Fair Use Notice

The material used in this presentation i.e., pictures/graphs/text, etc. is solely

intended for educational/teaching purpose, offered free of cost to the students for
use under special circumstances of Online Education due to COVID-19 Lockdown
situation and may include copyrighted material - the use of which may not have
been specifically authorised by Copyright Owners. It’s application constitutes Fair
Use of any such copyrighted material as provided in globally accepted law of many
countries. The contents of presentations are intended only for the attendees of the
class being conducted by the presenter.
 APPLIED HYDRAULICS
Course Outlines
Taxonomy
CLO Description Level
PLO

SOLVE and IDENTIFY state of flow with

1 respect to water surface, bed, sediment transport C3 3
and waterpower in open channels.
ANALYZE flow and pressure force in pipes’
looping, branching, network, water hammer and
2 C4 4
working principle of hydraulic machines (pumps
& turbines).
 Course Outlines
S.No. Topic

1. Introduction to the subject, Course outlines, Reference books

2. Gradually varied flow (GVF) in Open Channels

3. Dynamic equation of GVF

4. Classification of channel bed slopes

5. Classification of surface profiles

6. Characteristics of flow profiles

7. Computation of GVF
8. Problems on GVF
 Course Outlines
S.No. Topic

9. Sediment Transport in open channels

10. Types of sediment loads

11. Initiation of sediment movement
12. Bed deformation in alluvial stream
13. Rate of bed loads
14. Meyer Peter and Einstein’s Equations
15. Problems related to Sediment Transport in Open Channels

Important terms, definition and principal components of a hydro-electric

16.
schemes
 Course Outlines
S.No. Topic
17. Water hammer and its Problems
18. Equivalent diameter of compound pipes
19. Pipes in parallel
20. Problems on flow through pipes
21. Looping and Branching pipes
22. Pipe network and Problems
23. Steady incompressible flow through pressure conduits
24. Turbulent flow through pipes
25. Universal velocity distribution, Prandtil’s mixing length theory
26. Impulse turbine
27. Reaction turbine
28. Centrifugal pump
29. Reciprocating pump
 Reference Books
 Open Channel Hydraulics, Ven Te Chow, International Students Edition
McGraw Hill Book Company

 Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, Dr. B. C. Punmia and Pande B.

B. Lal, Standard Publishers, Delhi, Latest Edition

 Applied Fluid Mechanics, Robert L. Mott and Jaseph A. Untener, Pearson

Education Inc, Latest Edition

 A Text Book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Er. R.K.

Rajput. S. Chand & Company Ltd. Latest Edition

 A Text Book of Hydraulics, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines,

R.S. Khurmi, S. Chand & Company Ltd. Latest Edition
 Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
 GVF is one of the kinds of non-uniform flow.

 In GVF, the depth of flow changes gradually form section to

section along the length of the channel.

 Many cases of GVF are of practical interest to engineers, such as;

the flow upstream of a weir or dam, flow down stream of a sluice
gate, flow in channels with break in bottom slopes, etc.
(a) Change in flow from sub-critical to super-critical at a break in slope.
(b) Free outfall
 The problem of GVF is to predict the Water Surface (W.S.) profile for a given channel
with steady discharge.
 The solution of the problem is obtained by solving its governing equation, the dynamic
equation for GVF.

Dynamic Equation for GVF

While deriving Dynamic Equation for GVF following assumptions are made:
 Uniform flow formulae – Manning, Chezy, etc. may be used to evaluate energy slope Sf
for GVF.
2
 V 
2
V n
Sf GVF   2/3  Sf GVF   

R  C R 

 The bottom slope of the channel is small (i.e. θ = 0)

 The channel is prismatic.
 Energy coefficient α = 1.
 Pressure distribution in any vertical section is hydrostatic.
 Roughness coefficient n is independent of flow depth y in GVF.
 Dynamic Equation for GVF is derived from basic energy equation.
 Consider a short reach of channel having GVF as shown in Fig. The energy
equation at any section may be written as:

