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Line Coding Schemes LCS

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6 views

Line Coding Schemes LCS

Uploaded by

harshvardhansutar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Line Coding Schemes

The data and signals representing data can be either analog or digital. The
process of line coding converts the digital data into digital signals.
Using the Line Coding technique, we can easily convert a given sequence of
various bits into a digital signal. The sender-side encodes the digital data into
the digital signals, while the receiver-side recreates this digital data by
decoding the received digital signal.
These coding schemes can be roughly divided into five major categories:
1. Multitransition
2. Multilevel
3. Bipolar (ex., Pseudoternary and AMI)
4. Polar (ex., RZ, NRZ-I, NRZ-L, and Biphase- differential Manchester and
Manchester)
5. Unipolar
characteristics of these line coding techniques:
1. Self-synchronizing should be there. It means that the clocks of both- the
sender as well as the receiver should be synchronized.
2. There must be some capability of error detection.
3. The immunity to interference and noise must be present.
4. The complexity must be very low.
5. No component of low frequency must be there (DC-component) because it
is not feasible for a low-frequency component signal to have a
long-distance transfer.

Unipolar Scheme
All the signal levels are present either below or above the axis in the case of
a unipolar scheme.

NRZ (Non-return to Zero) – It is a type of Unipolar scheme in which the


bit 0 gets defined by the zero voltage and the bit 1 gets defined by the
positive voltage. The signal here never returns to zero while in the middle of
a bit. Hence, it is known as NRZ

Polar Scheme
In the case of Polar Schemes, we have voltages on both given sides of an
axis.
NRZ-I and NRZ-L – Both of these are kind of similar to the unipolar scheme
of NRZ, but the difference is that in this case, we use two voltage/ amplitude
levels. In the case of NRZ-Level (NRZ-L), the value of the bit gets
determined by the level of the voltage. Here, binary 0 maps to a low logic
level, while binary 1 maps to a high logic level. On the other hand, in the
case of NRZ-Invert (NRZ-I), the two-level signal consists of a transition at
the boundary only if the bit that is going to be transmitted next is logical 1.
This transition is not at all present if the next bit to be transmitted is logical
0.
RZ (Return to Zero) – The RZ scheme is one solution to the problem of
NRZ- that uses three values- negative, positive, and zero. In the mid of each
bit, the signal gets to 0 in this scheme signal. The RZ encoding requires
greater bandwidth, which is its primary disadvantage. Complexity is another
problem because it uses three different voltage levels. Due to all these
deficiencies, we don’t use this scheme anymore today. It has now been
replaced with differential Manchester and Manchester schemes now – that
perform much better.
Biphase (Differential Manchester and Manchester) – The Manchester
encoding is kind of a combination of the NRZ-L and RZ (transition occurring
at the mid of the bit) schemes. Here, the overall duration of a bit is present
in two halves. During the first half, the voltage persists at one level. In the
second half, this voltage moves to the other level. The transition present in
the middle of the bit implements synchronization.
The Differential Manchester is basically a combination of the NRZ-1 and RZ
schemes. A transition always occurs in the middle of a bit. But we determine
the bit values at the very beginning of that bit. A transition occurs if the next
bit turns out to be 0, but there is no transition if the next bit turns out to be
1.

Bipolar Scheme
In the case of a bipolar scheme, we have three voltages: negative, positive,
and zero. Here, the voltage level is zero for one data element. While for the
other element, the voltage level alternates between negative and positive.
AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) – The Binary 0 gets represented by a
neutral voltage. On the other hand, alternating negative and positive
voltages represent the Binary 1s.
Pseudoternary – Here, we encode the bit 1 as a zero voltage, while we
encode the bit 0 as alternating negative and positive voltages. It means that
this one is exactly the opposite of the AMI scheme.
This scheme (bipolar) acts as an alternative to the NRZ. The signal rate in
this scheme is very similar to that of the NRZ. But here, we have no DC
component, because the voltage zero represents one bit while the other one
keeps alternating every time.

DRAW ALL WAVEFORMS given in the class

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