skills instruction look like
without it.
for students?
The opposite is true:
• Students learn grade-level skills in the
Phonics instruction benefits
all students regardless of foundational skills portion of their literacy
their skill level. Providing block. Lessons match grade-level standards
systematic, Tier 1 phonics
and are from a systematic scope and
instruction to all students
produces overall strong sequence, which is outlined in a research-
readers, ensuring that based, high-quality curriculum that builds
students are not left with
skills coherently from grade-level to
gaps in their letter-sound
knowledge. Phonics not only grade-level.
supports decoding and fluency
skills; it also boosts reading • Students have fun while they learn. Instruction
comprehension, because is engaging, child-friendly and
reading words accurately and age-appropriate.
automatically allows readers
to focus on the meaning of • Students learn the correct way to pronounce
text. Phonics instruction can
sounds and words. The teacher’s instruction is
be differentiated for student
needs and is best done in accurate and clear.
flexible groups to match
students’ needs and the pace • Students practice hearing, saying, reading, and
of learning. writing their new skills. Lessons provide ample
time to practice decoding skills.
Fluency is the bridge
• Quick learners can go fast and those who need
between decoding
more time get more practice. The teacher
and comprehension.
has data on students’ learning progress and
Fluent readers read with differentiates lessons.
accuracy, automaticity, and
expression. They immediately More details from Achieve the Core (PDF).
recognize words and can
cluster words into meaningful
phrases. Fluent readers
decode without much effort,
allowing them to dedicate
energy to making meaning
from what they read. The Science of Reading

9
 Foundational reading skills can’t stand alone.
Students also need background knowledge and
vocabulary to be skilled readers.

Some falsely believe that children must first learn to read before they can read to
learn. Others assume that building knowledge is not developmentally appropriate
for our youngest learners or that young students or students who are far behind
are not capable of learning complex content or ideas.

Of course, children must learn to read.

We know from the vast body of research that children must learn
to read, that is, they must learn to crack the code of English to be
able to translate written words into spoken language. Teaching
children to read means teaching foundational reading skills:
phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency.

While foundational reading skills are best taught in kindergarten

and first grade, we cannot wait until children are reading
independently to also teach knowledge. We must teach decoding
skills and build knowledge and vocabulary, and we must start
in the earliest grades. Even our youngest learners can build
knowledge about the world, even if they aren’t yet reading
independently.

Learners of all ages are ready to build

knowledge and be exposed to complex
ideas.
Child development is continuous and fluid; it does not happen
in discrete stages as we once believed. This important discovery
shows us there is no single point in time that marks readiness to
learn and be exposed to new ideas.

Building background knowledge is developmentally appropriate.

As early as the 1960’s, cognitive scientists have shown that
exposing young students to complex ideas gives learners
appreciation and early understandings of those ideas. Children’s
understanding might be incomplete at first, but over time and with
The Science of Reading

more experience, they will deepen and formalize their learning.

10
“
“TEACHERS CAN
READ ALOUD TO
BUILD STUDENTS’
KNOWLEDGE OF THE
WORLD BEYOND
THEIR SCOPE AND
This does not mean our youngest learners should be expected
to build knowledge solely by reading on their own. Consider the
benefits of reading aloud to babies and toddlers:
•
•
•
•
Teaches language structure
Introduces new concepts and information
Builds listening skills and language comprehension
Teaches vocabulary

These same benefits carry into a child’s school years. In the early
grades, teachers should read aloud content-rich texts that are
two-three grade levels above their current grade to help students
grow their knowledge, vocabulary, and oral language skills.

TO HELP STUDENTS Research shows that from birth to about age 13, children’s oral
language abilities exceed their reading comprehension abilities,
meaning children learn more from listening to texts than they do
MAKE CONNECTIONS when reading on their own. Read alouds are essential in the early
grades to develop students’ listening comprehension, build their
FROM THE KNOWN knowledge of the world, and boost their academic vocabulary.

