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    Diff Eq

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    pelinbarn
    differential equation notes for engineering students

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Diff Eq

    Uploaded by

    pelinbarn
    3 views20 pages
    differential equation notes for engineering students

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    diff eq

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    differential equation notes for engineering students

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views20 pages

    Diff Eq

    Uploaded by

    pelinbarn
    differential equation notes for engineering students

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    LINEAR FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL

    EQUATIONS:METHOD OF SOLUTION:

    A first-order linear differential equation has the


    form
    y¢ + p ( x ) y = q ( x )
    An integrating factor for the equation is
    I ( x) = e ò p ( x ) dx

    which depends only on x and is independent of y.


    When both sides are multiplied by I (x )
    the resulting equation
    I (x) y¢ + p ( x) I ( x) y = I ( x)q ( x)
    is exact. This equation can be solved by the
    method described in Chapter 4.
    A simpler procedure is to rewrite
    I (x) y¢ + p ( x) I ( x) y = I ( x)q ( x)
    d ( yI )
    as = Iq( x)
    dx
    integrate both sides of this last equation
    with respect to x, and then solve the
    resulting equation for y.
    REDUCTION OF BERNOULLI
    EQUATIONS:
    A Bernoulli differential equation has
    the form
    y¢ + p ( x ) y = q ( x ) y
    n

    where n is a real number.


    The substitution z=y 1- n

    transforms into a linear differential


    equation in the unknown function z (x)
    Solve
    dy
    (x - 2) = y + 2(x - 2)3

    dx
    or
    dy 1
    y = 2( x - 2 )
    2
    -
    dx x - 2
    dx
    ò P( x)dx = -ò x - 2 = - ln( x - 2)
    and an integrating factor is

    - ln( x - 2 ) 1
    e =
    x-2
    Then
    æ 1 ö 1
    ÷ = 2ò (x - 2)
    2
    yç dx
    è x-2ø x-2

    = 2 ò ( x - 2 ) dx = ( x - 2 ) + C
    2

    y = (x - 2) + C (x - 2)
    3
    Solve
    dy
    + y cot x = 5e cos x

    dx
    Find the particular solution, given the
    initial conditions: x=p/2 , y=-4
    an integrating factor is

    e ò cot x dx
    =e ln sin x
    = sin x

    y sin x = 5ò e = - +C
    cos x
    cos x
    sin x dx 5e
    p
    æ pö
    (- 4)ç sin ÷ = -5e
    cos
    2
    +C
    è 2ø
    (- 4)(1) = -5(1) + C C =1

    y sin x + 5e cos x
    =1
    Solve

    x3dy
    dx
    ( 2
    )
    + 2 - 3x y = x 3

    dy 2 - 3 x 2
    + 3
    y =1
    dx x
    2 - 3x 12

    ò x3 dx = -
    x 2
    - 3 ln x
    and an integrating factor is 1
    3 1/ x 2
    xe
    y dx 1
    3 1/ x 2
    =ò 3 1/ x 2
    = 1/ x 2
    + C1
    xe xe 2e

    3 1/ x 2
    2 y = x + Cx e
    3
    Solve
    dy
    - 2 y cot 2 x = 1 - 2 x cot 2 x - 2 csc 2 x
    dx

    e ò
    - 2 cot 2 xdx
    = e
    - ln sin 2 x
    = csc 2 x

    ( )
    y csc 2 x = ò csc 2 x - 2 x cot 2 x csc 2 x - 2 csc 2 2 x dx
    = csc 2 x + cot 2 x + C

    y = x + cos 2 x + C sin 2 x
    Solve y ln ydx + (x - ln y )dy = 0
    dx 1 1
    + x=
    dy y ln y y

    e ò dy /( y ln y )
    =e ln(ln y )
    = ln y
    dy 1 2
    x ln y = ò ln y = ln y + K
    y 2
    2 x ln y = ln y + C
    2
    dy
    Solve + y = y (cos x - sin x)
    2

    dx
    -2 dy -1
    y + y = cos x - sin x
    dx
    -1 -2 dy dv
    y =v -y =
    dx dx
    dv
    - v = sin x - cos x
    dx
    -x
    and an integrating factor is e

    ve - x = ò (sin x - cos x )e - x dx

    = -e - x sin x + C

    1
    = - sin x + Ce x
    y
    Solve {
    xdy - y + xy (1 + ln x ) dx = 0
    3
    }
    -3 dy 1 - 2
    y - y = 1 + ln x
    dx x
    -3 dy dv
    y -2
    =v - 2y =
    dx dx
    dv 2
    + v = -2(1 + ln x )
    dx x
    and an integrating factor is e ò 2 dx / x
    = x2
    2
    (
    vx = -2 ò x + x ln x dx
    2 2
    )
    4 3 2 3
    = - x - x ln x + C
    9 3

    2
    x 2 3æ 2 ö
    2
    = - x ç + ln x ÷ + C
    y 3 è3 ø
    dy
    Solve sin y = cos y (1 - x cos y )
    dx
    sin y dy 1
    2
    - = -x
    cos y dx cos y

    1 dv
    v= - v = -x
    cos y dx
    1
    = x + 1 + Ce x

    cos y
    Solve (4r s - 6)dr + r ds = 0
    2 3

    6
    (rds + sdr ) + 3sdr = 2 dr
    r

    dt 3 6
    rs = t + t= 2
    dr r r
    3 C
    s= 2 + 4
    r r
    Solve yy '- xy + x = 0
    2

    y =z
    2

    dz x2
    - 2 xz = -2 x y = 1 + Ce
    2

    dx
    Solve yy '- xy + x = 0
    2

    y =z
    2

    dz x2
    - 2 xz = -2 x y = 1 + Ce
    2

    dx

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