Energy line
αV 2
H  z  y  ----(1) Sf
2g V2/2g

Water surface

α Q2 (dy/dx)
H  z  y  ----(2) y
2 g A2

Channel bed

S0
Since V = Q/A
z

Datum
 Differentiating each term of the Eq. (2) w.r.t. x, where x- is measured along the
channel bottom.
dH dz dy α Q 2 dA 2 dA dy
  
dx dx dx 2 g dA dy dx

dH dz dy α Q 2 T dy Since dA = T dy
   and dA/dy = T
dx dx dx g A 3 dx

dH dz dy  α Q2 T 
  1  3 

dx dx dx  gA 

 dH dz 
  
  
dy dx dx
-------(3)
dx  α Q 2T 
1  
3 
 gA 
 In the above Eq. (3):
 dH/dx- is the slope of the energy line and hence dH/dx = - Sf.
 dz/dx- is the slope of the channel bed and hence dz/dx = - S0.
 dy/dx- is the slope of the water surface w.r.t. channel bottom.

Substitution of these terms in Eq. (3) result in

dy

S0  Sf  Eq. (4) is the dynamic equation for
-------(4)
dx  α Q 2T  governing the GVF in open channels.
1  
3 
 gA 
α Q 2
T α Q 2
α V 2
The expression    Fr
2
Assuming α = 1
g A3 gA 2 A g D
T
Making substitution for the above expression in terms of Froude number,
gives another format of the GVF equation.

dy S - Sf 
 0
dx 
1  Fr2  -------(5)
 Eqs. (4) and (5) are the basic differential equations for governing the GVF in
open channels.
It may be observed from either of the equations; Eqs. (4) and (5) that:
 when dy/dx = 0; then S0 = Sf , which is the condition of uniform flow; flow is
normal,
 when dy/dx = + ve , implies that the water surface is rising; flow is retarded -
Back water curve is formed, and
 when dy/dx = - ve , implies that the water surface is falling; flow is accelerated -
Hydraulic drop is formed.
 Dynamic Equation for GVF in Wide Rectangular Channels
 For wide rectangular channels, the Dynamic Equation for GVF may be derived
from E. (4) as follows:
A by by
R    y
P b  2y b

1
Q  A R 2/3S1/2
f
n
1 If uniform flow is supposed to occur in the
Q b y n (yn ) 2/3 S1/2
f
----(6)
same channel with discharge Q
n
1 If GVF is supposed to occur in the
Q  b y (y)2/3 S1/2
0
----(7)
same channel with discharge Q
n

Combining Eqs. (6) and (7) gives:

10 / 3
Sf y 
  n  ----(8)
S0  y 
3
If Chezy’s formula is used instead of Sf y 
  n  ----(9)
Manning’s, the we have: S0  y 
 For wide rectangular channels, the Dynamic Equation for GVF
may be derived from Eq. (4) as follows:
3
αQ T
2
Q b 2
Q q 2
y 3c  y c 
2

3
 3 3
 2 3
 3
 3    ----(10) Assuming α = 1
gA gb y gb y gy y  y
Rewriting Eq. (4):
 S 
1 - f 
dy

S0 - Sf
 S0  S0  ----(11) Assuming α = 1
dx αQ T2
Q2 T
1- 3
1-
gA g A3
Substitution of (8) and (10) in Eq. (11) gives
10/3
y 
1 -  n 
dy
 S0  y 
3 ----(12)
dx  yc 
1 -  
 y
Substitution of (9) and (10) in Eq. (11) gives
3
y 
1 -  n 
dy
 S0  y 
3 ---- (13)
dx  yc 
1 -  
 y 
 Dynamic Equation of GVF in terms of
Conveyance Factor (K)

Dynamic Eq. of GVF in terms of Conveyance Factor (K)


 Dynamic Equation of GVF in terms of
Section Factor (Z)

Dynamic Eq. of GVF in terms of Section Factor (Z)


 Dynamic Eq. of GVF in terms of Section Factor (Z)