TO THE NEW. The same best practices for building knowledge for young learners
hold true for readers who may be far behind. Struggling learners
benefit from building their background knowledge and vocabulary,
THERE IS LIKELY and from growing their language comprehension skills. Knowledge
and vocabulary level the playing field for students who come to
NO BETTER WAY TO school with language and experience gaps.

DRAW CHILDREN IN
TO THE TREASURES
STORED IN THE
WRITTEN WORD
THAN THROUGH The Science of Reading

READING ALOUD TO
THEM AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLE.”
DAVID LIBEN
11
 “
Teaching knowledge and vocabulary
improves reading comprehension.
Exposing students to new vocabulary, concepts, and background
knowledge grows students’ language comprehension, which
improves both decoding and reading comprehension. For students
to develop deep content knowledge and expertise that sticks,
MANY FACTORS
vocabulary and knowledge must be taught intentionally and
systematically by spending extended classroom time reading, CONTRIBUTE TO
listening to, and discussing multiple texts on the same topic.
The texts must offer a rich diet of facts, ideas, and vocabulary SUCCESSFUL
words, and not be “trivial literature” or reading selections on
fragmented topics. COMPREHENSION–
Vocabulary can make or break a reader’s success with a text: the
more words a reader knows, the better her comprehension is. ACCURATE, FLUENT
Readers become frustrated and struggle to comprehend when just
two percent of the vocabulary is unfamiliar. WORD READING,
Having a solid base of knowledge of a topic helps readers take
in new information as they read, solidifying and improving
VOCABULARY
comprehension. Knowledge helps a reader fill in any blanks
left by authors and aids in making inferences. Knowledge also KNOWLEDGE,
helps readers think about and internalize new information. As
we read new information on a given topic, readers with existing
background knowledge can more easily connect the new
AND THE USE
information with existing knowledge.
OF STRATEGIES
TO PREPARE TO
READ AND FIX UP
MEANING WHEN IT
BREAKS DOWN–BUT
IN STUDIES THAT
HAVE EXAMINED
THESE DIFFERENT
The Science of Reading

CONTRIBUTIONS TO
COMPREHENSION,
KNOWLEDGE IS THE
MOST IMPORTANT
CONTRIBUTOR.”
12
CERVETTI & HIEBERT
The connections between
content knowledge and The Baseball Study
comprehension are significant.
In the famous “Baseball
Study,” researchers compared Knowledge of the topic (baseball) had a
the relative impact of reading
ability to the impact of MUCH bigger impact on comprehension
knowledge of a topic. In the than did generalized reading ability.
study, middle school students
were grouped according
to reading ability and their
knowledge of baseball.
Students read a passage about
baseball and were then tested
on their comprehension.

The students with low reading

79%
ability, but high knowledge of 69%
baseball outperformed the 47%
students with high reading 35%
ability, but low knowledge
of baseball. Additionally, the
researchers found that there High reading Low reading High reading Low reading
was little difference between ability & high ability & high ability & low ability & low
the two high knowledge knowledge knowledge knowledge knowledge
groups and the two low
knowledge groups. The study
showed that prior knowledge
of a topic has a greater impact
The WUG Test
on reading comprehension
than general reading ability. Low socioeconomic (SES) and Middle/High SES
preschool students listened to read alouds
Teaching
about four different species of birds in a
knowledge is a book series. Then researchers tested reading
matter of equity. comprehension.
Reading researchers
have demonstrated that Middle/High SES students outperformed low SES
background knowledge students when the topic was birds, likely because
equalizes the differences in the higher SES students had more background
the effects of socio-economic
status on language and knowledge about birds.
reading comprehension.
When we explicitly teach all Next, researchers read a series of books on four The Science of Reading
students the same rich and species of made up creatures called WUGS, a
meaningful content, students topic about which none of the students had prior
can comprehend regardless
of their backgrounds and knowledge.
experiences outside of school.
When tested for reading comprehension on
WUGS, students in both groups showed the
same level of comprehension.

The Takeaway: If we level the playing field when

it comes to knowledge, we can close the gaps we
see in comprehension. 13
 Take action: Help students build their
skills-based competencies and their
knowledge-based competencies
Start in kindergarten. Provide the right kind and right
Literacy blocks must give time and attention
amount of reading strategy
to both sets of competencies—those that instruction.
build decoding skills and those that build
knowledge—in grades K-2. Primary grades must It is a popular but misinformed belief
systematically and explicitly teach students the that reading is a set of strategies that
decoding skills required to crack the code of the can be taught in isolation and then
English language. Early readers need exposure
to important background knowledge that they applied to any text.
will continue to build upon in later grades and
You may recognize how this common
throughout life.
misconception plays out in the classroom: a
group of students meets with their teacher
Ensure students read and are to learn a reading strategy, such as “compare
read to—a lot. and contrast.” Students practice “compare and
contrast” while they independently read books
Students will develop as skilled readers only at their desks. They spend weeks on a “compare
when given the chance to grow their reading and contrast” unit employing that strategy with
muscles. different texts.

Reading makes a person smarter; it builds This type of strategy-based reading instruction
“crystalized intelligence” (knowledge, facts, skills) does not benefit students. Rather, we can look
and must be practiced regularly and frequently. to science to better inform reading strategy
The more one reads and is read to, the smarter instruction:
one becomes. This is referred to as the Matthew
Effect in reading. A high volume of reading • Reading strategy instruction is best taught
increases children’s decoding ability, word after students are solid in their decoding
knowledge, vocabulary, and comprehension. skills, starting around third or fourth grade.
Additionally, as children become more skilled
readers, they enjoy reading more and are more • Reading strategies are learned easily and do
motivated to read, which in turn continues to not require extensive teaching and practice.
hone their skills. The “rich” readers get “richer.”
• The handful of strategies that have the
Unfortunately, the opposite is also true. most positive impact on comprehension are
Struggling readers tend to get less access to those that unlock the meaning of the text at
texts, particularly texts that are interesting and hand, such as making connections to prior
The Science of Reading

engaging, are less motivated to read, and have knowledge, asking questions of the text,
fewer opportunities to strengthen their reading summarizing as one reads, and monitoring
skills. The “poor” readers get “poorer.” one’s own comprehension.

• A teacher’s time is best spent teaching

vocabulary and knowledge.

14
Use writing instruction as a tool Eliminate practices that are
to increase equity and boost ineffective and inequitable.
reading comprehension. There are numerous programs and approaches
that are still used widely but are not based on
We must move away from the the science of reading. There is strong evidence
misinformed practice of teaching to show these approaches do not work.
writing separately from reading. Whole language is a philosophy that assumes
that learning to read is a natural phenomenon
Anchoring writing tasks and questions on the
and that if children are exposed to enough
text at hand evens the playing field for students
texts, they will develop a love of reading and
who may have limited personal experiences to
the skills needed to be fully literate. Whole
draw on. For example, reading about airplanes
language is often charactertized by lessons that
and then asking students to write about a time
encourage children to use context clues rather
when they traveled in an airplane excludes any
than decoding skills as the primary method of
child who has not had this experience.
word recognition. For example, if a line of text is
The Tennessee Academic Standards are “The Palomino was scarred,” a reader in a whole
designed to create equitable learning language classroom may be encouraged to look
experiences for all students. The standards at the pictures or use context clues to guess at
require that students have rich experiences the words, inaccurately making “The pony was
within the text: building knowledge through scared“ an acceptable response. Whole language
reading, using evidence in their writing that places emphasis on experiencing literacy over
can only be found in the text, and learning explicitly building knowledge through rich text
academic vocabulary found in those very texts. and systematic phonics instruction.
By grounding discussion and writing tasks Balanced literacy is deeply rooted in whole
in the text itself, all students are given equal language and claims to add phonics instruction.
opportunities to learn and engage. Reading and Most often though, phonics instruction
writing become a shared experience in learning fails to be added. If it is included, it is rarely
about any topic. explicit or systematic. Balanced literacy is not
balanced because it does not give adequate
Approaching writing instruction in this way time and attention to teaching the skills-based
also boosts reading comprehension. Cognitive competencies of reading that we know are
science shows that we understand and essential to becoming a skilled reader.
remember the things we pay attention to
and think about deeply. When students write
about what they have learned from texts, using
specific information and vocabulary, they better
understand and retain the new content.
“IT’S TIME THAT WE RETIRE
‘BALANCED LITERACY,’
FOCUSING LESS ON
IDEOLOGICAL AND RHETORICAL
The Science of Reading

GAMESMANSHIP AND MORE

ON WHAT HAS BEEN FOUND
TO ACTUALLY HELP KIDS TO
BECOME BETTER READERS.”
TIMOTHY SHANAHAN 15
 Readers’ Workshop: A workshop approach has strong
associations with whole language and balanced literacy. A
workshop typically includes a teacher-led mini lesson that
introduces an isolated strategy (such as ‘finding the main idea’);
time for students to independently practice the strategy in
leveled text (meaning one the student can read independently);
conference time with the teacher; some element of whole group
student sharing to give closure. The workshop approach is
problematic for two key reasons: first, students spend the bulk of
their time reading texts that they can already read independently,
eliminating opportunities to learn to navigate more complex texts
and ideas. Second, students receive very little support for making
sense of text outside of one-on-one conferences with the teacher
(on texts students don’t actually need support on to begin with).
Guided reading is commonly used as time for teachers to work
with small groups of students who have similar reading behaviors,
or who read on the same “level.” Teachers often use books that are
on the students’ instructional reading level, referred to commonly
as ‘leveled readers’, so that students can read with minimal
challenge and can practice skills/strategies that the teacher
introduces. The practice of using leveled texts has been debunked
since the 1960’s. Studies show that leveled texts can stunt the
reading growth of students since the texts limit the opportunities
students have to grow their reading skills. In fact, students grow
more in their reading when they have opportunities to read (with
support) texts that are at their “frustration” level – that is, texts that
are two-four grade levels above their instructional level. Students
do need teacher guidance and support, but that support is best
leveraged when students read texts that are rich and offer a lot of
opportunities to build their knowledge of the world.
A whole language-based or “balanced” approach intensifies
the inequities faced by many of our students who do not come
from language-rich homes or who have not had abundant life
experiences outside of school. Whole language assumes students
come to school with well-established knowledge and vocabulary
For more explicit examples
and the decoding skills to access texts, and it fails to directly teach
of how classrooms may differ
those skills if a child has learning gaps. Whole language ignores
by these two approaches,
what science has shown:
consider this interactive tool:
• Reading is not natural, and nearly every student must be Phonics vs. Balanced Literacy:
taught to read through a structured and extended process. A Classroom Comparison.
• Children do not learn to read and write through exposure to
https://www.edweek.org/
print.
ew/section/multimedia/
The Science of Reading

• Teaching children to read requires teaching phonemic phonics-vs-balanced-literacy-a-

awareness, phonics, fluent word reading, and comprehension. classroom-comparison.html

16
“
Ask yourself these leadership questions.
• What is the picture of literacy achievement in your district,
school, classroom, or community? Which students are
learning to read proficiently by third grade? What instructional
decisions are leading to their success?

IF YOUR DISTRICT • How does the science of reading research play out in your
district literacy strategy? Professional learning opportunities
ISN’T HAVING AN for teachers and leaders? Classroom practice? Materials
selection?

‘UH OH’ MOMENT • What does your instructional leadership team understand
about the science of reading?
AROUND READING • What opportunities exist for teachers and leaders to
participate in professional learning on the science of reading?
INSTRUCTION, IT • Are terms like whole language, balanced literacy, guided

PROBABLY reading, or readers’ and writers’ workshop used to describe

literacy instruction in your schools?

SHOULD BE.” • Are there whole language-based practices happening in your

schools? What are they? What is the rationale for keeping
them?
JARED MYRACLE, • How are instructional materials for literacy selected in your
district? Are your district’s literacy materials rooted in the
BRIAN KINGSLEY, & science of reading? If you approach the selection of ELA
instructional materials with a focus on the science of reading,
ROBIN MCCLELLAN what strategies, approaches, and practices will need to
change?

The Science of Reading

17
 Commit to learning more about the science
of reading and determine how you will bring
the science of reading to the students in
your district.
Learn with Local Colleagues
Connect with districts who have been implementing high-quality
instructional materials based in the science of reading. Below are
some districts we know are already engaging in this work:

Dyersburg Trousdale Putnam Overton Sullivan

City Schools County Schools County Schools County Schools County Schools
4 schools 3 schools 20 schools 9 schools 23 schools

Lauderdale
County Schools
7 schools
Lenoir City
Schools
3 schools
Loudon
County Schools
Fayette Jackson-Madison Lincoln Marshall 9 schools
County Schools School System County Schools County Schools
10 schools 27 schools 8 schools 10 schools

Utilize the Instructional Materials Implementation Guidebook from

LIFT Education.

Podcasts
Hard Words: Why aren’t our kids being taught to read? A primer on
the science of reading.

At a Loss for Words: How a flawed idea is teaching millions of kids

to be poor readers A look inside a key tenet of the whole language
school of thought.

Science of Reading: The Podcast Insights on reading from

researchers and practitioners.

Blogs and Online Resources

Curriculum Matters A professional learning network of district
leaders, including many leaders from Tennessee.
The Science of Reading

Knowledge Matters collection of resources from educational

leaders and science of reading experts.

Get Reading Right A series of interactive resources examining the

science of how reading should be taught.

Books
The Knowledge Gap: The hidden cause of America’s broken
education system—and how to fix it by Natalie Wexler

Know Better, Do Better: Teaching The Foundations So Every Child

Can Read by David Liben and Meredith Liben
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About SCORE
The State Collaborative on Reforming Education (SCORE) is a nonpartisan nonprofit education policy
and advocacy organization based in Nashville, Tennessee. SCORE was founded in 2009 by Senator Bill
Frist, MD, former US Senate majority leader, and works to transform education in Tennessee so all
students can achieve success in college, career, and life.

References
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should-i-follow-the-research.

Page 3
NAEP Report Card: Reading. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://www.nationsreportcard.
gov/reading/nation/scores/?grade=4.

Tennessee Department of Education. State of Tennessee. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from
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Tennessee Department of Education. Data Downloads & Requests. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14,
2019, from https://www.tn.gov/education/data/data-downloads.html.

Page 4
Stanovich, K. (1994). Romance and Reality. The Reading Teacher, (47), 280–291.

Kastner, T. K. S. (2015, May 12). The Reading Brain. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://blogs.
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Genishi, C. (2013, November 7). Young Children’s Oral Language Development. Retrieved November 15,
2019, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/young-childrens-oral-language-development

Page 5
Tennessee Department of Education. (2018). Teaching Literacy in Tennessee. Retrieved from https://
www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/readready/documents/teaching-literacy-in-tn/teaching_literacy_in_tn_up-
date_4_9_18.pdf

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Gough, P. B., & Tunmer, W. E. (1986). Decoding, reading, and reading disability. Remedial and Special
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Scarborough, H. S. (2001). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evi-
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 Page 9
Dyslexia International Association. (2018, August 21). Ladder of Reading Infographic—International
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pp. 34-39.

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Fisher, D & Frey, N. (2014). Speaking and Listening in Content Area Learning. The Reading Teacher,
68(1), 64–69

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Shanahan, T., Callison, K., Carriere, C., Duke, N. K., Pearson, P. D., Schatschneider, C., & Torgesen, J.
(2015). Improving Reading Comprehension in Kindergarten Through 3rd Grade. Retrieved from https://
ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/PracticeGuide/14

Brown, L. T., Mohr, K. A. J., Wilcox, B. R., & Barrett, T. S. (2017). The effects of dyad reading and text
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Moats, L. C. (2000). Whole Language Lives On: The Illusion of “Balanced” Reading Instruction. Thomas The Science of Reading
B. Fordham Foundation, October. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED449465.pdf

Page 17
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ing-crisis.html

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